tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-51480481315021100892024-03-18T09:19:55.877-05:00Heretic, Rebel, a Thing to FloutAn Eclectic Journal of Opinion, History, Poetry and General BloviatingPatrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.comBlogger4589125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-53182491255390165682024-03-18T09:18:00.003-05:002024-03-18T09:18:56.963-05:00Rank and File Postal Workers Whipped Bosses, Union Leaders, and Richard Nixon in 1970<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCiAhX4fw0aRb_Czy50YtIa2ScZXOconotszsYhZIyFMcbMAAuDggf3jnFXnrNWPiUfdxGwwF2yY_pIB8Dw7KOVFtUHM3h84nSqI0drO3MzNq1HJBMazBjI5t4jaNl4mHYZXxeVrkWItNs7jO9J-HbcTgFCmp_xqgY5VbAVcsHzT5b1xm5bB79j7Maph8/s275/Postal%20Strike%201970--wildcat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCiAhX4fw0aRb_Czy50YtIa2ScZXOconotszsYhZIyFMcbMAAuDggf3jnFXnrNWPiUfdxGwwF2yY_pIB8Dw7KOVFtUHM3h84nSqI0drO3MzNq1HJBMazBjI5t4jaNl4mHYZXxeVrkWItNs7jO9J-HbcTgFCmp_xqgY5VbAVcsHzT5b1xm5bB79j7Maph8/w640-h426/Postal%20Strike%201970--wildcat.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">A wildcat strike by New York City postal workers quickly spread in 1970 bring mail service to a halt in much of the country.</span></span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The day after <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">St</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Patrick</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Day </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York City </b>was often little more
than an intense, city-wide <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hangover</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>But on March 18, 1970 residents of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Big Apple </b>awoke to more than just a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">headache.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>Thousands of local <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Postal
workers </b>were on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">picket line </b>in
defiance of both <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Federal Law </b>which
prohibited <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">strikes </b>by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">government employees</b> and their own <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">union leadership</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Within days <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">business</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">commercial </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">financial center </b>of the nation
ground to a halt in those <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pre-electronic
communications days</b> and the strike spread to more than 30 cities with
200,000 off the job.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">big deal.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A very big deal.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But chances are unless you were one
of the strikers or a member of their families, you have forgotten or never
heard of one of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">biggest</b>—and
ultimately <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">most successful</b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">labor battles</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Post-War era</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Maybe that’s because of all the other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">turmoil </b>in the country that year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vietnam
War </b>dragging on, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protests</b> were
growing bigger and attracting more than just <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">students </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hippies</b>.
Major cities were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tinderboxes</b>,
exploding regularly in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black riots </b>that
seemed more and more like <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">insurrections.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Even <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">middleclass
women</b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wives</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mothers</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">secretaries</b>—were taking to the streets and shaking their
fists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Draconian <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">drug laws</b> fueled an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">underground
economy</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gang warfare </b>that was wider<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> spread </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pervasive</b> than between rival <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bootleggers
</b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tommy guns</b>, and ordinary <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">street crime</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So, the Postal workers had a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">beef</b>?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b>Big deal</b>, seemed the attitude in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Washington</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Take a number
and wait your turn. And the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Posties</b>
did have a beef, a very big beef.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It hadn’t always been that way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the old days <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Post Office </b>jobs at all levels had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political plumbs </b>and handed out according to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rough justice</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spoils system</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Every time the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Presidency </b>flipped to a different <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">party</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>there was a general <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">house cleaning</b>, and fresh armies of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">patronage workers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Civil Service </b>in the early <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">20th Century</b> had ended that for all but
local <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">postmasters </b>and other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">muckety-mucks</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Depression </b>working for the Post Office meant not only unheard of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">job security</b> but came with an array of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">benefits</b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">paid holidays </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vacations</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
health insurance</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pensions</b>—that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">industrial
workers </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">private sector </b>could
only win by wearing out <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shoe leather </b>and
risking <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">busted heads</b> on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">picket line</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During the deep <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Post-World War II recession, </b>the Post Office offered <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">preferential hiring </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">veterans</b>, and many leaped at the chance
for secure employment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, the
large <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cohort</b> of former veterans in
New York would provide the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">core
leadership</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rank-and-file muscle</b>
for the strike.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Despite the security and the
benefits, Post Office pay had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">drifting
down</b> in comparison to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">civilian
workforce</b> throughout the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">boom years </b>of
the ‘50’s and ‘60’s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Workers had not had
a pay raise since 1967 and that raise had failed to keep up with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inflation</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Entry level</b> worker were laboring at wages
below the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">poverty line</b> if they were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">supporting families</b>, as most of them
were.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">conditions</b> in crowded <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">urban
postal facilities</b> were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">poor</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dangerous</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Morale</b>
was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">low </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anger</b> growing.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The situation was even more
frustrating because the law not only forbad strike action, but it banned any
kind of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">collective bargaining</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>National <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unions </b>of postal workers, mainly the <b>American Postal Workers
Union </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(<b>APWU</b>) representing <b>clerks
</b>and <b>mail handlers</b></span>,<b> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National
Association of Letter Carriers </b>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">NALC</b>)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>could do little but <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lobby </b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">administration</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congress </b>for
better pay and conditions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inherit weakness</b> of such a position had
made that leadership both <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">timid</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cautious</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But rank and file anger was festering.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1968 the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kappel Commission</b>, established by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congress</b> to review the current state of the Postal Service, had
recommended that postal workers be given <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> same rights</b> as
private sector workers to collective bargaining. When recommendation was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rejected</b> by Congress, union leaders
could not be stirred beyond issuing disappointed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">press releases</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnyGQ5L1kaMT6NLd9B6zFiWKf0wgckM7K6UkxJ4r-kTRtTvjHpUasX9lIczK96AQexO83WLcQFL17Hsci_AUB2EiRIUlB3O9NqAtnviu_Al9UHd24zxQe8HhMp6xKoS9h_jtXX_ZgMj3Aype_qm1A2qKL1PkfVgC9jKvI3XMF-gqtIxiAhNRfbi1wE9QN4/s1024/Postal%20Strike%201970--Black%20Workers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="731" data-original-width="1024" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnyGQ5L1kaMT6NLd9B6zFiWKf0wgckM7K6UkxJ4r-kTRtTvjHpUasX9lIczK96AQexO83WLcQFL17Hsci_AUB2EiRIUlB3O9NqAtnviu_Al9UHd24zxQe8HhMp6xKoS9h_jtXX_ZgMj3Aype_qm1A2qKL1PkfVgC9jKvI3XMF-gqtIxiAhNRfbi1wE9QN4/w640-h456/Postal%20Strike%201970--Black%20Workers.jpg" width="640" /></a></b></span></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Black workers brought the spirit and disciplined non-violence of the Civil Rights Movement to the Postal Strike of 1970.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was too much for the
rank-and-file, especially in New York.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Not only did Postal Workers there have ties to the traditionally <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">militant </b>unions of the city and
included many members with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Socialist</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Communist</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">radical backgrounds, </b>but a
huge <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">infusion</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black </b>workers over the previous decade
brought with them the <b>spirit</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">civil
rights movement</b>, familiarity with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">direct
action </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">non-violent protest</b>,
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cultural </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political connections</b> to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black empowerment movement</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agitation</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> for strike action began among rank-and-file <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">militants</b> after newly elected <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President Richard M</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Nixon </b>proposed only a flat 4.1% <b>wage increase</b> in his 1969 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">budget</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>The proposal was angrily <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shouted down</b> at New York union meetings
and pleasure for a strike grew.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NALC <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President James Rademacher </b>scurried to
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">White House </b>with word that he
might not be able to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">control </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">his </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">members</b>. Rademacher and Nixon reached an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">agreement</b> in December 1969 that tied a 1970 5.4% raise to the
creation of an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">independent postal
authority</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">collective bargaining</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When a Congressional committee finally moved
on the agreement in early March local leaders at New York’s NALC local <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Branch 36 </b>were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hooted from the platform.</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><b></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXu9Fs8uszzwfvOFhspxjspMBgxjo98y56Uxvm-nUm0QfXmiqsDrxeowKgUDt7kYc1HU8dsZ0Wlmz7rF5NUwRNv9cqk6U-uGU-cb3OYp20rIOxEhO2Ezc5eyBzSVR02-7xnWjZ0O9QOreu5MZGRI9NtRt2ljqUS-lOK7-A4FIY85awd28BxmVWtKOU5MSl/s275/Postal%20Strike%20of%201970--SOMBROTTO.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="190" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXu9Fs8uszzwfvOFhspxjspMBgxjo98y56Uxvm-nUm0QfXmiqsDrxeowKgUDt7kYc1HU8dsZ0Wlmz7rF5NUwRNv9cqk6U-uGU-cb3OYp20rIOxEhO2Ezc5eyBzSVR02-7xnWjZ0O9QOreu5MZGRI9NtRt2ljqUS-lOK7-A4FIY85awd28BxmVWtKOU5MSl/w442-h640/Postal%20Strike%20of%201970--SOMBROTTO.jpg" width="442" /></a></span></b></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span> <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span> </span>Vincent Sombrotto, Rank-and-file leader of the strike.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rank-and-File leader <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vincent Sombrotto </b>and others demanded
an immediate <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">strike vote</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Union leaders refused and called such a vote
illegal and against the union’s own <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">constitution</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Over a series of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">acrimonious meetings</b> union leadership was able to delay a vote
until March 17 as the city was celebrating St. Patrick’s Day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The strike was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">overwhelmingly approved</b> and <b>pickets</b> went up after the stroke
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">midnight</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The next day an emergency meeting
called by the rank and file at other New York locals of both the NALC and APWU
forced their own votes and joined the strike.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Over the next few days it would be repeated in city after city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chicago
</b>more than 3000 members literally chased their leadership out of the hall
and down the street.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instinctively
defiant</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Nixon went on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">national</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TV </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">order</b> employees <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">back to work</span> immediately, threatening <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mass dismissals</b> if they did not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He vowed that the government would never negotiate under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">duress</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The speech only aroused the ire and determination of the strikers and
helped spread it even faster and further.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi17wBs6Y6qoRNuFDnnAhjfqPhMiN1-sFUOZO95Ikn1TH_6Kb-eiygWGaeyeGC8sm4ottuSTMbD1VF9favnJ251C0skZ6Ncu7nNWwqFIQeknAwOfH9pzdIjsSpeoqbZ2ldBUXuAyCI5FC51qv0TJ3Lh43iJYpmeGUpyEUDfrtgtAv4iHCNWih6WATbYofcG/s600/Postal%20Strike%201970==mag%20covers.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="600" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi17wBs6Y6qoRNuFDnnAhjfqPhMiN1-sFUOZO95Ikn1TH_6Kb-eiygWGaeyeGC8sm4ottuSTMbD1VF9favnJ251C0skZ6Ncu7nNWwqFIQeknAwOfH9pzdIjsSpeoqbZ2ldBUXuAyCI5FC51qv0TJ3Lh43iJYpmeGUpyEUDfrtgtAv4iHCNWih6WATbYofcG/w640-h336/Postal%20Strike%201970==mag%20covers.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">The national media, including the influential weekly news magazines helped whip up hysteria about the walk-out.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By the end of the week more than
200,000 were out in most <b>urban population centers</b> and the strike was
even spreading to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">conservative small
cities</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">towns</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Newspapers</b>
became <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">semi-hysterical</b> as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">business paralysis</b> set in and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stock market</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plunge</b>d on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">low volume</b>
because <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trades</b> could not be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">executed</b> without <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mail orders</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">confirmation<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">s</span></b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Scare
stories</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">violence</b>, all <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">false</b>, circulated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Picket lines were <b>noisy</b> but <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disciplined </b>and models of non-violence.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After a week the administration went
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">court </b>to seek an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">emergenc</b>y <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">injunction</b>, which was quickly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">granted</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>against the strike and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">threatened individual strikers</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">jail </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">contempt of court </b>if they did not comply.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That only backfired, not only stealing the
resolve of the strikers, but bringing from other Federal employees that they
would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">join </b>the strike if the
injunction was enforced.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On March 23 a desperate Nixon again
took to the airways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He announced the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">proclamation </b>of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Emergency—</b>just a step short of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">martial law</b>—which authorized the use of Federal <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">troops </b>to move the mail.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He followed up the speech with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Operation
Graphic Hand </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">which mobilize
24,000 members of the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Regular
Army</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Guard</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Army Reserve</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Air National Guard</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Navy</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Air Force</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Marine Corps Reserve</b> of which 18,500 were deployed to 17 New York
City Post Offices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tens of thousands of
others were put on alert for possible deployment to other cities.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Workers were outraged and fearful
that the introduction of troops would lead to the violent <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suppression</b> of the strike in the tradition of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pullman Strike</b> in which the Army moved
the mail at the point of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bayonet</b> and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">machine gun</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Strikers allowed the military to move into
the Post Offices without opposition.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw66aPxou5duSPDVZNJv_SKGz5j2n51pu0cvKHBZVtOa4yNP_r9sZhASvv8FW7KvPjNSgYH-J4DVgXwOLAyjfUw_ZAcoLZ4_ek4Nag11zeAiJh926naFY6h83Po1kPKMmaCIAgbQFuQlYtUgm8klwXqjLwsrP2IwXJeHszlU7tLX-I_D6TLzkclEF6Z09n/s980/Postal%20Strike%201970--Army.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="695" data-original-width="980" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw66aPxou5duSPDVZNJv_SKGz5j2n51pu0cvKHBZVtOa4yNP_r9sZhASvv8FW7KvPjNSgYH-J4DVgXwOLAyjfUw_ZAcoLZ4_ek4Nag11zeAiJh926naFY6h83Po1kPKMmaCIAgbQFuQlYtUgm8klwXqjLwsrP2IwXJeHszlU7tLX-I_D6TLzkclEF6Z09n/w640-h454/Postal%20Strike%201970--Army.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Federal troops brought in to move the mails were untrained and overwhelmed. They could do little to unjam the system. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Once inside, however, the untrained
troops had no idea what to do.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The mail
was still <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">snarled</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The desperate administration now
entered <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">secret</b> negotiations with
union leaders after vowing never to do so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>With no third TV appearance and as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">little
fanfare</b> as possible, Nixon <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">capitulated
</b>to virtually all <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the strikers’
demands on March 25.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He agreed to
recommend an 8% wage increase and the right of collective bargaining, albeit
without the right to strike.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Amnesty </b>for the strikers was
guaranteed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Workers went back to work after an
eventful, but peaceful 2 week strike.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgigoB03pRG7mIC02IRio7KOAaZgmPikz0A7nEP1FScaGSFaUdEzswBBzpITffwk9QtxfCfWojizzawGg5Iy3jc5_HTP28eECB5WFnM-UjWmT5WQW06FMp4YyRpghrNUSIdqB14C00RwwvGis2ufdzsoSz5PmvboPX2E32kOUua7tvt-OQh0mYaN73SbgmI/s768/Postal%20Strike%201970--Nixon%20negociationw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="395" data-original-width="768" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgigoB03pRG7mIC02IRio7KOAaZgmPikz0A7nEP1FScaGSFaUdEzswBBzpITffwk9QtxfCfWojizzawGg5Iy3jc5_HTP28eECB5WFnM-UjWmT5WQW06FMp4YyRpghrNUSIdqB14C00RwwvGis2ufdzsoSz5PmvboPX2E32kOUua7tvt-OQh0mYaN73SbgmI/w640-h330/Postal%20Strike%201970--Nixon%20negociationw.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Richard Nixon, Post Master General Roy
Blount and national union leaders in a photo op before trying to hammer
out a wage agreement to end the strike.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Congress <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">enacted</b> the terms of the agreement in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">budget</b> and in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Postal
Reorganization Act of 1970</b> which went into effect on July 1, 1971 and
transformed the Post Office Department into the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">U</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">S</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Postal Service</b>. an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">independent establishment</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">executive branch</b> to be operated like a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">private corporation</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Rank-and-file militants <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rightly feared</b> that this <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hybrid creation </b>would come back to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bite them in the ass</b> and become a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">path </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> privatization</b>. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnrk_J16dhN5TsDwSnqEAzj5QjcOFV_jpDXTrrHTGvk6eI5MYSsua8iHq2-_lDYS8D4eBvVfAVmL5BWT7nIneUylIpgIljPy9qV1ltbpBiJ8DaWnWHNW2oyyP4O7RLYdI8YrfWQKaYafxlqAjWzYr8JBE0yRQU2YYvRYze0OMVDtJLsP2jfBrYXQd8t2BQ/s590/Postal%20Strike%201970--APUW%20logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="566" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnrk_J16dhN5TsDwSnqEAzj5QjcOFV_jpDXTrrHTGvk6eI5MYSsua8iHq2-_lDYS8D4eBvVfAVmL5BWT7nIneUylIpgIljPy9qV1ltbpBiJ8DaWnWHNW2oyyP4O7RLYdI8YrfWQKaYafxlqAjWzYr8JBE0yRQU2YYvRYze0OMVDtJLsP2jfBrYXQd8t2BQ/w614-h640/Postal%20Strike%201970--APUW%20logo.jpg" width="614" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">The logo of the APWU after four other postal unions merged under its banner.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To prepare themselves for collective
bargaining that summer the four smaller postal unions merged with APWU.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The new union, retaining the American Postal
Workers name, was, like its components, an affiliated member of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">AFL-CIO</b> and at the time of its
creation, the largest union of postal workers in the world.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sombrotto was elected 16th president
of the National Association of Letter Carriers between in 1978 and served until
retiring in 2002.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He retired in 2002 and
finished with over 300,000 members.</span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-66303830699444069282024-03-17T08:52:00.002-05:002024-03-17T08:52:45.164-05:00How Americans Hijacked St. Patrick’s Day—Not a Quiet Catholic Feast Day Any More<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsfBNK3QBgmfWWfh1G9Pxqrzw9qqcH-58UylnOKDWrypIuwY7_GnTZ9qOmhi6hrAf9sutxyeneNqoBk18sZ457A2r5kzqlsSGg8Cc7GyvqSKepgyUvr6-AAhfciAhOREFw_FfXrV_UQP5hQojUSUJvBp58EzixCksGmuxtWyBFjyYcTPgjwflAVpCv9ics/s768/St.%20Patrick's%20Day%202024%20Blog%20Top.2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="491" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsfBNK3QBgmfWWfh1G9Pxqrzw9qqcH-58UylnOKDWrypIuwY7_GnTZ9qOmhi6hrAf9sutxyeneNqoBk18sZ457A2r5kzqlsSGg8Cc7GyvqSKepgyUvr6-AAhfciAhOREFw_FfXrV_UQP5hQojUSUJvBp58EzixCksGmuxtWyBFjyYcTPgjwflAVpCv9ics/w410-h640/St.%20Patrick's%20Day%202024%20Blog%20Top.2.jpg" width="410" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span> An elegant late 19th Century American St. Patrick's Day card.</span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Note</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For those of
you unaware, this is my natal anniversary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Turn 74 today—a personal Jubilee for the Old Man.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bet you wondered how I got the name.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anyway, I am rerunning a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>classic post. Meanwhile to the Irish and
wan-a-be-Irish, enjoy the day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Have fun
but try not to live down to some unfortunate stereotypes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And for Christ’s sake don’t drink the damn
green beer, an abomination and insult to the soul!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Have a dram or two of Jameson’s with a Guinness
back for me!</span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcs7CXLNz7Jy8EpPzXNR4cVzbpxjCdtn0-XSOf6rwipxjT1akh4RbH37g0lKTjiV84htpky85UGYwps7XAKsDhyphenhyphen1fRHieomxjyZV5YbYPrUGPNtvC7nlw_TQU5wTLVaHpnazqMWnVlQhWsT3Xqn5ugtXZeXpP4Fsz57UPo88ijRHZMxHjz4QetGMLeyj1b/s500/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--vintage%20banner%202020.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="500" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcs7CXLNz7Jy8EpPzXNR4cVzbpxjCdtn0-XSOf6rwipxjT1akh4RbH37g0lKTjiV84htpky85UGYwps7XAKsDhyphenhyphen1fRHieomxjyZV5YbYPrUGPNtvC7nlw_TQU5wTLVaHpnazqMWnVlQhWsT3Xqn5ugtXZeXpP4Fsz57UPo88ijRHZMxHjz4QetGMLeyj1b/w640-h408/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--vintage%20banner%202020.jpg" width="640" /></a></i></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Greeting card publishers quickly
cashed in on Irish American sentimentality for the Auld Sod--a
sentimentality that often erased the grim realities of the Potato Famine
which sent so many landless peasants to American shores.</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></i></span><p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Acknowledging </span><span style="color: #333333;">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elephant </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> room</b>—today is the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Feast of St</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Patrick</b>, originally a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">low-key religious celebration</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Auld Sod</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the <b>U</b>.<b>S</b>. it’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">St</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Patrick</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
Day</b>, which is, as they say, a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">whole
other</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> kettle </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
fish</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For better or worse this <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">quasi-holiday</b> is an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish American</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">phenomenon</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Let’s trace the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">metamorphosis </b>from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">religiosity</b>, to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ethnic
muscle flexing</b>, to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish nationalism</b>,
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">partisan political display</b>, to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">equal opportunity</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">public drinking festival</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">It all
began on March 17, 1762 with the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">very
first St. Patrick’s Day</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> parade</b>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">anywhere</span> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">world</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish soldiers</b> in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">British</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">regiment</b> headquartered in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New
York City marched</b> behind their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">musicians</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">drew cheers</b> from the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">small local Irish</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> minority</b>, both <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Catholic</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Protestant—</b>mostly Protestant in
those days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It became if not an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">annual event</b>, one which was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">observed </b>most years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Redcoats
</b>left the city at the end of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American
Revolution </b>various local Irish <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mutual
aid societies</b> like the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hibernians </b>and
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Friendly Sons of St</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Patrick</b> held often <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">competing events</b>
which, if they <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">happened to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> intersect</b>, sometimes <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">devolved </b>into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">brawls</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl7wq8TZ90A9it4J9XteDCMF1Yuuyu3QACw6yXRP2wf4mXRGpIiu6mkPmmgJJpv8wLu0WE-O7TCvR86uHTTFGemuahZZyCYSzSNQS1OqF7lubeaxo9JRkHgO3BkfruGAy6PwbWLq1ynwPgmUJKhyphenhyphenKwHThkavxqj6PswtSgPLA-pzOUrRYWvUaZV3qTSMzY/s400/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--%20ParadeDublin%201905.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="400" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl7wq8TZ90A9it4J9XteDCMF1Yuuyu3QACw6yXRP2wf4mXRGpIiu6mkPmmgJJpv8wLu0WE-O7TCvR86uHTTFGemuahZZyCYSzSNQS1OqF7lubeaxo9JRkHgO3BkfruGAy6PwbWLq1ynwPgmUJKhyphenhyphenKwHThkavxqj6PswtSgPLA-pzOUrRYWvUaZV3qTSMzY/w640-h356/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--%20ParadeDublin%201905.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Up until the mid '60s St. Patrick's Day remained a religious festival in
Ireland and the annual parade in Dublin, seen here in 1905, was mostly a
religious procession, often led by the St. John's Total Abstinence and
Benefit Society. Today the parade is an American style extravaganza
awash in Kelly Green, dancing leprechauns, shamrocks, and scantily clad
girls. General rowdiness is the rule of the day, largely due to the
large annual pilgrimages to the Auld Sod by Irish Americans, now
generations removed from the island.</span><span style="color: #333333;"></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">After the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">United Irishman uprising</b> of 1798 was
crushed by the British <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">imposing</b> a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">harsh repression</b> including the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">banning</b> of the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> wearing o</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’ the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Green</b>, a new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wave</b> of Irish <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">refugees
flooded </b>New York, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boston</b>, and
other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eastern cities</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inoculated
</b>the annual St. Patrick’s Day observances with a new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political significance</b> and wearing green (instead of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">traditional Irish colors</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">blue</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gold</b>) became a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protest</b>
against <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">British rule</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">homeland</b> and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">call </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> action</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">overthrow </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">that rule</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Potato Famine </b>unleashed yet another
wave of immigration bringing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">throngs </b>of
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">displaced</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">peasants</b> to the already <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">growing
slums</b> of the city. Competing Irish aid societies finally decided to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unite</b> behind a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">single</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">massive
demonstration</b> in New York in 1848.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">theme</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">independence</b> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">for Ireland</span> was mixed with an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">act
</b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">aggressive defiance</b> by the
now largely <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Catholic </b>masses against
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nativists </b>from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tammany Hall </b>who controlled the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">city government</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Know Nothings</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">street gangs</b> who <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">harassed </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bullied them</b>. </span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ1Y953n_xrU2-0-E5bN1Mf3cSe7mtyolSGmfXXKQZPbrpe8hxmbbNKmyfCZIWT96E_ELefCuYOxWOQeqOuXYIy9SxpXL7dkfG6cpTAQIFCAulB-_upuYjRrBHqqrqLmBpCStJ6PR0KnQ8_ZwuNZXlSeA5Ao2dOaHoGfmkzkgfYnzOEZ4OUVFNWlkTeYEc/s500/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--pug%20nose%20greeting%20card.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="316" data-original-width="500" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ1Y953n_xrU2-0-E5bN1Mf3cSe7mtyolSGmfXXKQZPbrpe8hxmbbNKmyfCZIWT96E_ELefCuYOxWOQeqOuXYIy9SxpXL7dkfG6cpTAQIFCAulB-_upuYjRrBHqqrqLmBpCStJ6PR0KnQ8_ZwuNZXlSeA5Ao2dOaHoGfmkzkgfYnzOEZ4OUVFNWlkTeYEc/w640-h404/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--pug%20nose%20greeting%20card.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">In trying to market to Irish Americans, not everyone got it right. This
tone deaf greeting card featured the pug-nosed Irish stereotypes
featured in Know Nothing and anti-immigrant publications. The figure on
the left has a sash identifying him as a member of the Ancient Order of
Hibernians. The one on the right supposedly is from a competing
organization that had frequently brawled with the AOH for supremacy on
St. Patrick's Day.</span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">In 1858
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fenian Brotherhood </b>was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">organized</b> in the United States in
support the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Irish Republican Brotherhood</b>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">IRB</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">),</span> a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">secret oath society</b> agitating for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">establishment</b> of a “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">democratic </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Irish</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> republic</b>.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The St. Patrick’s Day parades in New York and
other cities became <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">powerful recruiting
tools</b> for the Fenians. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Social events</b>
around the day annually <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">raised </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">thousands of dollars</b>, much of it to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">support </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fantastic</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plots</b> and buy <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arms</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>On more than one occasion Fenian plots to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">attack Canada</b> brought the U.S. and Britain <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">perilously</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> close </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
war</b>, which, of course was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">objective</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9OzPVQNHpYGi5Kw0MAYYubsBDzeZpeDbvzw9N2uwpvdtZs66v7zc0zcCTMTjH3zF-Z05wDRuFNWXITEC0GU76mHGT1kOOseRIz9oZZXfOIAHptOmrx4vRMsB30dG5N4_ottD0XrWtba0r01skS0Si1pl3waf1X0_BKJANRgCIenBCvqkAeivO1VhNeEni/s400/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--New%20York%201800s%20(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="400" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9OzPVQNHpYGi5Kw0MAYYubsBDzeZpeDbvzw9N2uwpvdtZs66v7zc0zcCTMTjH3zF-Z05wDRuFNWXITEC0GU76mHGT1kOOseRIz9oZZXfOIAHptOmrx4vRMsB30dG5N4_ottD0XrWtba0r01skS0Si1pl3waf1X0_BKJANRgCIenBCvqkAeivO1VhNeEni/w640-h488/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--New%20York%201800s%20(1).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">By the second half of the 19th Century New York's St. Patrick's Day
parades had become elaborate celebrations of Irish nationalism and a
display of raw political power in the city.</span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">failure</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Easter Rebellion </b>in 1916 in which <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">labor leader</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">James Connolly</b>,
fresh from several years in America as an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">IWW
organizer</b>, and an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish-American</b>
unit of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hibernian Rifles</b> were both <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">involved</b>, led to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fresh round</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frenzied
support</b> for independence back home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The campaign of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish
Republican Army </b>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">IRA</b>), which led
to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">establishment</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish Free State </b>in 1922 and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish Civil War</b> between the Free State
government and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">republican rebels</b>
were both largely <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">financed</b> by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish Americans</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even after the establishment of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Republic </b>in 1937, Irish-Americans
continued to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fund rebel groups</b> aimed
at uniting <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ulster </b>to the rest of the
island, including support for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sein Fein </b>and
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Provisional IRA</b> in their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">armed struggle</b> through <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Troubles.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All of this was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reflected</b> in the parades and other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">celebrations</b> of the day which had become <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dominated </b>by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rebel songs</b>.</span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">St.
Patrick’s Day celebrations also were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">important
displays</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish culture</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Traditional
Irish</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">music</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dance</b> was so <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suppressed </b>at home that both <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nearly
disappeared</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Irish-Americans like <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chicago</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Police Chief Francis O</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Neill collected</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">preserved </b>the songs and began <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">schools</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">teach </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">it</span> and
traditional <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish step dancing</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">re-introduced</b> into Irish culture as a result of these efforts and
put on display in St. Patrick’s Day parades, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">banquets</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">concerts</b>. </span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQWugqxJfPq1KQfsyioztk8SsTzEEBxXTcP9_Xh4WyLFO6zxzB5CS6ja_8On51HJgn9QBKFW40DWvh2XoH1Zv3zOdq8ImRv_bq_F41-tVTmNvBHoqFEFeRv6NE_O-n7IEdxh9gSWgD0dlOUbc1s_-Z3kD6x0YeVhOLxlhaMH_SY51qNfAsN_lOG3XSTMNu/s500/St.%20Patricks%20Day--Hizzonor%201963.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="500" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQWugqxJfPq1KQfsyioztk8SsTzEEBxXTcP9_Xh4WyLFO6zxzB5CS6ja_8On51HJgn9QBKFW40DWvh2XoH1Zv3zOdq8ImRv_bq_F41-tVTmNvBHoqFEFeRv6NE_O-n7IEdxh9gSWgD0dlOUbc1s_-Z3kD6x0YeVhOLxlhaMH_SY51qNfAsN_lOG3XSTMNu/w640-h346/St.%20Patricks%20Day--Hizzonor%201963.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hizzonor da Mayor, Richard J. Daley steps off with his blackthorn stick
and green fedora at the head of the 1963 Chicago St. Patrick's Day
joined by officials of the sponsoring Plumbers union, the Irish Consul
General, Cardinal Alber Meyer (second from left} and actor Pat O'Brien
to the Mayor's left and a bevy of politicians in the second row
jockeying for position. Then Republican Cook County States Attorney
James P. Thompson can be spotted just over Daley's shoulder.</span></span><span style="color: #333333;"></span><span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">The Irish
also excelled at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political organization</b>
in this country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ethnic groups</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">large concentrations</b> like the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Germans</b>,
they were able to create <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">viable
political organizations </b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">alliances</b>
with other ethnic groups that allowed them to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">control </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">many</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> city governments</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">decades</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Chicago <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mayor Richard J</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Daley </b>brought the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">St. Patrick’s Day Parade, </span>previously a
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">South Side</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">neighborhood event</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>to
the heart of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Loop </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dyed</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chicago River</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">green </b>every
year in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">display of political power</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Politicians</b>
of all ethnicities <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">jockeyed</b> to be <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">as close as possible</span> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hizonor</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">front ranks</b> of the parade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfoA9RB187xaASK-Kg_g8xFcjItpA-RU2nHXIrQjR8b74KoUrnceFnBopiYv9csHAGAuWYpF25IQ0tK8EGcZeoP5_MgEndb-hsi6FgATA9e3VG8R-PvtKQGVABl_HF1BJSfT1L7uxw0I9LMd78bEewBmr0HRg7wXDsqyTTbOauBavYxb5SOdd2QiJjcGT2/s400/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--Everybody's%20Irish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="400" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfoA9RB187xaASK-Kg_g8xFcjItpA-RU2nHXIrQjR8b74KoUrnceFnBopiYv9csHAGAuWYpF25IQ0tK8EGcZeoP5_MgEndb-hsi6FgATA9e3VG8R-PvtKQGVABl_HF1BJSfT1L7uxw0I9LMd78bEewBmr0HRg7wXDsqyTTbOauBavYxb5SOdd2QiJjcGT2/w640-h426/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--Everybody's%20Irish.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>"Everybody's Irish!" is the new equal opportunity slogan of American
St. Patrick's Day promoted by breweries, bars, and bottle peddlers of
all sorts. The message seems to be working.</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></i></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">By the
late <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">20th Century</b> St. Patrick’s Day
had spread well beyond its ethnic roots.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Everyone </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">is Irish on </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">St. Paddy</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Day</b> became a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">byword </b>pushed by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">breweries</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bars</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">distilleries </b>making it one of the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">biggest</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> party days</b> of
the year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Green beer</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vomiting
teenagers</b> have become new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">symbols</b>
of the holiday.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLUeYMKlqtRyQx1UNfOaByMYGdto1agLOkmATfcyDeu73ARe54wjTe7SXThmqSAPm7lj36ifrxCE47kI91-R1Q-f7H87yhTKO14e60eQhowJr3qaUZeXUR28aL1VAurjYRNTJuvrSyGXt0UD6Th6ZSbUjuEqqaJyrgLbR9-FzT5hx-WDHgaDQKmQqHjbAa/s586/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--icon%20card.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="586" data-original-width="469" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLUeYMKlqtRyQx1UNfOaByMYGdto1agLOkmATfcyDeu73ARe54wjTe7SXThmqSAPm7lj36ifrxCE47kI91-R1Q-f7H87yhTKO14e60eQhowJr3qaUZeXUR28aL1VAurjYRNTJuvrSyGXt0UD6Th6ZSbUjuEqqaJyrgLbR9-FzT5hx-WDHgaDQKmQqHjbAa/w512-h640/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--icon%20card.png" width="512" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">And <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">what about St. Patrick? </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Well, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">what
about him!</span></span></p>
Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-70631768600523311162024-03-16T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-16T02:00:00.175-05:00When Samoset Greeted Alien Squatters at the Village They Called New Plymouth<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjTEg5NJRCNoFzfsHony53FAEFzmN9LiAgbOygsgfWxD4wHnWnEWeX6OOSg5htEgFjOVY2IGpoezxA-sh5wnM6yhn9dmBvv0YW3T_fOzOyhagySQyMbLDGaVafO8M8sH-VJO2evnm8FYXwIL08dzDAzsG-4taa_VoakwDeufruF_OQqhPDeex6p-f1PcQg/s550/Samoset--Suprises%20Pilgrims.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="403" data-original-width="550" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjTEg5NJRCNoFzfsHony53FAEFzmN9LiAgbOygsgfWxD4wHnWnEWeX6OOSg5htEgFjOVY2IGpoezxA-sh5wnM6yhn9dmBvv0YW3T_fOzOyhagySQyMbLDGaVafO8M8sH-VJO2evnm8FYXwIL08dzDAzsG-4taa_VoakwDeufruF_OQqhPDeex6p-f1PcQg/w640-h468/Samoset--Suprises%20Pilgrims.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Samoset appears at Plymouth.</span><br /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It seemed like a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">warm day</b> by comparison to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">harsh winter</b> that had <b>killed</b> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">45 of the 102 of them. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">settlers</b>, by
now a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bedraggled bunch</b> were out and
about in their small <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">compound</b> on the
sheltered side of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hook-shaped cape</b>
that jutted into the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Atlantic Ocean</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>They called the place, somewhat grandly, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Plymouth</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">religious dissenters </b>and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sailors</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tradesmen</b> they <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">employed</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Today we call them the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pilgrims.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>They called themselves <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>That day they were paying particular attention to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">professional soldier</b> among them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Native
tribes</b> were moving in the vicinity and at least some seemed hostile.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The soldier, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Miles Standish</b>, was trying to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">organize</b>
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">militia force</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sometime that morning, March 16,
1621, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">native man</b> startled the
settlers by casually <b>strolling</b> from the <b>woods</b> into the clearing
of the village.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He wore only a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">loin cloth</b> and was very <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lightly armed</b> with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bow</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arrow</b> which he did not <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">display
threateningly</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The frightened,
agitated settlers accosted him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then he <b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">spoke</span></b>, astonishing them all.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He greeted them in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">broken</b>, but clearly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">understandable English</b>! “</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Welcome, Englishmen! My name is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Samoset</b>.”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He did not come from the <b>local tribes</b> but was </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">visiting</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> among them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was a <b>Sagamore—local chieftain </b>of
an <b>Algonquian</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">people from what is now <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Maine</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had met and learned
English from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fishermen </b>who plied
waters of <b>Monhegan Island </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">twelve
miles off the coast.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fishermen <b>traded</b>
with the natives on the island.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
took Samoset whether as a <b>slave</b>, <b>hostage</b>, or <b>visitor</b> with
them to <b>England </b>but allowed him to <b>return</b> to his people on the
next voyage to the rich <b>fishery</b>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Samoset was dwelling that season with the distantly related <b>Wampanoag</b>
led by the <b>Sachem</b>—the local language variant of Sagamore—<b>Massasoit</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His extended
presence among these people was indicative of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">web</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trade relations</b> that connected tribes
and clans over great distances.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii-pVzhgpegwSVzd_1VoSNs_HP59abPa5SQstx-7kFPpuHfbRFwrjRN9R_75Dyjj5CZkg8bNQO4IdisqsichmkwTijO3fXi9dG9x3g6S-ycKxSQqxq2s_xmECjIzuCR57Ni9QHra9FwiHzPKGmANuwxA-G-qBo7pvClkX72cvu4pk3ZvmdzF_Ou7wt5Ced/s426/Samoset--William%20Bradford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="358" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii-pVzhgpegwSVzd_1VoSNs_HP59abPa5SQstx-7kFPpuHfbRFwrjRN9R_75Dyjj5CZkg8bNQO4IdisqsichmkwTijO3fXi9dG9x3g6S-ycKxSQqxq2s_xmECjIzuCR57Ni9QHra9FwiHzPKGmANuwxA-G-qBo7pvClkX72cvu4pk3ZvmdzF_Ou7wt5Ced/w538-h640/Samoset--William%20Bradford.jpg" width="538" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">There is no known life portrait of William Bradford, Governor and
historian of Plymouth, the drawing is a commonly used imaginary portrait
based on scraps of physical descriptions in letters and journals.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1622, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">William Bradford</b> described the meeting:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Friday the 16th a fair warm day
towards; this morning we determined to conclude of the military orders, which
we had begun to consider of before but were interrupted by the savages, as we
mentioned formerly; and whilst we were busied hereabout, we were interrupted
again, for there presented himself a savage, which caused an alarum. He very
boldly came all alone and along the houses straight to the rendezvous, where we
intercepted him, not suffering him to go in, as undoubtedly he would, out of
his boldness. He saluted us in English, and bade us welcome, for he had learned
some broken English among the Englishmen that came to fish at Monchiggon, and
knew by name the most of the captains, nigers, and masters that usually came.
He was a man free in speech, so far as he could express his mind, and of a
seemly carriage. We questioned him of many things; he was the first savage we
could meet withal. He said he was not of these parts, but of Morattiggon, and
one of the sagamores or lords thereof, and had been eight months in these
parts, it lying hence a day's sail with a great wind, and five days by land. He
discoursed of the whole country, and of every province, and of their sagamores,
and their number of men, and strength. The wind being to rise a little, we cast
a horseman's coat about him, for he was stark naked, only a leather about his
waist, with a fringe about a span long, or little more; he had a bow and two
arrows, the one headed, and the other unheaded. He was a tall straight man, the
hair of his head black, long behind, only short before, none on his face at
all; he asked some beer, but we gave him strong water and biscuit, and butter,
and cheese, and pudding, and a piece of mallard, all which he liked well, and
had been acquainted with such amongst the English. He told us the place where
we now live is called Patuxet, and that about four years ago all the
inhabitants died of an extraordinary plague, and there is neither man, woman,
nor child remaining, as indeed we have found none, so as there is none to hinder
our possession, or to lay claim unto it. All the afternoon we spent in
communication with him; we would gladly have been rid of him at night, but he
was not willing to go this night. Then we thought to carry him on shipboard,
wherewith he was well content, and went into the shallop, but the wind was high
and the water scant, that it could not return back. We lodged him that night at
Stephen Hopkins’ house, and watched him. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The next day he went away back to the
Massasoits, from whence he said he came, who are our next bordering neighbors.
They are sixty strong, as he saith. The Nausets are as near southeast of them,
and are a hundred strong, and those were they of whom our people were
encountered, as before related. They are much incensed and provoked against the
English, and about eight months ago slew three Englishmen, and two more hardly
escaped by flight to Monchiggon; they were Sir Ferdinando Gorges his men, as
this savage told us, as he did likewise of the huggery, that is, fight, that
our discoverers had with the Nausets, and of our tools that were taken out of
the woods, which we willed him should be brought again, otherwise, we would
right ourselves. These people are ill affected towards the English, by reason
of one Hunt, a master of a ship, who deceived the people, and got them under
color of trucking with them, twenty out of this very place where we inhabit,
and seven men from Nauset, and carried them away, and sold them for slaves like
a wretched man (for twenty pound a man) that cares not what mischief he doth
for his profit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saturday, in the morning we dismissed
the savage, and gave him a knife, a bracelet, and a ring; he promised within a
night or two to come again, and to bring with him some of the Massasoits, our
neighbors, with such beavers' skins as they had to truck with us.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-qqsKUAYMw7DkwHDrqLIsbHGG0hiXMCr0HWCnLwx0hb4pdxlh2ThpeXr5bNm4ym27ejWCOsLw5SseinPjVOXKd2Qp4cCN2fbCR40GmBZHFjhaYv0yvc4V1aP_YQnmQMOFrh9TRk4xpbPU9GTqBD-S5OW1p3RXQ0og6ryYRxL-NqoBkWmcMJIKDhnpp0_u/s244/Samoset--Cigar%20Box.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="244" data-original-width="240" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-qqsKUAYMw7DkwHDrqLIsbHGG0hiXMCr0HWCnLwx0hb4pdxlh2ThpeXr5bNm4ym27ejWCOsLw5SseinPjVOXKd2Qp4cCN2fbCR40GmBZHFjhaYv0yvc4V1aP_YQnmQMOFrh9TRk4xpbPU9GTqBD-S5OW1p3RXQ0og6ryYRxL-NqoBkWmcMJIKDhnpp0_u/w630-h640/Samoset--Cigar%20Box.jpg" width="630" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Being immortalized on a cigar box was a marker of fame in 19th Century America. Accuracy was not guaranteed. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There you have it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although somewhat <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">peevishly annoyed</b> Samoset’s brief visit provided the settlers with
a world of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">intelligence</b> about the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disposition</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">numbers</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mood</b> of the
tribes in their immediate area, information that they may only have gained at<b>
</b>and<b> great cost</b> of <b>lives</b>, especially because it allowed them
to <b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">differentiate</span></b> between
“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">friendly</b>” and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hostile</b> natives.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even better, true to his word, a few
days later Samoset <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">returned</b> bringing
with him a delegation including <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Squanto</b>,
who spoke even better English.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Squanto,
a </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pawtuxet</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kidnapped</b> with others by a <b>lieutenant</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John Smith </b>and taken to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Spain</b> in 1614 to be sold as a slave. Instead,
he was given <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">refuge</b> by Spanish <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Friars</b> who instructed him in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Christianity </b>and allowed him to go to
England in search of <b>passage</b> back to his home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Squanto lived for some years in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">London</b> and learned excellent English
before securing passage in 1619.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEsJTWBFoeaXoIw60cA6YuguByVL51tkAbVy5uIxG6EZp0wYQdCkyh-Rj3Eh_FDnQFgArfXAExBfFS-1uFC3tfM5bbx-bqzkoLChn5a1_dTaBPBtyyIpX8VUJ6VlNuI0HfNpdTZ-3TPghzeMQ9RNOkylaLToweXr6blr-x4A8R2iOLT0_EL9GdLP6wX6vR/s1344/Samoset--Squanto-planting-maize.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1149" data-original-width="1344" height="548" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEsJTWBFoeaXoIw60cA6YuguByVL51tkAbVy5uIxG6EZp0wYQdCkyh-Rj3Eh_FDnQFgArfXAExBfFS-1uFC3tfM5bbx-bqzkoLChn5a1_dTaBPBtyyIpX8VUJ6VlNuI0HfNpdTZ-3TPghzeMQ9RNOkylaLToweXr6blr-x4A8R2iOLT0_EL9GdLP6wX6vR/w640-h548/Samoset--Squanto-planting-maize.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Squanto helped save the colonists from
starvation when he taught them native farming techniques like burying a
small fish with a corn seed as fertilizer and growing corn and squash
together.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Squanto
discovered that his village, which had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">occupied
</b>the very<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> site</b> of New Plymouth,
was virtually <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wiped out</b> by a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plague</b>, possibly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">small pox</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was now living
with his <b>kinsmen</b> in <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Massasoit’s
band.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite his <b>bitter experience</b>,
he was not totally hostile to the English, although <b>suspicious</b> of
them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps, having seen London, he
was </span>keenly <b>aware</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> of how <b>plentiful</b>
they were and how <b>resistance </b>to them might be <b>futile</b>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At any rate Squanto and Samoset helped open up </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">talks</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, mostly centered on </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">trading</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> for <b>furs</b>, with the
settlers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When he could ascertain that
the talks were friendly, Massasoit himself finally entered the village.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two sides concluded a <b>treaty </b></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">of<b> peace</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and trade and <b>pledged</b> a <b>military alliance </b>against tribes
hostile to one or both.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Samoset soon returned to his people in Maine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1624 </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Captain
Christopher Levett</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Yorkshire </b>fisherman entertained Samoset and members of his band on
his boat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After that the man who made
first contact with the strangers on the shore, faded into the <b>mists</b> of
history.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Squanto, out of <b>attachment</b> to
the place of his former village and at the behest of Massasoit, who did not
fully trust the English, remained at the village and lived there, famously
imparting his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">life saving advice </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">farming techniques</b> suitable for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stony soil</b> and sharing secret <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fishing spots</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oyster shoals</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also
served as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">guide</b> and an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">envoy </b>to surrounding tribes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The next year he was taken captive
by a </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wampanoag band under the Sachem </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Corbitant</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and had to be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rescued</b> by an armed party led by Captain Standish.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1622 he <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">fell</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ill</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fever</b> while on a mission from the
settlers and died in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nauset</b>
village near present-day <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chatham</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>In his dying words, he wished his English
friends well, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bequeathed</b> them his
few <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">possessions</b>, and expressed hope
that their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">God</b> would have <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mercy</b> on them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>William Bradford reported, “His death was a
great loss.”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSHJ9WDkWhPRtZG4A-p5Fsm2PMdZD78zjCFGkuARMm6o5rns3cvkM_98YhzaC9P2w92-9vpqzxNXCHhDsLANCEmQ28gMaPIAfkUyJkHfqidWssqv3uvfcTVPzlRvQaN-kXNW90YURjNrugfVhHglycR9Z7PsnX33uPsUOj2T5-TyvO3Cs2CrQjD9xq2bZJ/s1600/Samoset--King%20Philip's%20War.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1238" data-original-width="1600" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSHJ9WDkWhPRtZG4A-p5Fsm2PMdZD78zjCFGkuARMm6o5rns3cvkM_98YhzaC9P2w92-9vpqzxNXCHhDsLANCEmQ28gMaPIAfkUyJkHfqidWssqv3uvfcTVPzlRvQaN-kXNW90YURjNrugfVhHglycR9Z7PsnX33uPsUOj2T5-TyvO3Cs2CrQjD9xq2bZJ/w640-h496/Samoset--King%20Philip's%20War.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">In the early stages of King Philip's
War, native warriors wiped out isolated farmsteads and burned villages
sending the settlers reeling back on Plymouth and Boston. But when the
colonists regrouped and went on the offensive they wrought terrible
destruction and punishment not distinguishing between hostile tribes,
allies, and neutrals.</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The peace that
the two English speaking natives helped secure lasted for 50 years until the
bloody <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">King Philip</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
War </b>in 1675 when </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Massasoit’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">son rose up</b> against the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">repeated
land grabs </b>of the burgeoning settler colonies of Plymouth and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Massachusetts Bay</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Losses </b>were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heavy</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">atrocities</b> were
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">committed</b> by all sides, but
ultimately the friendly tribe that had saved the people we call the Pilgrims
was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">virtually </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wiped out</b>.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-7101272331055445392024-03-15T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-15T02:00:00.344-05:00Three Spring Break Stories—Murfin Memoirs <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHnXRhL9UIpFsNumZJQ94dcya8DZLc0jZiaDcVdUUsWyOI-GvEGppPGFAEbpfXHHyysI3eadWNQmLjPN1GZB6wHrlprTvxvqt2NaVEtay1Y4920cuwDaIDXFlv4FwVm5NNUXFMVngQfP9tKzS8TNPnO0AcqnnwvQooFwB2274vqaxxlTFxAdPFN7n4gLNx/s400/Spring%20Break--Frolickers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="400" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHnXRhL9UIpFsNumZJQ94dcya8DZLc0jZiaDcVdUUsWyOI-GvEGppPGFAEbpfXHHyysI3eadWNQmLjPN1GZB6wHrlprTvxvqt2NaVEtay1Y4920cuwDaIDXFlv4FwVm5NNUXFMVngQfP9tKzS8TNPnO0AcqnnwvQooFwB2274vqaxxlTFxAdPFN7n4gLNx/w640-h426/Spring%20Break--Frolickers.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">I never had a spring break like this. I also never looked very good in
swim trunks and I am sure I could never have gotten this far off the
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Note</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">—A version of this his appeared on the Blog seven years ago. </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
was truly the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">winter of our discontent</b>
no <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">matter the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> weather </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in these parts</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The very <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eerie mildness </b>of the winter in these
was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">offset</b> by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pasting </b>other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">parts </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> country</b> faced—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">torrential downpours</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">floods</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unseasonable tornado outbreaks</b>, and
of course the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">blizzards </b>we didn’t
get.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And while <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">weather is not</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> climate </b>all
were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reminded </b>that our <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">species </b>if not our <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">globe </b>might be on an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">irreversible
death spiral</b> and we just got a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">government
</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dedicated to making it</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> worse </b>for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">immediate profit </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> few</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>And that is just <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">one item </b>on
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">laundry list </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">depredations</b> by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">freebooters </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">felons </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cheeto in
Charge</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s racist kleptocracy</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Thus
the long season of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">despair </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rage</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Now
on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ides of March </b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vernal Equinox</b> will <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">arrive come hell or high water</span> in just
five days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Spring
will come and I am smacked with first rate <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spring
fever</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Public schools </b>will begin <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spring
break </b>in another week or so and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">college
campuses </b>will witness their annual <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stampedes
</b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sunny skies</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sandy beaches</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tropical seas</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bacchanalian excess</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But I am ready for a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spring break</b>
now.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">It’s
been years since I had an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">honest-to-god</b>
spring break.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not that I ever went
anywhere <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exotic </b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">palm trees</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sand</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">girls </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
bikinis</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">beer</b> by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">semi tanker</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When I was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kid</b> at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">home</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">family</b> never went anywhere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spring break just meant <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sleeping </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">till</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> noon</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reading</b> a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stack </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
interesting</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">books</b> I checked out
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">library</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGjaRndfZz4K5ja75xdWKx_R9oqyRzEexxgr7IfbshnnXnd5VfcNyGzIIBl1LDK1FR-c5Q6eVUPhAi2PFMPxweXs9v7957_mGgi-cQlO89HNj_Js_8XZDOcRGQMC6Wn3mVEfOsJE6gukT7RBhVs80Sat3RlzBy-aB1bjvaA_4pIq4oI5nv1kqNs1YPBCQx/s400/Spring%20Break--Mississippi%20Palisades%20snow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="400" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGjaRndfZz4K5ja75xdWKx_R9oqyRzEexxgr7IfbshnnXnd5VfcNyGzIIBl1LDK1FR-c5Q6eVUPhAi2PFMPxweXs9v7957_mGgi-cQlO89HNj_Js_8XZDOcRGQMC6Wn3mVEfOsJE6gukT7RBhVs80Sat3RlzBy-aB1bjvaA_4pIq4oI5nv1kqNs1YPBCQx/w640-h426/Spring%20Break--Mississippi%20Palisades%20snow.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">My friend Paul and I were not as prepared for a slushy spring snow at
Mississippi Palisades State Park as these two intrepid snowshoers.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">On
my only spring break when I was at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Shimer
College</b>, my pal <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Paul Jordon</b> and
I decided to go <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">camping</b> at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mississippi Palisades State Park </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Savanah</b>, just 10 miles <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">down the road</span> from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mt. Carroll</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The plan was to throw on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">back packs</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hike</b>
there from school.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paul had a nice light
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Euro-style</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tear-drop pack</b> on a comfortable <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frame—</b>the kind American kids took on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tramps across Europe </b>on less than <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">five Dollars </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> day</b>. I had my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dad</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">World
War II knap sack </b>stuffed with his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mummy
bag</b>, a couple of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">flannel shirts</b>,
a spare set of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">jeans</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">socks</b> and four or five <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">paperback books</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I wore Dad’s old <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Army web belt</b> with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">GI
canteen </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mess kit attached.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paul carried a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">little two-man</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pup tent</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had real <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hiking boots</b>, an old <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Army
Jacket</b>, and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">knit cap</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I wore a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">totally
unsuitable pair</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dingo boots</b>,
an old <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wool</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">car coat</b>, and my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">battered
white</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Open Road Stetson</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Despite
our <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">best intentions</b>, less than a
mile down the road from Shimer, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">car
pulled over</b> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">offered us a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ride</b> to the park.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">We
took it</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We were let off along <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rt</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> 84 </b>at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">entrance</b> to the Park and made the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">long curving hike</b> up the road to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">top of the</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bluffs</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">raw March day</b>, and the Park was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">virtually deserted</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Any early <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fishermen </b>were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">far below</b>
on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">river</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">staked</b>
out a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">campsite</b> and put up the little
tent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then we looked at each other, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">wondering what to do next</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As I
recall we had some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trouble </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">getting a</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fire</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">started</b> from the
mostly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wet</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dead</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">underbrush</b> we <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gleaned</b> from the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">woods</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I tried to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heat</b> some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">canned beans</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cup </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the canteen</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paul had some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pemmican</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then we came to the
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">realization</b> that we had no <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">beer </b>and that it was a long trek back
down the road and to the highway and then another piece to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">store</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">discouraging</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We did have a little <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hash</b>, however.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
next thing we noticed was that it got <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dark</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Very dark.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pitch black</b> under a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">thick shelf </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> clouds</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">blocking</b> whatever <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">moon </b>there might have been.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Then it started to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rain</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dawn</b>
that turned in to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slushy snow</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The pup tent turned out to provide <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">little shelter</b> and we had set it up
with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">high ground above us</b> which <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sent a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> little river </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">right through
it</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By morning we were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cold and miserable</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">packed
up our</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> gear</b> and headed back
to school.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">failures </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">as</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> adventurers</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We spent the rest of spring break on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nearly deserted campus</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">smoking</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dope </b>and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">trying to get</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> warm</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirJMPuGlrEFF_V3Z9sx3CQhb0FIlnbZZMaauYzAXFpcUW5z6Y_rID0nhYUNdFNz1jLEz9Tqnr-Xouiau3uK8Bo98HV3KFaTPU93MKDhWBnYur-lPuaEEE3kD8S5IAyF882jK6WntTXV2tSWXWEIcUwOgPlyLnSGLsbt1XRAI0cfNFgaldSrBAC3V5E-W8L/s400/Spring%20Break--Cabrini%20Green%20riots.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="400" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirJMPuGlrEFF_V3Z9sx3CQhb0FIlnbZZMaauYzAXFpcUW5z6Y_rID0nhYUNdFNz1jLEz9Tqnr-Xouiau3uK8Bo98HV3KFaTPU93MKDhWBnYur-lPuaEEE3kD8S5IAyF882jK6WntTXV2tSWXWEIcUwOgPlyLnSGLsbt1XRAI0cfNFgaldSrBAC3V5E-W8L/w640-h316/Spring%20Break--Cabrini%20Green%20riots.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "times new roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
Chicago Police were busy with rioting at Cabrini Green just two blocks
from my spring break party in 1969, Ooops! Forgot it was the first
anniversary of Martin Luther King's murder..</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">My <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">big plan</b> for spring break when I moved
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chicago </b>the next year and
enrolled at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Columbia College </b>was to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">throw a</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">big party</b> and invite my Shimer friends, kids from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Niles West</b> back in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Skokie </b>home from their own schools, and any <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">new folks </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I had met</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
was living in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">garden apartment—</b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">glorified</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">basement—</b>in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">run down</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">three flat </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Howe Street</b> just <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">west</b> of
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Old Town </b>and about a block south
of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Armitage</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>That also placed it about two blocks
north of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cabrini Green</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>It was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tough neighborhood</b> back in 1969 long before <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gentrification</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Working class</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">white families</b>, many of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Appalachian
</b>were squeezed in the few blocks between the better off older <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">German</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Italian</b> families and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">new
crop</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">artists </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bohemians </b>of Old Town, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Blacks </b>of Cabrini, and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Puerto Ricans</b> to the west and
north.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">teens </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> young men</b> were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">organized in old-style small</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">street gangs</b>—the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lill Street Boys, Howe Street Boys</b>, etc. and were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fighting </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">all </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">encroachers</b>—and
that included a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hippy looking dude </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">like me</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And worse, I had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mike,</b> a young <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black street
hustler</b> who I found through an <b>ad </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Seed</i></b> as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">roommate</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then I let 54 year old <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">José</b> move in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We met at an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">air conditioning factory</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Skokie </b>where I worked the summer before
and for the several weeks over the winter between my last semester at Shimer
and starting Columbia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">adult son</b> had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shot</b> while standing in line at a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kentucky Fried Chicken</b> and took a long time to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">die</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>José <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spent every dime</b> he had on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">medical bills</b> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">funeral </b>and in the process <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lost his</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> apartment</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nowhere to go</b>, so I let him <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bunk</b> in what had been the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">coal bin </b>off of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kitchen</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To the Howe Street Boys, that meant that I <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">had their</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hated enemies </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">under one
roof.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">I,
of course, was too <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">naïve</b> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> stupid </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to realize it</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even after the place was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">burglarized </b>three times.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
went on with plans for my big spring break party just the same.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In my eagerness, I had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">forgotten </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">significant upcoming</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anniversary</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Friday, April 4, 1969 was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">one year anniversary </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">assassination </b>of <b>Rev.</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Martin Luther King</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Jr</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chicago decided to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">commemorate </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> event</b> with a fresh round <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">of</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">riots</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cabrini Green, just blocks away was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">major battle ground</b> with some <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">taking </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pot shots</b> at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cops </b>from
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">high rise windows</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
dusk fell, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">not-so-distant</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gunfire rattled</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">smoke</b> could be seen to the south, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">squad cars </b>were in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">neighborhood</b>
with their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">windows taped</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>This
did not <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">discourage </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span> or, evidently, the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">large numbers of folks willing to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> travel </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in and to the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> city</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lure</b>
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Delaney Daggers</b>—a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lethal concoction</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">180 proof grain alcohol </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">orange juice</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">whipped up</b> in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">twenty
gallon garbage can</b>—a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">half keg </b>of
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Meister Bräu</b>, plenty of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reefer </b>with a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">good</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> chance </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">for a variety</span> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">psychedelics</b> was too much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Not only were the invitees coming, so were those who <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sniffed out </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the party in the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ozone</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As a
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">parade of folks tromped in</b>, the Howe
Street Boys <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">began to gather</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They felt that they had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">not been invited </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to partake
of the weed and hippie </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">chicks</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In point of fact, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">had they come to the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">door</b>,
I would have <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">let ‘em in</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What the hell.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The more the merrier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, alas, they <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">did not realize this,</span> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">resentment
built</b>, as did the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">electric energy </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of a city</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> gone mad</b> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sure
knowledge</b> that, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">whatever they did
that night</span>, the cops had other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">priorities</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
boys began <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hooting </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> cat calling guests</b> as they arrived.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They looked <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">menacing</b>, but nothing had happened.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Inside, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">partying hard</b>, I was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">not even aware of it</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then, around 9 pm one of my Shimer friends
arrived and decided it was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">good idea</b>
to hoot and cat call back.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bad idea</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">flat on his</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> back in no time</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">girl
</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ran in</span> and finally <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">got my attention</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">emerged</b>
and saw <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">four or five of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> guys</b> standing over my friend, some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">aiming kicks at him</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pushed
my way through them</b> muttering something intelligent like “<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">what the hell is going on here!</span>”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">knelt</b>
beside my friend who had now <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">rolled
himself into a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ball </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">like a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hedgehog</b> and was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bleeding </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a bit</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">That’s
when I got <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a kick to the head</b>,
sending my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">glasses flying</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stood
up</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Got knocked back down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stood
up</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> rinse, repeat</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suddenly a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">young woman who I never saw before</span> in
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">decades old</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mink coat</b> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">charged up the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> stairs swearing </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">like a </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sailor</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">literally threw herself </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">over the two of us</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">astonished
gang bangers pulled back</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She helped
me get to my feet, a bit unsteadily.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
could see a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">knot </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of guys from the party</span> now <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ready to </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">charge </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">into the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> melee</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Which, I knew, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">could only make
things worse</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Get the fuck back inside</span>!”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Frankly they <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">looked</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> relieved </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">at the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> suggestion</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The girl and I
gathered my more battered <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">chum</b> and
together dragged him into the apartment.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">We
were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">under</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">siege</b> for most of the rest of the night.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">having
nothing better to do</span>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">party
rolled</b> on inside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was just that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">no one could leave</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dawn</b>
there were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bodies </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sprawled all over the place</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A couple of us went outside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Cabrini gunfire had stopped.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Howe Street Boys had <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">gotten bored and gone home</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We decided to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">drop some</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">acid</b> and walk
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">North Avenue Beach</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
you can see, I was not getting <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Where the Boys Are </i></b>college spring break
experience.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">After
college, of course, there was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">work</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lots
of different</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> jobs</b> in those
early years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not a spring break to be
had.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha0uGFjhxKTzUjEyv53JslwwxZZjIyyuOa23CZDxZZo2knRalO6u3-83_7N-ezSnWTeLB7iXLIx0TjHqqkbfewEIlYbAz1r8SVY5cJa98ulE7El2yBtFltHUyr5DnZ9NSGuhNy52fa6K2CHSxgqtH2lHg3h70oZKZfhJ5pS2bDUBAJzG5DYhD4Xp6yJRtc/s400/Spring%20Break--Buffing%20Hall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="184" data-original-width="400" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha0uGFjhxKTzUjEyv53JslwwxZZjIyyuOa23CZDxZZo2knRalO6u3-83_7N-ezSnWTeLB7iXLIx0TjHqqkbfewEIlYbAz1r8SVY5cJa98ulE7El2yBtFltHUyr5DnZ9NSGuhNy52fa6K2CHSxgqtH2lHg3h70oZKZfhJ5pS2bDUBAJzG5DYhD4Xp6yJRtc/w640-h294/Spring%20Break--Buffing%20Hall.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">As an elementary school custodian I broke out the heavy equipment for a
major cleaning over spring breaks while students and teachers frolicked
some place.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fast
forward a couple of decades and I was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">married
man </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">with</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> children</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Crystal Lake </b>and
working as an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elementary school
custodian</b> in nearby <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cary</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Aha! You say.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You must have had spring break then!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Actually, not so you would notice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spring break, like <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Christmas break</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">institute
days</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> state mandated holidays</b> which were not in our <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">contractual holidays</b>—think <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lincoln</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
Birthday</b> or for a while in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Illinois</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pulaski
Day</b>—and the long <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Summer Break</b>—were
all <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">work days</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
fact, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">custodial crew</b> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">busted serious</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ass</b> on days like that.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That
was when he did the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heavy work</b> that
could not be done while <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">school was in</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> session</b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stripping </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> waxing hard floors</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cleaning carpets</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">class
rooms</b> that meant <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">moving </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">all of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> furniture</b> three times—to one side of the rooms, do the floor, to
the other side of the room, do the other half, restore the room to its original
condition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kindergarten</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first grade
rooms</b>, where the carpets were stained by spilled <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">juice boxes</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tempera paint</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">magic markers</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pee </b>required that the rugs be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scrubbed </b>with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heavy</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rotary shampooer</b>
and then <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hot-water</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">extracted</b> sometimes twice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The same was true of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">long hallways </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">crusted with
a winter’s worth</span> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mud</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">salt</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>In the spring we only had <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">five days to finish</span> the whole
school.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And sometimes we were
interrupted by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spring blizzards</b> that
required <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shoveling</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">snow blowing</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By
the time that the kids came back the custodians were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">broken </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> exhausted</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
the years since the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">school district</b>
saw fit to “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">invite</b>” me to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">retire early</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I of course did not retire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even that first Spring years ago when I <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">didn’t have a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> full time job</b>, I <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">picked up
more nights</span> at what had been my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">second
job</b> at a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gas station</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When I got my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">day job</b>, I was as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">contract
employee</b>, an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">independent
entrepreneur</b> my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">boss assured</b> me,
which meant I got <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">no paid holidays</b>,
breaks, or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vacation</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If I was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">not on the job, I was not</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
paid</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And we <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">could never afford for me</b> not to get paid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, I have worked through every spring break until
I officially retired.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And even then I
kept working my <b>week-end overnight </b>second job at the <b>Circle K </b>near
my house.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That lasted until my <b>gall
bladder</b> tried to kill me in 2017.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">And
as I have pointed out, this year I really need one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">keep
the partying</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">babes now</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But those old grade school breaks sure sound
appealing—sleeping till noon and reading good books.</span></p>
Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-10681142270509690592024-03-14T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-14T02:00:00.245-05:00A Classic Myth, George Bernard Shaw, plus Lerner & Loewe Make Musical Magic<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV7A5i66st_phYVULQ2KiR9PQsS7RZn1Cpq_pUFFROp1PnwkwCmu3GmYBwsR9MLYnGFz3J1e8pcJGBsxtSDGcTpeCxP9QbKFdmmEyjEYot2oO8raby9e5kJjj4pl7sQqrDThtgqboyeRphnZ5M-ketzhf0Mcpw5_-Uaj7oPQ7tIx07q2aU-_3yf97t68pr/s401/My%20Fair%20Lady%20Theatrical%20Poster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="248" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV7A5i66st_phYVULQ2KiR9PQsS7RZn1Cpq_pUFFROp1PnwkwCmu3GmYBwsR9MLYnGFz3J1e8pcJGBsxtSDGcTpeCxP9QbKFdmmEyjEYot2oO8raby9e5kJjj4pl7sQqrDThtgqboyeRphnZ5M-ketzhf0Mcpw5_-Uaj7oPQ7tIx07q2aU-_3yf97t68pr/w396-h640/My%20Fair%20Lady%20Theatrical%20Poster.jpg" width="396" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Poster for the original production of <i><b>My Fair Lady</b></i> on Broadway evoked the dead original playwright.</span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was called “the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">perfect musical</b>.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From that first night on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Broadway stage</b>, March 15, 1956, at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mark Hellinger Theatre</b> audiences leapt
to their feet<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> cheering</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">critics </b>wore out the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Thesaurus </b>in search of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">superlatives</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trophies</b> could not be <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">made</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>fast enough.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">My Fair Lady</i></b> had to be moved twice
to larger theaters and set a <b>record</b> of 2,717 <b>performances</b> in its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first production</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The world, it seemed was singing its<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> songs</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">path</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">theatrical glory</b>
was long.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Very long.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It began with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lost legend</b> on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cyprus </b>about
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Phoenician king </b>named <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pumayyaton</b> who the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Greeks </b>called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pygmalion</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Centuries later the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Roman poet Ovid</b> cast Pygmalion as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sculptor </b>who creates a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
perfect statue </b>of a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> woman</b> out of
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ivory</b> who he named <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Galatea</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After <b>sacrificing</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Aphrodite, Goddess of Beauty </b>on her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">feast day</b>, he returns home where he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kisses </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> perfect idol</b> he has
created only to learn that her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lips </b>were
sweet<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> breasts </b>yielding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
goddess had granted his wish to turn the statue into a woman.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7qGemmGULU7mRu69_ooOQSPwRBZOLe4mt2uBiUN6KaFZSODqFj_0TXoamViEN6pse_-VnQRxaYU7TLbPpa0se00DPyNonxkTmjsM6DQ8Zw0CzD790n8xB9xoE8QgKkTC6PMBZFot-FtlyPEt0RWcCq57X0l79pzjcvrI3uQQHlHLHZbCb65rfijxZ2sIY/s450/My%20Fair%20Lady--Pygmalion%20and%20Galatea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="351" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7qGemmGULU7mRu69_ooOQSPwRBZOLe4mt2uBiUN6KaFZSODqFj_0TXoamViEN6pse_-VnQRxaYU7TLbPpa0se00DPyNonxkTmjsM6DQ8Zw0CzD790n8xB9xoE8QgKkTC6PMBZFot-FtlyPEt0RWcCq57X0l79pzjcvrI3uQQHlHLHZbCb65rfijxZ2sIY/w500-h640/My%20Fair%20Lady--Pygmalion%20and%20Galatea.jpg" width="500" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Jean-Leon Gerome's <b><i>Pygmalion and Galatea</i></b> painted in 1890 is just one of
many popular art renderings of Ovid's version of the myth.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The story of the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> artist </b>and his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> art sprung
</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> life</b> resonated, especially during and after the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Renaissance </b>was told and re-told many times and was depicted in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">painting </b>and sculpture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was the subject of many<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> poems</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Victorian England</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">William S</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Gilbert</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
blank verse</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pygmalion and Galatea, an Original Mythological Comedy</i></b> was
produced in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">London </b>in 1871 and was
so <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">popular</b> that it was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">revived</b> three times in five years and
other companies rushed their own versions of the tale to the stage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A young<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Irishman</b> struggling to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">make his</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> mark</b> as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">critic </b>took notice.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Forty years later at the height of
his powers <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">George Bernard Shaw </b>recast
the themes of a woman <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">metamophisized </b>by
her creator into one of his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">didactic
lessons</b> on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social class</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He also wanted to propound his own <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pet
theory</b> that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">standardized
pronunciation</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">English </b>could
help <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">liberate </b>the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> poor</b>, who were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stigmatized </b>by their crude<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
accents</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Written in<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> 1912</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>in his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pygmalion</i></b>
the creator is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Henry Higgins</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> tyrannical, misanthropic professor</b>
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">linguistics </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">phonetics</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">object </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
transformation </b>is a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cockney </b>flower
girl named <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eliza Doolittle</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPTLgAWnr48c0NZY0dE9Ubn2nobWqXSB4-qGrcyA22ImyfiCA3rjsltZCtw4moRuyIZAovQWoFhEt9rhW2aif_6u_9jhMtVluYFyWEL8TJXP0GhMNknypeCCLuInd8kZlOpyVQnT05XBqCZ8nR56CKb43iQMPwaZUJra4mA5R8y3xYrr1cRbIaLVT-Z0Go/s500/My%20Fair%20Lady--GeorgeBernardShaw%20cirac%201912.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="358" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPTLgAWnr48c0NZY0dE9Ubn2nobWqXSB4-qGrcyA22ImyfiCA3rjsltZCtw4moRuyIZAovQWoFhEt9rhW2aif_6u_9jhMtVluYFyWEL8TJXP0GhMNknypeCCLuInd8kZlOpyVQnT05XBqCZ8nR56CKb43iQMPwaZUJra4mA5R8y3xYrr1cRbIaLVT-Z0Go/w458-h640/My%20Fair%20Lady--GeorgeBernardShaw%20cirac%201912.jpg" width="458" /></a></b></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">George Bernard Shaw, the witty and didactic Irish born playwrite and Fabian Socialist about the time of his 1912 triumph, <i><b>Pygmalion.</b></i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></b></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shaw needed <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">another </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">character</b> to whom
Higgins could <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">expound </b>his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> theories</b> and to whom Eliza could turn
for<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> comfort</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He found the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">perfect model</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dr</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Watson</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sherlock Holmes</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
sidekick </b>whose <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">main function</b> was
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">listen </b>to the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> flights of brilliance</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">detective</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the play the character is transformed into
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Col</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Pickering</b>, like
Watson a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">veteran </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Indian Army</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pygmalion</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> opened in London in 1914 with the object of Shaw’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unrequited love</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mrs</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Patrick Campbell </b>as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eliza</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It was by far the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">most</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> popular play</b> Shaw had brought to the stage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">audiences
</b>were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dissatisfied </b>with the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ending</b> in which the now <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">completely emancipated</b> Eliza <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">abandons </b>the professor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During the run of the play the producers
substituted a final scene in which Higgins <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">appears
</b>at a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> window</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">throws flowers</b> at departing Eliza, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hinting </b>that such a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gesture </b>would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">woo </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">her back</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shaw was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">furious</b>
and added a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">postscript essay</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">What
Happened Afterwards</i></b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">published
editions</b> of the play to explain why that was<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> impossible</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He continued to
fight attempts to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">soften the ending</span> through revivals and
other productions of the play.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1937 Shaw <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">licensed </b>his plays to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hungarian</b>
producer <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gabriel Pascal</b> for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cinema</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He reluctantly<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> agreed</b> to
allow <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pygmalion </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">to</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
</i>be the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first film</b> on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">condition</b> that he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">retain </b>full <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">artistic control</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shaw <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">collaborated</b>
on the screenplay and wrote whole<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> new
scenes</b>, including the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ballroom</b>
scene where Eliza is put to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">test </b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> passing </b>as<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lady</b>. Knowing Pascal wanted a happier
ending Shaw offered to write a new final scene showing Eliza and her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">callow suitor</b> now husband <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Freddy Eynsford-Hill</b> tending their<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> flower shop</b> catering to
gentlefolk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead, without Shaw’s
knowledge, Pascal <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inserted</b> a short
scene following Eliza’s departure in which she <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">returns </b>with her bags and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">self-satisfied</b>
Higgins leans back, cocks his hat over his face and demands, “Eliza, where the
devil are my slippers?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shaw was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">outraged</b>, but the scene <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stayed</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgco5AOYkUFuHisW9JxwJ50HaCk6OWk5zYLQUFO_eE6NhKHR53gcmPcXtPEjxUVWhxai9g5zXFGF2V-t-bSROvW1GJiREufMAsKL6D1_UZAkpG3cpA4-MvId6OjkjetsQOeb5MpH-fb4WRhSRDmYWgEo44NTn2M2jvixK0Ie2oHfr9217dy0-MxrpMZeQMx/s500/My%20Fair%20Lady--pygmalion%20movie%201938.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="500" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgco5AOYkUFuHisW9JxwJ50HaCk6OWk5zYLQUFO_eE6NhKHR53gcmPcXtPEjxUVWhxai9g5zXFGF2V-t-bSROvW1GJiREufMAsKL6D1_UZAkpG3cpA4-MvId6OjkjetsQOeb5MpH-fb4WRhSRDmYWgEo44NTn2M2jvixK0Ie2oHfr9217dy0-MxrpMZeQMx/w640-h468/My%20Fair%20Lady--pygmalion%20movie%201938.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Leslie Howard as Professor Henry Higgins and Wendy Hiller as Eliza Doolittle in the 1938 film version of <i><b>Pygmalion.</b></i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1938 film starred <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Leslie Howard </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Wendy Hiller</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">huge hit </b>on both sides of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Atlantic</b> and even won Shaw an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Oscar </b>for his contributions to the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> screenplay</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part of Shaw’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">agreement</b> with Pascal was that none of the plays could be made into
a musical.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had earlier been greatly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disappointed</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Chocolate Soldier</i></b>, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Viennese operetta</b> based on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arms
and the Man</i></b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite numerous<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> pleas</b> over the years, Pascal could not
get Shaw to yield.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But when the old man <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">died </b>in 1950 at the age of 94, the
producer approached <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alan J</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Lerner</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lyricist</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">librettist </b>who had created <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brigadoon
</i></b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Frederick Loewe</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Love
Life</i> </b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kurt Weill<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></b>Lerner
worked on the project<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> intermittently</b>
for two years before <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">abandoning </b>it.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Other tried their hands at it—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arthur Schwartz</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Howard Dietz</b> and then <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Richard Rodgers</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Oscar Hammerstein II</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reigning kings</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American musical comedy</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rogers told Learner that it was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">impossible</b>
because “it has <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">no sub-plot</b>.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The other problem was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">talky </b>nature of the play<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and the lack of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">big scenes </b>for an<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ensemble</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHqEA9E96IHdG4qHpCmW2fKVnTLE0zogDSRPQBp13xwBD1Olm_wQ7Ocsmg6swbR3-eeuyQygHkbyaoOecTLGSjR0a5x1zzyUpsPQC24RBHmODt7JgVbQ8Z2bOEAhnpdkK4GJjtrO0st8P8jMl5EQLechNIQ-ZaqiwN-m3zqBE7kOxm3LaqwRYaUhdp6HTy/s480/My%20Fair%20Lady--Lerner%20and%20Lowe%20(2).jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="480" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHqEA9E96IHdG4qHpCmW2fKVnTLE0zogDSRPQBp13xwBD1Olm_wQ7Ocsmg6swbR3-eeuyQygHkbyaoOecTLGSjR0a5x1zzyUpsPQC24RBHmODt7JgVbQ8Z2bOEAhnpdkK4GJjtrO0st8P8jMl5EQLechNIQ-ZaqiwN-m3zqBE7kOxm3LaqwRYaUhdp6HTy/w640-h384/My%20Fair%20Lady--Lerner%20and%20Lowe%20(2).jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Frederick Loewe (left) and Alan Jay Lerner had to repair a fractured partnership to work on a musical version of <i><b>Pygmalion </b></i>with out even knowing if they could secure the rights.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lerner had become <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">estranged</b> from Lowe, his original
partner on the project.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But when he
chanced on Pascal’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">obituary </b>in the
newspapers, he decided to give the project a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">second chance</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reuniting
with Lowe, Lerner realized that the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">key </b>to
the production<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>was<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">opening it up</span> from the stage play, as Shaw himself had done with
the addition of the ballroom scene in the film version.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lerner added other “action that takes place
between the acts of the play” as Shaw had written them, notably the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Covent Garden </b>scene after Higgins
departs in which Eliza sing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wouldn</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">t it be Loverly</b></i>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alfred
P</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Doolittle</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>rollicking
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">m Getting Married in the Morning</b></i>
number, and the extended <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ascot racetrack
</b>scene.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In between he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">preserved</b> most of Shaw’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">witty dialog</b> and even the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social messages</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He did, however, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">retain </b>the ending of the film, not Shaw’s beloved <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">declaration </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">independence</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Learner and Lowe <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">went ahead</span> with their work <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">not knowing </b>if they could get the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> rights </b>from Pascal’s<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> estate</b> which was being <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">managed</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">flinty business no-nonsense</b> by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chase
Manhattan Bank</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">other </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bidders</b>, most notably <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">MGM</b>
which tried <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">threats </b>to muscle
Learner aside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He bet that <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">when the time came
</span>the fact that he and Lowe had a completed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">libretto </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> score</b> would
tilt the bank in their direction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It did
and they won the right to mount the musical on the stage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MGM would later have to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spend </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a ton of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> money</b> to buy Learner and Lowe’s show
from them for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">big screen</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After securing the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">services</b> of one of Broadways most successful
directors, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Moss Hart</b>, attention
turned to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">casting</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Everyone’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first choice</b> for Higgins was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Noel
Coward</b> but he turned down the part.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He did suggest that they try <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rex
Harrison</b> who had starred in other<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
film adaptations </b>of Shaw’s work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Harrison was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">huge star</b> in
Brittan once dubbed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sexy Rexy</b> for
his appearances as a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> leading man</b> in
the ‘30’s and ‘40’s but he was less well known in the U.S.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Harrison was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">interested</b> but both he and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">creative
team</b> were concerned with <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">one little</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> problem</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Harrison <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">could not</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> sing</b>, or
rather he had a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">very narrow vocal range</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After some tinkering by Lowe and handing the
most<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> soaring melodies </b>off to other
characters, it was agreed that Harrison could <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sing/speak his numbers</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlbOr78-VuHVbnF820JkXhJfzOIp70xaH1_TyEVDJpw6KqazNc1UTdSe7gicDa5R1XfLOOnoV-TVDeOzJBXu892IsMp36-kyledS9sRPTR1NDnaXpWVp08KAybu7kgcrkG2o1dUDA4B5TiwkLj2jhoxccb0THqTvNR81FEus_3MOTiOHOTE6QfoWxFL-hC/s396/My%20Fair%20Lady--julie%20andrews.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="396" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlbOr78-VuHVbnF820JkXhJfzOIp70xaH1_TyEVDJpw6KqazNc1UTdSe7gicDa5R1XfLOOnoV-TVDeOzJBXu892IsMp36-kyledS9sRPTR1NDnaXpWVp08KAybu7kgcrkG2o1dUDA4B5TiwkLj2jhoxccb0THqTvNR81FEus_3MOTiOHOTE6QfoWxFL-hC/w640-h514/My%20Fair%20Lady--julie%20andrews.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Julie Andrews, a young British singer/actress was a sensation as Eliza Doolittle in the Broadway Production of <i><b>My Fair Lady.</b></i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Casting Eliza was more <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">difficult</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The part was first offered to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Texas-born</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mary Martin</b> who wisely<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
concluded</b> that she was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unsuited </b>to
play a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Cockney</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gertrude
Lawrence</b> who Learner had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">envisioned </b>for
the role when he first started work on the project in 1950 had <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">inconveniently</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> died </b>in 1952 and was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unavailable</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They finally settled on a young<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> English singer/actress</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Julie Andrews</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Legend
</b>would have it that she was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plucked </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">from</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> obscurity</b> for the part, but she already had one Broadway hit under
her belt, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Boyfriend</i></b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The cast was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rounded out</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">veteran
character actor</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">music hall </b>performer
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stanly Holloway</b> as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">philosophic</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dustman </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Alfred P. Doolittle</span>;
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Robert Coote </b>as Col. Pickering; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John Michael King</b> as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eynsford-Hill</b> who got to sing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On
the Street Where You Live</i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b>the show’s only<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> love song</b>; and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kathleen
Nesbitt </b>as Higgins’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mother</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">title</b> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">My Fair Lady </i>made <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oblique reference</b> to the title Shaw
used in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">early drafts</b> of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pygmalion</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Fair Eliza</i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> and to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">repeated refrain</b> from the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nursery
rhyme <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">London Bridge is Falling Down</i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The show almost <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">did not go on </b>for its first<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
performance</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">out of town tryouts </b>in
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Haven</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Connecticut</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Hours before the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> curtain</b> Harrison became <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frightened</b>
by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pit orchestra</b> that was much
larger than anything he had encountered in<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
rehearsals</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fearing that they would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">down him out</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> he told producers that, “that under no circumstances would he go
on that night...with those thirty-two interlopers in the pit.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He then <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">locked
</b>himself in his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> dressing room</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fruitless
pleading</b>, producers decided to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
dismiss </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> company</b> for the night and make an<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> announcement</b> to the audience that was
beginning to assemble.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Less than an hour
before <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">curtain time</b>, Harrison got a
grip on himself and emerged from the dressing room.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Producers frantically <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">recalled the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> cast,</b> and
the show went on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It ended with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">thunderous standing ovation</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Everyone knew that this would be a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hit</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indeed, it was.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">original
cast album </b>became a perennial hit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Edward Mulhare </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sally Anne Howes </b>took over the parts on
Broadway, Harrison, Andrews and most of the original cast took the show to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">London </b>where it debuted at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">West End</b> on April 30, 1958.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The show would run for 2,281 performances
there.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Since then, there have been numerous
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">revivals</b> in both New York and
London, each winning <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slews of awards</b>
for its casts just as the original production <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">swept </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tony Awards</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>There have been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">touring companies</b>, productions in <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">almost every </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">language</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> conceivable</span>—an
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">interesting challenge </b>for a play
revolving around<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> English pronunciation</b>,—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">regional</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">community</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">college</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">high school</b> productions.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieoXRdn8c-1Vz1JBefqamP4IUjf0BC9fpXSmcPsF1wFkldUfWr4Z4b-z428q6JErKTrtPaLYkK1eQTYSYqEDI_8FIRoC9Sc8NU_oXwAf6Wn-dNiqeivOcJgjDXViil91a5Z8jnaN0HhaWKNusdgIp4ejNI6jWBbXJdUZ_4-NdUNL5-Wqqhw_sUQRNbBJuN/s400/My%20Fair%20Lady--Ascot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="207" data-original-width="400" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieoXRdn8c-1Vz1JBefqamP4IUjf0BC9fpXSmcPsF1wFkldUfWr4Z4b-z428q6JErKTrtPaLYkK1eQTYSYqEDI_8FIRoC9Sc8NU_oXwAf6Wn-dNiqeivOcJgjDXViil91a5Z8jnaN0HhaWKNusdgIp4ejNI6jWBbXJdUZ_4-NdUNL5-Wqqhw_sUQRNbBJuN/w640-h332/My%20Fair%20Lady--Ascot.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Audrey Hepburn with Jeremy Brett as Freddy Eynsford-Hill and Rex
Harrison as Professor Higgins in the Ascot scene--a dazzlingly stylized production number added to the script to open the talky Shaw
script up for the film.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1964 MGM brought <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">My Fair Lady </i>to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">screen</b> as one of the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">grandest
of its musicals</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But not without <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">controversy</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although Harrison, Holloway, and other
members of the Broadway cast were signed, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">studio
big wigs</b> did not think Julie Andrews was a big enough star to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> carry </b>the expensive film.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They cast <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Audrey Hepburn </b>as Eliza.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Broadway
fans were<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> furious</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vowed
</b>never to see the film—a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">threat </b>virtually
none of them<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> carried out</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hepburn’s songs were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dubbed</b> by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Marni Nixon</b>,
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">soprano</b> behind many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">non-signing</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hollywood</b> actresses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A few years ago, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wouldn’t It be Loverly </i>scene <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">surfaced </b>with Hepburn singing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She turns out to have had a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pleasant</b>, if<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> breathy voice</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">acquitted
</b>the song quite well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But convention
decreed a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">traditional stage soprano </b>sing
the part.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the movie could be made
today, she would probably be<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> allowed </b>to
sing her own songs.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Andrews <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">got her</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> revenge</b>,
however, when she was cast the same year in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mary Poppins </i></b>which became
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Disney</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s biggest grossing live
action picture</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She also <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">took home</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Academy Award </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Best
Actress</b>. Hepburn herself was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">not
even</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> nominated</b> despite
turning in a charming performance.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Not the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">My Fair Lady </i>was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">snubbed</b>
at the Oscars.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The film took home the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">statuettes</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Best Picture</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">;</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Best Director</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">George Cukor</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Best Actor </b>for Harrison; and five other awards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition, Learner was nominated for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Best Adapted Screen Play</b>, Holloway for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Best Supporting Actor</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gladys Cooper </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Best Supporting Actress </b>as Mrs. Higgins.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It remains one of the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>most beloved films of all time.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-37019824292621053762024-03-13T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-13T02:00:00.133-05:00Four Years Already—Murfin Verse for a Pandemic Anniversary<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9UTXawYWTwNFJR_dRooQYCTss_TgPk0fYWi26kU6LGK7uYaivgqMAyAC9bhyphenhyphenK58Qyb11aYSsTyE1sJa77VIu-lWe1wLmMGq-SvYG2PciYDzG2NHUFmV9b7v3wrLz4E7Pj-HX35xxe8FNfCrkFeQY-or3AvEm6RW06lRHLV9VqMomeqd5RCmt0J3iwoVzg/s624/Coronavirus%20blog%20top%202024.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="624" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9UTXawYWTwNFJR_dRooQYCTss_TgPk0fYWi26kU6LGK7uYaivgqMAyAC9bhyphenhyphenK58Qyb11aYSsTyE1sJa77VIu-lWe1wLmMGq-SvYG2PciYDzG2NHUFmV9b7v3wrLz4E7Pj-HX35xxe8FNfCrkFeQY-or3AvEm6RW06lRHLV9VqMomeqd5RCmt0J3iwoVzg/w640-h426/Coronavirus%20blog%20top%202024.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Four
years ago, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">World Health Organization
</b>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">WHO</b>) declared the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Coronavirus pandemic </b>and suddenly, as
if a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">light switch </b>had been flicked
everything <b>changed</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shut down</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">retreated</b> to our <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">homes</b>,
got used to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mantras</b> about <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">masks</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social distancing</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">washing
our hands</b> for as long as it takes to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sing</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy
Birthday.</i></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
was getting ready for an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">event </b>that
I had been working on for months—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>Poets
in Resistance II</i> scheduled </b>for Friday, March 13 at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tree of Life Unitarian Universalist
Congregation </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">McHenry, Illinois</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I had to abruptly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cancel </b>the event and scramble to contact all of the poets and
volunteers and let them know.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Still, I
expected we could <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reschedule</b> in a
couple of month or so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It never
happened.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaN0TWlVoiinytF6yL6P5jI0aVHrPbKrtbKamEK6eC2FhyphenhyphenwftNQyY8_MXBa1XEoilzjSfgnlxRoPR6MY9JEJbQUkHchJZTUTlZJbovPj_zJja_mhxDfn2mGsgf8i7LRj3UzIAD97haruqv2Klf972Sg87B-8P4HjjQMP_UX5AoEoLW7z_7Xmd9yn0cCJ_E/s400/Coronavirus--Poets%20in%20Resistance%20II%20Postponed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="400" height="582" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaN0TWlVoiinytF6yL6P5jI0aVHrPbKrtbKamEK6eC2FhyphenhyphenwftNQyY8_MXBa1XEoilzjSfgnlxRoPR6MY9JEJbQUkHchJZTUTlZJbovPj_zJja_mhxDfn2mGsgf8i7LRj3UzIAD97haruqv2Klf972Sg87B-8P4HjjQMP_UX5AoEoLW7z_7Xmd9yn0cCJ_E/w640-h582/Coronavirus--Poets%20in%20Resistance%20II%20Postponed.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">My
71st <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">birthday</b> was coming up on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">St. Patrick</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Day </b>and our whole <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">extended clan</b> was expected to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gather</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">celebrate</b> that and other March <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">natal
anniversaries</b> the next weekend.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A year
later we were still waiting for all of our family members to finally be fully <b>vaccinated
</b>in hopes that by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Easter</b> we would
be able to gather again and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dote</b> on
the <b>babies</b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">great granddaughter
Sienna </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">granddaughter Matilda</b>
born 9 months earlier in the midst of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plague</b>.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alas, it was still not to be.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Around
that time as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Joe Biden </b>was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">addressing</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nation</b> and I was waiting to begin yet another <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Zoom meeting</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>my <b>mind wandered</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When I finally got to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sleep</b> that night I had a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dream</b>
which <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">woke me</b> and I <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scrambled</b> to write it down before it <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">evaporated</b> like so many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">night visions</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEepNk9JhCa_XY5uP6DpXjgV1yRAHUqsyEIZAMCofBPrLeBjD7SjNTC7-QmuO9KcYmjTvxRd0ElPBM0rL_3ooqaeOOnyR9-bFkXFkhcDsOraTBLWu6yzlrQpk-U9zt5azXY1EBmGhU2meUM1xkiqiJgqZ_OIfpCc-rugv9Bho2bETDqoXoNqk917Aj9mKy/s639/Coronavirus%20anniversary--Salamanders.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="639" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEepNk9JhCa_XY5uP6DpXjgV1yRAHUqsyEIZAMCofBPrLeBjD7SjNTC7-QmuO9KcYmjTvxRd0ElPBM0rL_3ooqaeOOnyR9-bFkXFkhcDsOraTBLWu6yzlrQpk-U9zt5azXY1EBmGhU2meUM1xkiqiJgqZ_OIfpCc-rugv9Bho2bETDqoXoNqk917Aj9mKy/w640-h426/Coronavirus%20anniversary--Salamanders.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">One Year Later</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Anniversary of the Coronavirus Pandemic</span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">March 2021</span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">I dreamed that we were salamanders</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in
the window well</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>after
a long drought</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and a
horrid winter.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">We buried ourselves</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in
the mud and the mire</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>below
that thick layer</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>of
leaves blown down</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>from
the catalpa.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">We are waiting for spring rains</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to
fill the well</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and
some early balmy days</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to
warm the mud.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Then one fine day</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the
children down the street</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>will
come, bend over,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>brush
the leaves aside</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and
squeal with delight.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">They will run home for a sand pail</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>or a
mother’s pot</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to
come and scoop us up</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in
all of our wriggling,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sliming
mottled green and black.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">And then will run home</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to
show us off.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">—Patrick Murfin </span></b></p>
Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-9364917086668304842024-03-12T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-12T02:00:00.136-05:00Happy Birthday Girl Scouts Thanks to Juliette Gordon Low<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIR21O5NKc3oDt2PJb2B7HZybFhxebZcgUQGRLI8nmAv1whHL8Ag6fA5EydmhTBQd5MLqvW2ir5qc8HktK-BZFwj-EG7MN7Tp5UoEK0Z-URDlIlxsxS_zdTbqZluYBfeAOjKPfXk6CPLgyX_Qyv4rE8WsEBdFf-j1H88kjGCMvxdBwQishl00bqq9ekQA8/s672/Girl%20Scouts%202024%20Blog%20Top.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="672" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIR21O5NKc3oDt2PJb2B7HZybFhxebZcgUQGRLI8nmAv1whHL8Ag6fA5EydmhTBQd5MLqvW2ir5qc8HktK-BZFwj-EG7MN7Tp5UoEK0Z-URDlIlxsxS_zdTbqZluYBfeAOjKPfXk6CPLgyX_Qyv4rE8WsEBdFf-j1H88kjGCMvxdBwQishl00bqq9ekQA8/w640-h344/Girl%20Scouts%202024%20Blog%20Top.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It’s the <b>birthday </b>of the <b>organization</b>
that the <b>ranting right </b>likes to blame for <b>lesbianism</b>, <b>abortion</b>,
<b>Godlessness</b>, <b>tolerance </b>of <b>immigrants </b>and <b>dusky
minorities</b>, and a general <b>threat </b>to the <b>American way </b>of<b>
life</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Girl Scouts of America (GSA)</b> doesn’t seem to <b>care </b>and sails
serenely and successfully on while the erstwhile <b>conservative pet Boys
Scouts</b> have nearly <b>collapsed</b> in the <b>wake</b> of <b>sex abuse
scandals</b>, <b>financial mismanagement</b>, a <b>history racism</b>, <b>anti-Gay
bigotry</b>, and <b>discrimination </b>against <b>women </b>and girls.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The former <b>BSA</b> was forced to <b>admit</b>
Gay Scouts and leaders leading to their largest <b>troop sponsor</b>, the <b>Church
of the Latter Day Saints </b>(<b>Mormons</b>) to abandon them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Opting to <b>admit</b> girls to most programs
caused <b>Fox News talking heads </b>to <b>explode</b> and <b>membership </b>has
plummeted to a <b>fraction</b> of boys served just a few <b>decades</b> ago.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On March 12, 1912 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Juliette
Gordon Low</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">established</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first troop</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Girl Guides</b> in America in her hometown of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Savannah</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Georgia. </b>The troop included 12
girls, mostly <b>friends</b> of her <b>niece</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Margaret Gordon</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>who became the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first enrolled member</b>. The following year Low changed the
name of her organization to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Girl Scouts
of America</span>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfwRxYplUvTX8TCIez_kCFJ2UsVn61_w640rHN9zsl6Bps05CZNYEfJGVZMZefRxanD5zjwyKIHOaOG2Po_IMLX1L3DgsvxK72nAMGA-w8zAWqhlhmz2MSk_MeAsVG5fT7n_iL1qMRNnlHYgvWAveTrh8FfnLZ7TRHeKgAR3HIXziayyafiRbOaVTS13Oy/s1420/Girl%20Scouts--Julia%20Ward%20Low.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1420" data-original-width="1137" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfwRxYplUvTX8TCIez_kCFJ2UsVn61_w640rHN9zsl6Bps05CZNYEfJGVZMZefRxanD5zjwyKIHOaOG2Po_IMLX1L3DgsvxK72nAMGA-w8zAWqhlhmz2MSk_MeAsVG5fT7n_iL1qMRNnlHYgvWAveTrh8FfnLZ7TRHeKgAR3HIXziayyafiRbOaVTS13Oy/w512-h640/Girl%20Scouts--Julia%20Ward%20Low.jpeg" width="512" /></a></b></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Girl Scouts founder Juliette Gordon Low.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Low was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">born</b> in
1860. Her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">father</b>, a member of
an <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">old Georgia family</span> was soon
off to <b>war</b> as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Confederate
officer</b>. Her mother was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kinzie</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> one of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">founding families</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chicago</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>Her mother encouraged <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Daisy</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span>as she was called, in her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">interest</b> in both the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arts</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social service</b>. She <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">wrote</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> poetry</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">painted</b>, and eventually became a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">skilled</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> sculptor</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">She grew up <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">privileged
</b>and enjoyed the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">finest education</b>
available to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">girls of her</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> class</b>. She was sent to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">boarding school</b> at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginia Female Institute </b>and then to
fashionable <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">French</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">finishing school</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>She spent years
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">touring extensively</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Europe</b> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">U</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">S</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span> before marrying <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">William
Mackay Low</b>, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wealthy Englishman</b>
in her Savannah home. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">errant</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> grain </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> rice</b> thrown at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wedding</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ruptured </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">an</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ear drum</b> and the following <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">infection </b>left her totally <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">deaf </b>in that ear. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Childhood illness</b> had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">severely damaged</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hearing</b> in the other. Despite her
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disability</b> Low continued to lead an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">active life</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The couple <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">settled</b>
in England, but Low <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">returned annually</b>
for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">extended stays</b> in the
States. When the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Spanish American
War</b> broke out, her father was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">commissioned</b>
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General</b>. Low joined her
mother in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">establishing</b> a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hospital</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wounded soldiers</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although she later returned to England, her marriage was in
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shambles</b>. She <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">separated</b> from her husband but for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social reasons</b> could not <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">divorce</b>. His <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">death</b> in 1905 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">freed</b> her
to find a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">new mission </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
life</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A chance meeting in 1911 with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sir Robert Baden-Powell</b>, founder of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boy Scouts </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Girl Guides</b>
in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Britain</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">awakened </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">her</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> interest</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">youth work</b>. She returned to her <b>ancestral home</b> in
Savannah and began the work. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivunDoTabWjXdKiO9dHpmuD4I3-g4oLTipA-ccsuOJZBXKzjD8BFBh1VvW0aufwdvtz4qexCKHm_-aEUX9hTNecaBZgmJ9oTlb6eYpTHCMNKJo3e-eHB_oZkxGSbxvDXuMle6-bB8IXCZF1ybPnST_PtSvUY8nIpAK98qd16wBmkwfHrTGSFBytAvUpaI6/s359/Girl%20Scouts--Julia%20Ward%20Low%20first%20troop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="359" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivunDoTabWjXdKiO9dHpmuD4I3-g4oLTipA-ccsuOJZBXKzjD8BFBh1VvW0aufwdvtz4qexCKHm_-aEUX9hTNecaBZgmJ9oTlb6eYpTHCMNKJo3e-eHB_oZkxGSbxvDXuMle6-bB8IXCZF1ybPnST_PtSvUY8nIpAK98qd16wBmkwfHrTGSFBytAvUpaI6/w640-h426/Girl%20Scouts--Julia%20Ward%20Low%20first%20troop.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Low with her own Troop 1 of the Girl Scouts in 1917.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">She did not <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slavishly
copy</b> Baden-Powell program, which she thought <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">did not do enough to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
encourage independence</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">young
women</b> and which kept them in an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inferior
status </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to boys</span>. She
kept her organization <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">separate </b>from
the new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boy Scouts of America</b> so as
not to be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">swamped</b>. But she <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">defiantly took</span> the name Scouts to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">emphasize</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> parity</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Her program did not just include <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wholesome outdoor activity</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">domestic
arts</b>, but also encouraged the arts, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">intellectual
development</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">leadership skills</b> necessary for women
to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">establish careers</span> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">take</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> positions </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">civic leadership</b>. She also <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">defied</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> convention</b>—and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shocked</b>
many—by insisting that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disabled </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">girls</span> be admitted as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">full members</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">integrated troops</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">She saw her organization <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">grow rapidly</span> from its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">humble
beginnings</b> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">spread across</span>
the nation. With her <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">extensive</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> international experience</b> and her <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">contact with Girl Guide and Scout</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> movements </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Europe</b> on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">all sides</b> even during the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">First World War</b> she helped establish
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">World Association of Girl Guides and
Girl Scouts</b> after the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">end </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> conflict</b>. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGvW3OUAZRd3c8ZWwZJ-oZa1vM9vLRZFrctb3NEmgNtZXqu68gaucIv1Tm1B-NjCCcgJExMk2w8ML-EJQf_aIXDZqFqUHYn5ALfW1uM0YT7v2ewfnb-vUaghMrV7c16R6n_UpQUmtNmWMtZUlS6BEMdaqVlOE8Nb4CkAaiMFUx3D58GzEZpxCTtqpcPWfk/s530/Girl%20Scouts--Julia%20Gordon%20Low%20Home.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="220" data-original-width="530" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGvW3OUAZRd3c8ZWwZJ-oZa1vM9vLRZFrctb3NEmgNtZXqu68gaucIv1Tm1B-NjCCcgJExMk2w8ML-EJQf_aIXDZqFqUHYn5ALfW1uM0YT7v2ewfnb-vUaghMrV7c16R6n_UpQUmtNmWMtZUlS6BEMdaqVlOE8Nb4CkAaiMFUx3D58GzEZpxCTtqpcPWfk/w640-h266/Girl%20Scouts--Julia%20Gordon%20Low%20Home.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Girl Scouts at the dedication of the Juliette Gordon Low Girl Scout National Center and Birthplace in 1953.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Low <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">died</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">breast cancer</b> in her beloved home in
1927. In 1953 the Girl Scouts purchased and restored that home as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Juliette Gordon Low Girl Scout National
Center. </b>Known reverently as simply <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Birthplace</b>, it was designated a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Historic Landmark</b> in 1965. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-17074851270583272702024-03-11T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-11T02:00:00.135-05:00The Great Blizzard of 1888 Was White Hell on the East Coast<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcSxVDbTZhQMhW05HPWlVHoDKR0kVsaUSclWsRdjZrdPEvKAThaPL_sKmSLsNgFWwguNtwB0jzDUzN1__a_SlYEs4E65b08PLVMBPS8p9AeJHVeXnBkt0r-nmsAZ6cE0BJgPXvzza9u0CtoOaYtlJ8r8kf59j-tkBs3uzaPzPlEF8lgjZfoxXZ6UcXJXis/s900/blizzard%20of%20'88--Pedestrians%20Broadway.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="900" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcSxVDbTZhQMhW05HPWlVHoDKR0kVsaUSclWsRdjZrdPEvKAThaPL_sKmSLsNgFWwguNtwB0jzDUzN1__a_SlYEs4E65b08PLVMBPS8p9AeJHVeXnBkt0r-nmsAZ6cE0BJgPXvzza9u0CtoOaYtlJ8r8kf59j-tkBs3uzaPzPlEF8lgjZfoxXZ6UcXJXis/w640-h288/blizzard%20of%20'88--Pedestrians%20Broadway.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pedestrians on Broadway in New York City battled the drifts like polar explorers and improvised head gear.</span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</p><p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">I read in the <b>paper </b>this morning that most of
the <b>United States </b>had the warmest <b>Winter </b>in the 130 years of <b>Weather
Service records</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Signs of <b>Spring </b>including
<b>tree budding</b>, <b>flower emergence</b>, general <b>greening</b>, emergence
of <b>insects</b>, and some <b>bird migrations </b>have been a <b>month </b>earlier
than any of the previous 20 years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Scientists</b>
blame accelerating <b>climate change </b>with <b>North America</b> leading <b>warming
trends</b> globally and a strong <b>Pacific El Niño system</b>.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">But it was not always so.</p><p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlQZ4ic64sYwrnm37mWQ5t3xD4B5Af8QBG4dLVjSyVeeozncHnbOrouFTWkw8PXKi4xhfQvPVZY5o5r_prF5uJMzAnFebHgjDbTG1le5rXN9zLmNEWg3CjA__w9mQJlgGEv0XQa2MzQbFUilRqNqU12z3ixVffiaVtYkcmXWGuaLcsHFoE_w7xxj_aawpp/s590/Blizzrd%20of%20'88--Map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="590" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlQZ4ic64sYwrnm37mWQ5t3xD4B5Af8QBG4dLVjSyVeeozncHnbOrouFTWkw8PXKi4xhfQvPVZY5o5r_prF5uJMzAnFebHgjDbTG1le5rXN9zLmNEWg3CjA__w9mQJlgGEv0XQa2MzQbFUilRqNqU12z3ixVffiaVtYkcmXWGuaLcsHFoE_w7xxj_aawpp/w640-h426/Blizzrd%20of%20'88--Map.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">The track of the Great Blizzard was similar to that of hurricanes that reach the northeast coast.</span> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">On March 11 the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Great Blizzard of 1888</b>—the worst and most devastating <b>snow storm</b>
in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American history</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">—began. The </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">East Coast</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> was enjoying
unseasonably warm and pleasant weather when </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heavy rain</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> began moving in
from the Atlantic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shortly after </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">midnight</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> on the 11th </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">temperatures
plummeted</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and the rain turned to
snow. </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Snow
lasted through the next three days as band after band pelted states from </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginia</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> to </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Maine</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
heaviest snow fell in </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Jersey</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New
York</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, Connecticut, and </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Massachusetts</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More than 50 inches fell across
a </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wide region</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sustained winds</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> of more
than 40 miles per hour with gusts up to 80, piled up </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">drifts</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> more than thirty feet high, burying homes and shops.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYMRHdD-TpIqhUKBW6YwaK_dUyGppR4hD5hOhtY6eS_uDy9NGzZFbTNpauaoBVyyzFWX3Hglh3hxBTIcy-LWoE8X-OvjQ9WVD8zZYNUjgqfLDMXnuWGL3lHBTS0HzCUQNvjbVxUvDAuN8tSLWz9ngp3Bd5JFYhQWMc9KsxbY7gFwO9Hywi8zGHVnn5c3Kj/s580/Blizzard%20of%2088--locomotive.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="580" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYMRHdD-TpIqhUKBW6YwaK_dUyGppR4hD5hOhtY6eS_uDy9NGzZFbTNpauaoBVyyzFWX3Hglh3hxBTIcy-LWoE8X-OvjQ9WVD8zZYNUjgqfLDMXnuWGL3lHBTS0HzCUQNvjbVxUvDAuN8tSLWz9ngp3Bd5JFYhQWMc9KsxbY7gFwO9Hywi8zGHVnn5c3Kj/w640-h496/Blizzard%20of%2088--locomotive.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Crews try to free a buried locomotive and train.</span><p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">In <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New England </b>because
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gale force </b>winds and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">track</b> of the center of the storm over
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">coastal Atlantic </b>they called it
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">White Hurricane</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">Everything ground to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">halt</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It took more than a
week to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dig out</b> most <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cities</b>—a <b>job </b>that had to
literally be done by <b>hand</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Temperatures</b>
were in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">single digits </b>by day and
colder by night.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQOHLrBmjP_IQUJGMGSxUFapHnvjBBlfye8dEUEtqaf8Ez6Uq59Ei1QPpE0EYz5gM3Tfm1ROqZsHRZvQ2ouOmeMsslkBBWAjCWjqrGEDqshTwMsd1OeciQG8XcLkCM92gNSQge1oYxaRJ-_a1OTIi6-ze19KnyKCMP594hTY4MAo6xJ3o7wNgUYut1W-kA/s1600/Blizzard%20of%2088--11th-Street%20shoveling.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1246" data-original-width="1600" height="498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQOHLrBmjP_IQUJGMGSxUFapHnvjBBlfye8dEUEtqaf8Ez6Uq59Ei1QPpE0EYz5gM3Tfm1ROqZsHRZvQ2ouOmeMsslkBBWAjCWjqrGEDqshTwMsd1OeciQG8XcLkCM92gNSQge1oYxaRJ-_a1OTIi6-ze19KnyKCMP594hTY4MAo6xJ3o7wNgUYut1W-kA/w640-h498/Blizzard%20of%2088--11th-Street%20shoveling.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">111th Street in New York City.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">At least 400 people <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">died ashore</b> and about 100 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sailors</b>
were killed when more than 200 ships <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ran aground</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wrecked</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fire departments</b> unable to respond, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fires burned uncontrolled</b> in several
cities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the storm finally passed
and spring weather started melting the snow, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">flooding</b> was widespread and devastating.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0T8_UaN1TXbbld0lHqkxsSiy9YC18WXqt4YKO4YLwIQQ28I_kety5lUCHk7XFYz9tbQGU-ZpTFnRxh5B13g7W38zpaWri3dhtfI-iLDrfwC7eMt0uAhuAvHMy1dTYPS7BiOpghDxcN4fW-wuw6jD45w91FY-qVOdRLqBTgtq8S7rpYO-M5unZ-g_5Wg3D/s480/Blizzard%20of%20'88--Telegraph%20poles..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="480" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0T8_UaN1TXbbld0lHqkxsSiy9YC18WXqt4YKO4YLwIQQ28I_kety5lUCHk7XFYz9tbQGU-ZpTFnRxh5B13g7W38zpaWri3dhtfI-iLDrfwC7eMt0uAhuAvHMy1dTYPS7BiOpghDxcN4fW-wuw6jD45w91FY-qVOdRLqBTgtq8S7rpYO-M5unZ-g_5Wg3D/w640-h480/Blizzard%20of%20'88--Telegraph%20poles..jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Buried telegraph poles.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">Aren’t you glad you missed it?</p><br />Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-17188992596350321152024-03-10T03:00:00.001-05:002024-03-10T03:00:00.136-05:00Poetry for Ramadan 2024<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXh7FUCRak867Y4cq4MU6JgerEkIDkr_su_krWfX_HB_fQLdR378NdwEfBP2wbnsYCKbVfRX_haQXtghPitLWZewnL80vUFR6KEygzDsbrKyOaMW0P0z4BMEopYT5fVKfBXDL3VolIgOBUszLfEAMuAqsTIERsEeOnCQLT9l52YjLrtZ3Ed7t-Yw_YIep8/s1024/ramadan%202024%20blog.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="585" data-original-width="1024" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXh7FUCRak867Y4cq4MU6JgerEkIDkr_su_krWfX_HB_fQLdR378NdwEfBP2wbnsYCKbVfRX_haQXtghPitLWZewnL80vUFR6KEygzDsbrKyOaMW0P0z4BMEopYT5fVKfBXDL3VolIgOBUszLfEAMuAqsTIERsEeOnCQLT9l52YjLrtZ3Ed7t-Yw_YIep8/w640-h366/ramadan%202024%20blog.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The faithful gather to eat and share food after a day-long Ramadan fast.</span><br /></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
most of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Islamic world Ramadan</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ninth month</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Muslim Calendar</b>, and will begin today at
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sundown</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span> The date is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">calculated</b> by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first sighting</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">crescent</b>
after the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Moon</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since this can <b>vary </b>in different parts
of the <b>world</b>, so can the marked beginning of the month.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the <b>United States</b> the <b>western
calendar</b> that is <b>today</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ramadan
was the month in which the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first verses</b>
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Qur</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">an</b></i>
were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">revealed</b> to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Prophet Mohammad</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
month of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cleansing</b> as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">faithful rededicate</b> themselves to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Allah</b> by emphasizing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">patience</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">humility</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spirituality</b>
by an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">absolute fast</b> observed by all
Muslims over the age of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">puberty</b> each
day between <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dawn</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dusk</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">observant</b> also are called
to be more <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reverent</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fervent</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prayer</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During Ramadan the
entire <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Qur’an</i> is often <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">read</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mosques</b> in 30 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">installments</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Customs</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> connected to the Ramadan observance <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vary </b>somewhat <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">culturally</b>
and between <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sunni </b>and <b>Shi</b>’<b>a</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <b>traditions</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In more <b>secular</b> Islamic countries
evenings after the fast are often <b>filled </b>with <b>feasting </b>and <b>entertainment</b>,
while <b>attendance </b></span>at<b> evening services</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> following a </span>modest <b>breaking </b>of
the fast<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> is <b>customary </b>in more <b>traditional
societies</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Acts of <b>charity</b> to
the <b>poor </b>are <b>encouraged</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The <b>holiday
</b>of <b>Eid-al-Fitr</b> marks the <b>end</b> of the fasting period of Ramadan
and the first day of the following month, after another new moon has been
sighted, 29 or 30 days after the onset of Ramadan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is the most <b>festive</b> of Islamic
holidays and is marked by the donning of <b>new clothes</b>, feasting, and <b>family
gatherings</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There is a rich
</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tradition of <b>poetry</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> in both <b>Arabic speaking societies</b> and
in <b>Iran</b>, formerly <b>Persia</b> which is the <b>spiritual center</b> of
Shi’a Islam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Poets have been considered
to have a <b>special duty </b>to <b>speak</b> to <b>social</b> and <b>moral
conditions</b> and to hold <b>rulers</b> to the <b>high standards</b> of <b>Allah</b></span>.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">While
they are often <b>revered </b>by the <b>masses </b>they are often <b>harassed</b></span>,<b>
imprisoned</b>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">or even <b>killed </b>by
<b>unamused religious </b>and <b>state authorities</b></span>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9DlY00tbmZJOLnbHJGPH9Kl6-oUzDLzZFCVkflpHVNpIrlSvjC1_n0gMdYpWaMa6zLZZsMHniOgbISEzBIx0GCuY5yo68jP3Ml28TVRbkcG40_qjjBdVEPUDCoGqBifJp-A6TATg3hrmrYsjsG2wFWdwvQ46lFjPwNsmRa6htscfTogrhWm-v1DvA_a2G/s400/Ramadan%202022--Fathima%20Zahra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="400" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9DlY00tbmZJOLnbHJGPH9Kl6-oUzDLzZFCVkflpHVNpIrlSvjC1_n0gMdYpWaMa6zLZZsMHniOgbISEzBIx0GCuY5yo68jP3Ml28TVRbkcG40_qjjBdVEPUDCoGqBifJp-A6TATg3hrmrYsjsG2wFWdwvQ46lFjPwNsmRa6htscfTogrhWm-v1DvA_a2G/w640-h640/Ramadan%202022--Fathima%20Zahra.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fathima Zahro reading at a British poetry event.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><a name="_Hlk99763113"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fathima Zahra </span></b></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk99763113;"></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is an <b>Indian poet</b> based in <b>Essex</b>. She is a <b>Roundhouse
Poetry Collective alum</b> and <b><i>BBC 1Xtra Words First</i></b><i> </i><b>participant</b>.
Her poems have been published in <b><i>Khidr Zine</i></b>, <b><i>Tentacular
Magazine</i></b>, and <b><i>SLAM!</i></b> <b><i>You’re Gonna Wanna Hear This</i></b>,
her debut <b>short collection</b> was issued by <b>ignitionpress</b> in 2021.<b>
</b>In 2019 she was the <b>first-prize winner</b> of the <b>British Moon Poetry
Challenge</b> on <b>Young Poets Network</b> third-prize winner in the <b>Golden
Shovel Challenge</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nii Parkes</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, a judge of the British Moon Poetry
Challenge had this to say about her prize-winning poem:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a name="_Hlk99762937"><b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ramadan, 2019</span></i></b></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk99762937;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is a remarkably deceptive poem, simple but complex
powered by an imagination that subverts hierarchy while being playful e.g. the
idea of scholars pasting – an activity that infants indulge in at nursery, the
Adhan going off on phones. It also brings to mind similarly titled poems that
refer to war e.g. W.B. Yeats’ <b><i>Easter 1916</i></b> and the famous
Christmas 1914 truce, but here a gunshot pulls “smiles out of the closet
strutting in their Eid clothes.”</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ramadan, 2019</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We stalk the moon all month round, lick </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">our lips, till the Adhan goes off on
our phones,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dig our teeth into the soft flesh of
dates, wash</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">it down with Roohafza, rinse and repeat. The </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">scholars paste their eyes to the sky, the crowds </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">trade their eyeballs for telescopes, watch the </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">moon turn bashful, wait for henna stains</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">to appear, a gunshot signal to pull our smiles</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">out of the closet strutting in their Eid clothes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—<b>Fathima Zahra</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGL_TOrsHXn_GQ0jB7-ZMDjxaPWPJlbew14Ddpl7ZfhClra0kZV2Zvg79eZULFibsXebQj35bZjqDz1LFqox3cn_qVxC_p_8KUa_0zJHsi-csy4AGr4VLJu2Y1EXbydIUlo5PRX1_GdT3Lx3GeyWLcumxu7Em28FhnddekgVUY_diDvgGYKID_3bjlJdAt/s700/Ramadan%202022--Mahmoud%20Darwish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="700" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGL_TOrsHXn_GQ0jB7-ZMDjxaPWPJlbew14Ddpl7ZfhClra0kZV2Zvg79eZULFibsXebQj35bZjqDz1LFqox3cn_qVxC_p_8KUa_0zJHsi-csy4AGr4VLJu2Y1EXbydIUlo5PRX1_GdT3Lx3GeyWLcumxu7Em28FhnddekgVUY_diDvgGYKID_3bjlJdAt/w640-h366/Ramadan%202022--Mahmoud%20Darwish.jpg" width="640" /></a></b></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Poet, voice of the Palestinian Diaspora, and activist.</span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Palestinian <a name="_Hlk99764226">Mahmoud Darwish</a></span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk99764226;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">was born on March 13, 1941 in <b>al-Birwa</b>
in <b>Galilee</b>, a <b>village</b> that was <b>occupied</b> and later <b>razed
</b>by the <b>Israeli army</b>. Because they had missed the <b>official Israeli
census</b>, Darwish and his family were considered “<b>internal refugees</b>”
or “<b>present-absent aliens</b>.” Darwish lived for many years in <b>exile</b>
in <b>Beirut</b> and <b>Paris</b>. He was the <b>author</b> of over 30 books of
poetry, eight books of <b>prose</b>, and earned the <b>Lannan Cultural Freedom
Prize</b> from the <b>Lannan Foundation</b>, the <b>Lenin Peace Prize</b>, and
the <b>Knight of Arts and Belles Lettres Medal</b> from <b>France</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the 1960s
Darwish was <b>imprisoned</b> for <b>reciting</b> poetry and traveling between
villages without a <b>permit</b>. Considered a <b>resistance poet</b>, he was
placed under <b>house arrest</b> when his poem <b><i>Identity Card</i></b> was
turned into a <b>protest song</b>. After spending a year at a <b>university</b>
in <b>Moscow</b> in 1970, Darwish worked at the newspaper <b><i>Al-Ahram</i></b>
in Cairo. He subsequently lived in <b>Beirut</b>, where he edited the journal <b><i>Palestinian
Affairs</i></b> from 1973 to 1982. In 1981 he <b>founded </b>and edited the
journal <b><i>Al-Karmel</i></b>. Darwish served from 1987 to 1993 on the <b>executive
committee</b> of the <b>Palestinian Liberation Organization</b> (<b>PLO</b>).
In 1996 he was permitted to <b>return</b> from exile to <b>visit friends</b>
and <b>family</b> in Israel and Palestine.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">Mahmoud Darwish’s early work of
the 1960s and 1970s reflected his <b>unhappiness</b> with the <b>occupation </b>of
his native land. <b>Carolyn Forché</b> and <b>Runir Akash</b> noted in their <b>introduction</b>
to <em><b>Unfortunately It Was Paradise</b> </em>in 2003 that “as much as
[Darwish] is the <b>voice</b> of the <b>Palestinian Diaspora</b>, he is the
voice of the <b>fragmented soul</b>.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They noted for his 20th volume of verse, <em><b>Mural</b></em>:
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">Assimilating centuries of Arabic poetic forms and
applying the chisel of modern sensibility to the richly veined ore of its
literary past, Darwish subjected his art to the impress of exile and to his own
demand that the work remain true to itself, independent of its critical or
public reception.”</p>
<p style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">Mahmoud Darwish <b>died</b> in 2008 in <b>Houston</b>,
<b>Texas</b>.</p>
<p align="center" style="margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><b>In Jerusalem</b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b> </b></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">In
Jerusalem, and I mean within the ancient walls,</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">I
walk from one epoch to another without a memory</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">to
guide me. The prophets over there are sharing</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">the
history of the holy ... ascending to heaven</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">and
returning less discouraged and melancholy, because love</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">and
peace are holy and are coming to town.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">I
was walking down a slope and thinking to myself: How</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">do
the narrators disagree over what light said about a stone?</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Is
it from a dimly lit stone that wars flare up?</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">I
walk in my sleep. I stare in my sleep. I see</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">no
one behind me. I see no one ahead of me.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">All
this light is for me. I walk. I become lighter. I fly</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">then
I become another. Transfigured. Words</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">sprout
like grass from Isaiah’s messenger</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">mouth:
“If you don’t believe you won’t be safe.”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">I
walk as if I were another. And my wound a white</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">biblical
rose. And my hands like two doves</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">on
the cross hovering and carrying the earth.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">I
don’t walk, I fly, I become another,</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">transfigured.
No place and no time. So who am I?</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">I
am no I in ascension’s presence. But I</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">think
to myself: Alone, the prophet Muhammad</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">spoke
classical Arabic. “And then what?”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Then
what? A woman soldier shouted:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Is
that you again? Didn’t I kill you?</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">I
said: You killed me ... and I forgot, like you, to die.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">—<b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Mahmoud Darwish</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Translated by <b>Fady Joudah</b></span> <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXgEkeu8cEwImEVy1i01-_uUlJTpZbBZG-xtM1ae-HuAE1lRTcAScW0M8jhZ8IAMteP_qisCbFfaIg1SgX_JW7Uf0Hk50FDv3SXB4wbIX25LLlc4tqYUujhsSoRWAUHgxq19Iw0H3GgF-Nb2bBHR8DJjBrds_DY_irQu4vyBnBhnS9JewyjRnV47luwzmH/s720/Ramadan%202022--Kazim%20Ali.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="720" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXgEkeu8cEwImEVy1i01-_uUlJTpZbBZG-xtM1ae-HuAE1lRTcAScW0M8jhZ8IAMteP_qisCbFfaIg1SgX_JW7Uf0Hk50FDv3SXB4wbIX25LLlc4tqYUujhsSoRWAUHgxq19Iw0H3GgF-Nb2bBHR8DJjBrds_DY_irQu4vyBnBhnS9JewyjRnV47luwzmH/w640-h640/Ramadan%202022--Kazim%20Ali.jpg" width="640" /></a></b></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kazim Ali</span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<br /></span></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kazim Ali</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is a <b>British
born</b> Muslim of <b>Indian descent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Educated </b>in the <b>United States </b>with a <b>B.A</b>. from <b>University
of Albany-SUNY</b>, and an <b>MFA </b>from <b>New York University</b></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ali’s poetry<b> collections </b>include<b>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Far Mosque</i> (</b>2005<b>)</b></span>,<b>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fortieth Day</i> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(2008),<b> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sky Ward</i> </b>(2013),<b> </b>and <b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inquisition </i></b>(2018).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Today’s selection, <b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ramadan</i></b></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,<b> </b></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">comes from<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fortieth Day.</i></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ramadan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You wanted to be so hungry, you
would break into branches,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and have to choose between the
starving month’s</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nineteenth, twenty-first, and
twenty-third evenings.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The liturgy begins to echo
itself and why does it matter?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If the ground-water is too
scarce one can stretch nets</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">into the air and harvest the
fog.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hunger opens you to illiteracy,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">thirst makes clear the starving
pattern,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the thick night is so quiet,
the spinning spider pauses,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the angel stops whispering for
a moment—</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The secret night could already
be over,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">you will have to listen very
carefully—</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You are never going to know
which night’s mouth is sacredly reciting</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and which night’s recitation is
secretly mere wind—</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—<b>Kazim Ali</b></span></p>
Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-9992227359235647672024-03-09T02:00:00.001-06:002024-03-09T02:00:00.132-06:00On UUs, Lent, and Sacrifice with Vintage Murfin Verse<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXX0qzGJYWUhSy4CGc0TeTAVt1pGK2xWhE0y_IIwd6YVPVIwehSfm-O4wWcgB9rXW0Nd-_HWKxEkBcfgJO7MFGodqzCldPmT0Dp397MhtNiu4jMWihrlGNqi8OvVvZl4HGcZG05H0krkZ26TP9kJB7gaHMSnREF6kfzjCx47XyHY_yuHAcg_-UVnti2NB3/s300/UU%20Lent--Banner.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="174" data-original-width="300" height="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXX0qzGJYWUhSy4CGc0TeTAVt1pGK2xWhE0y_IIwd6YVPVIwehSfm-O4wWcgB9rXW0Nd-_HWKxEkBcfgJO7MFGodqzCldPmT0Dp397MhtNiu4jMWihrlGNqi8OvVvZl4HGcZG05H0krkZ26TP9kJB7gaHMSnREF6kfzjCx47XyHY_yuHAcg_-UVnti2NB3/w640-h371/UU%20Lent--Banner.png" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>These days the Unitarian Universalist Association cheerfully provides
Lenten worship materials for congregations and for individual spiritual
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Note</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">—Awhile back I got an e-mail from a reader who found
an earlier version of the post below.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
asked, “Wondered why you didn’t have Starbucks on the list?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The answer was simple:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The poem was written about 2002 before
Starbucks was as ubiquitous as it is now.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There are other tip offs to its age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There were plenty of Volvos in UU parking lots back then.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today not so much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It would be a Chevy Volt or a Tesla now.</span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1L8epfQuPi5DW82ShmcJxI5chtdSaoklNCDlBhAaQ9DqfeXhfIKIcZIwLZ5TKjYofmNpryLHCpaatdMS_RgjKEMKzS3yPSKRIZsbRfIxXMaQANuRiOKtM0Yuq9yHsYQRZEQyCoCpXis0QZfmt6G0nuWqEBR3wDFohEgsjfFYW9-k_iDL_GLHjuoDjdV8y/s389/UU%20Lent--bumper-stickers.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="389" height="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1L8epfQuPi5DW82ShmcJxI5chtdSaoklNCDlBhAaQ9DqfeXhfIKIcZIwLZ5TKjYofmNpryLHCpaatdMS_RgjKEMKzS3yPSKRIZsbRfIxXMaQANuRiOKtM0Yuq9yHsYQRZEQyCoCpXis0QZfmt6G0nuWqEBR3wDFohEgsjfFYW9-k_iDL_GLHjuoDjdV8y/w640-h560/UU%20Lent--bumper-stickers.png" width="640" /></a></i></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">In 2002 practical, safe, and boring
Volvos dotted UU parking lots. Today there would be Teslas, Focus, or
other small green friendly car often smothered in stickers and magnets
like this but the messages would be things like "Coexist", "Support
Whirled Peas", Rainbow flags, and old Bernie Sanders stickers.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">We
are well into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lent </b>and I was
reminded that there is at least a mild <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rash</b>
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">interest</b> in and even <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">observance </b>of the season of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">personal sacrifice</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">contemplation</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Holy </b>among my fellow <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Unitarian Universalists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>It was not always so.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
heirs of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Radical Reformation </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">step siblings </b>Unitarianism and
Universalism as they evolved in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">United
States</b> instinctively <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rejected</b>
what they regarded as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Papish trappings
liturgy</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and anything that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stood
between</b> humans and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">direct
relationship</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">God</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While in the <b>19th Century</b> both
remained avowedly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Christian </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Protestant<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>tradition that meant eschewing the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">priesthood</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Episcopal authority</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mass</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saints, </b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">liturgical
calendar </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">holy days </b>like <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Christmas </b>or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ash Wednesday</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Springing
from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New England Puritanism</b>, the
Unitarians often practiced days of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fasting</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">humiliation</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prayer </b>in times of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">war</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">distress</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>they saw no reason for a special 40 day season.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After all, a good Puritan lived his or her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">entire life</b> in a kind of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">perpetual </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lent</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Universalists preferred to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">joyfully
celebrate</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bottomless mercy</b>
of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">loving God</b> who sooner or later <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reconciled</b> all <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">souls </b>to Him. The contemplation of this <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">universal beneficence</b> was enough to encourage <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mortal </b>men and women to live <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">virtuous
lives</b> to show themselves worthy of it.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Over
time both traditions evolved under the influences of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Transcendentalism</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Free
Thought</b>, exposure to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">world religions
</b>via the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">World Parliament of
Religions </b>in 1893, and the explosion of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Humanism </b>following the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">First
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Second World Wars</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Both tended to become less <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">explicitly </b>or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">orthodox </b>Christian, although a wide <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">variety </b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> spiritual
practice</b> was found in both traditions.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK5d7JvIMIjflhwLLSNQII82ZqfSR6IKzZAS5TGaa4Cg1aZYB7EUTvXbvxJ_HWwEc3HWEctszbxPAhq6K_nv_3_O9IDfbUWN4Ou_RgKClfljgEFALLA-dEaZWtbiDHST2Os_SYQ1kV4oIqSWbyqd3pO1NGRgtKy3u_cEawTf-PdLC1okGCd02La1dzmNYe/s300/UU%20Lent--Gave%20Up%20Jesus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="300" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK5d7JvIMIjflhwLLSNQII82ZqfSR6IKzZAS5TGaa4Cg1aZYB7EUTvXbvxJ_HWwEc3HWEctszbxPAhq6K_nv_3_O9IDfbUWN4Ou_RgKClfljgEFALLA-dEaZWtbiDHST2Os_SYQ1kV4oIqSWbyqd3pO1NGRgtKy3u_cEawTf-PdLC1okGCd02La1dzmNYe/w640-h640/UU%20Lent--Gave%20Up%20Jesus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Nothing could be more UU than a mug for coffee hour, often called
Unitarian communion. This one expressed the feelings of many Humanists
in the late 20th Century.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By
the time the two united to become the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Unitarian
Universalist Association </b>in 1960 a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">flinty</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sort</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">agnostic</b> Humanism was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dominant
strain</b> among Unitarians and flourished to some degree among
Universalists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The larger and more
muscular Unitarians soon <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dominated</b>
the united faith and Humanism overshadowed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">theism
</b>in its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">various guises</b> for the
rest of the century.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Humanists
denied any <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">supernatural intervention</b>
in human affairs and stressed the need for men and women to take <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">charge </b>of their own<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> salvation </b>in a broken world to create a kind of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heaven </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">on</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> earth</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>That translated into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">activism </b>in matters of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">war </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> peace</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social justice</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">civil rights</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s equality</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> LBGTQ+ inclusion</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">environment</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">But
it also meant a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bristling hostility </b>to
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">conventional religion</b> among
many.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">congregations </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Minister </b>could
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lose his/her pulpit</b> for using the “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">G word</b>,” or citing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Biblical scripture</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The
old <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">joke</b> was that Unitarians <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">read ahead</b> in their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hymnals </b>to make sure that they approved
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lyric</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By
the early <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">21st Century</b>, however,
there was a growing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">restiveness</b> in
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pews</b> and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">yearning</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">deeper
spirituality </b>largely due to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rise</b>
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s movement</b> within the
UUA which led to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">adoption</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">7th Principle</b>, “respect for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">web </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> existence </b>of which
we are a part.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That gave rise to a kind
a kind of <b>pantheism</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> neo-paganism</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Buddhist practice</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
yoga</b>, and various elements of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New
Age Spirituality</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inevitably it also
led to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">re-examination</b> of Christian
tradition<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and teaching.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjslVZbsq8_4DnYdz4_DnKr1m1IaucosEHmqAM19N_dndEBkIlj0sOyFRwbdW7JmYxg1aUoIOb6UqjANh17bfpCl9zztC6a67LDPaWf33J2Wa7fnVw-WtPpMmAth0_ly70t30xNerXcPiBVdYZxhrHxWEeu_VnXvLOFgm-5SAhE6xAXKifmnFHWkIaQSPCQ/s597/UU%20Lent--fast%20repent.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="597" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjslVZbsq8_4DnYdz4_DnKr1m1IaucosEHmqAM19N_dndEBkIlj0sOyFRwbdW7JmYxg1aUoIOb6UqjANh17bfpCl9zztC6a67LDPaWf33J2Wa7fnVw-WtPpMmAth0_ly70t30xNerXcPiBVdYZxhrHxWEeu_VnXvLOFgm-5SAhE6xAXKifmnFHWkIaQSPCQ/w640-h392/UU%20Lent--fast%20repent.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Elements of Lenten practice--not just for orthodox Christians any more.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
an aging generation of Humanist ministers retired, they were replaced by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">graduates </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">UU Theological Schools</b> and other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">seminaries </b>who were more <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">receptive</b>
to Christian theology and practice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Today most UUs still identify mainly as Humanists but are more <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tolerant </b>of the theists among them and
are more prepared to learn from the wisdom of religions including
Christianity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Inevitably
that has led some to examine traditions like Lent as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">personal spiritual practices</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Lenten themed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prayers</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">meditations</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sermons</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">small group
discussions</b> are easily found on line.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>While Lenten practice is far from widespread, it is no longer an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">aberration</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">About
2002 as those changes were just getting underway, I was moved to write a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">poem</b> for a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">service </b>at the old <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congregational
Unitarian Congregation </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Woodstock,
Illinois</b>–now the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tree of Life
Congregation </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">McHenry</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was included in my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Skinner House Meditation Manual, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">We
Build Temples in the Heart</i></b> published two years later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since then, it has occasionally popped up in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">services</b> at other congregations.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiYBP0JT27F5uzvPaXd5bhsgndmw0KOEWM-L9VtOFSVYAGEKK82KTosGPQiRCh7He3C4RkVl_JVqFuQaFLYFLVhtx9p8PMyy7QwAY7nn4w9cIB7hxa1_PhTonGj32XnTw_8JE8qbd6lIDmd2L5PZjIEv6cHliAMUM4RvlyFvecnwZTsdfcDMcEfkDviH_X/s2100/We%20Build%20Temples%20in%20the%20Heart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2100" data-original-width="1500" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiYBP0JT27F5uzvPaXd5bhsgndmw0KOEWM-L9VtOFSVYAGEKK82KTosGPQiRCh7He3C4RkVl_JVqFuQaFLYFLVhtx9p8PMyy7QwAY7nn4w9cIB7hxa1_PhTonGj32XnTw_8JE8qbd6lIDmd2L5PZjIEv6cHliAMUM4RvlyFvecnwZTsdfcDMcEfkDviH_X/w458-h640/We%20Build%20Temples%20in%20the%20Heart.jpg" width="458" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Despite
its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">length</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">structure</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> I have
often called this my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Zen poem.</b></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">What Unitarian Universalists Should Give Up for Lent
if They Observed It, Which They Don’t, Most of Them.</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pews without padding, Nature Conservancy calendars.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Volvos, polysyllabic verbosity,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">herbal tea, austerity,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">National Public Radio, unread books in fine bindings,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">isms:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Liberalism,
Buddhism. Humanism,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Marxism,
Feminism, Taoism,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Vegetarianism, Conservationism, Transcendentalism,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Atheism,
Consumerism, Sufism,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for Christ’s
sake, Libertarianism,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Joys and Concerns, pretension,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">committee meetings, Habitat t-shirts,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">potluck tuna casserole, black-and-white films with
subtitles,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">petitions, sermons, tofu and brown rice,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">drums, theology,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">season tickets to anything but baseball,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">liturgical dance, poetry readings,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">pride:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pilgrim
pride</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pride of
intellect</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pride of
lineage</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pride of
lions</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the pride
that cometh before the fall</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">bistros, pledge drives,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">advanced degrees, spirituality,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">coffee hour, sensible shoes,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">philosophy, choir rehearsal,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">arrogance, animal sacrifice,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">gender-neutral hymnals, learned clergy,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">natural fibers, string quartets,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">whiteness, turquoise jewelry,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">recycling, self-congratulation,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">acupuncture, bird-watching at dawn,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">yoga, Common Cause,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">God, doubt,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">egotism, self-denigration,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">yesterday, tomorrow.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">—Patrick Murfin</span></b></p>
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<p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-17551468237790283622024-03-08T02:00:00.001-06:002024-03-08T02:00:00.140-06:00Queen Esther Speeks to Her Sisters—Murfin Verse for International Women’s Day<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizHZHn7kWWkvbW1sxUCGwZzItjbhJ9um-oQCusUwK6OJYjRYnbGTXW0zpzykLWMtV8Wn4E9l1LmQltOV5-nq4pMRcl5IHz7a1he4217ULndTB_B8b7NTQFPRe87smc7vCDLZNexHF1W5AGHvuOmIAMZMEvmfq3Vlp_JzDWyYNn-or_etrGPg1x_QTei9n0/s820/International%20Women's%20Day%202024%20blog%20top.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="820" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizHZHn7kWWkvbW1sxUCGwZzItjbhJ9um-oQCusUwK6OJYjRYnbGTXW0zpzykLWMtV8Wn4E9l1LmQltOV5-nq4pMRcl5IHz7a1he4217ULndTB_B8b7NTQFPRe87smc7vCDLZNexHF1W5AGHvuOmIAMZMEvmfq3Vlp_JzDWyYNn-or_etrGPg1x_QTei9n0/w640-h246/International%20Women's%20Day%202024%20blog%20top.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
year <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Purim </b>begins as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sunset</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Saturday</b>, <b>March 23</b> at <b>sunset</b>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That’s more than two weeks after <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">International Women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
Day </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">today.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Not even close enough for</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> horseshoes </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hand grenades</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But back in 2012 Purim, which wanders all
over the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">late winter/spring</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gregorian Calendar</b> because it is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fixed </b>to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ancient Hebrew calendar</b> fell <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">smack
dab </b>on the same day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you have
been <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">hanging around this joint</span>
for long, you <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">know what that meant</span>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">calendar coincidence Murfin verse</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Since
then, I have generally <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recycled </b>the
poem in Purim posts most years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But this
year the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">laughing defiance </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Queen Esther </b>to her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sisters</b> seems much more at home
today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So here she’ll be.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV0C3QkikVz2rpkyayEbJ0jtp9sFdCvYmaEpU44PJnLPP1g21SGC2FpkrJtsc4vuWOMddHoxZ0qY4rBR2OorMusJ4DrDa75wpMTlIxp_MG5fF1UWNdhxS025aWigaZyAK30P_ehvR7t1gxDNco4K_mrhVU5KSXgyJOr3_k8nPy_4cffiZB5qIS9ub-L27j/s1588/Queen%20Esther--mosaic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1588" data-original-width="1588" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV0C3QkikVz2rpkyayEbJ0jtp9sFdCvYmaEpU44PJnLPP1g21SGC2FpkrJtsc4vuWOMddHoxZ0qY4rBR2OorMusJ4DrDa75wpMTlIxp_MG5fF1UWNdhxS025aWigaZyAK30P_ehvR7t1gxDNco4K_mrhVU5KSXgyJOr3_k8nPy_4cffiZB5qIS9ub-L27j/w640-h640/Queen%20Esther--mosaic.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><b>Queen Esther Revealing
Her Identity</b> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">from
a stunning series of contemporary mosaics of the Purim story by Lilian Borca.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">I am
not going into the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">full</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fantastic yarn </b>related in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Old Testament <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Book of Esther</i></b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Suffice it to say</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>that this <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tale </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jews </b>in the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">days of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Babylonian
captivity</b> sticks out in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bible</i></b> both because it <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">never mentions Yahweh</b>—it is about <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tribal </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cultural identity</b>, not <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">religion</b>—but
because it is a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rip-roaring saga </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">rife with</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> drunken royal orgies</b>, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lascivious
king</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scheming </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">evil vizier</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> treachery galore</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">clever old man</b>, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">virtual pogrom</b>, and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">defiant counter attack </b>that leaves <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">goyim dead </b>by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heap</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>But
mostly it is about a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lovely </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">virtuous teenager </b>who was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">essentially</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> abducted </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sex trafficked
</b>all the way into the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Royal bedroom </b>to
which she <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">adapted </b>and seemed to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">perform her</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> duties </b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exquisite </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">irresistible skill</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVZFVeg9Bv-QeLoQiWo4pAb8pGDhcRUGLSpbxy0TPmrNu9z8gAlw55WLkoV3HaDzl5f3ilJgKqSN-5I8jwcwpmpP9CUzbh1AI6VQscsaE-gInBFSr4FoiE37yS7eYMWnEZf60HFWE5oKjUgKthLesVNcnymC5kfs0rnDbarIUQmcrJ4nOAQpnMjrzMKmxh/s1000/Queen%20Esther--and%20the%20King%20standing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="829" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVZFVeg9Bv-QeLoQiWo4pAb8pGDhcRUGLSpbxy0TPmrNu9z8gAlw55WLkoV3HaDzl5f3ilJgKqSN-5I8jwcwpmpP9CUzbh1AI6VQscsaE-gInBFSr4FoiE37yS7eYMWnEZf60HFWE5oKjUgKthLesVNcnymC5kfs0rnDbarIUQmcrJ4nOAQpnMjrzMKmxh/w530-h640/Queen%20Esther--and%20the%20King%20standing.jpg" width="530" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Queen </span><span>Esther and the King.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Esther
is the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">princes/queen </b>who will <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">never be</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> animated </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">by</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Disney</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">warble </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> words </b>of a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">cheerful </span>and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">inspiring</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> anthem</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>None-the-less, she <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">triumphed </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saved Jewry </b>by
her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wiles</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>And Disney or not, Esther is the one that
all of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">little girls</b> want to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dress up </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">as</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rollicking</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> joyous </b>festival of
Purim.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifyP6X1PIB5JJXYQ-kD49vAsjcRD4IloCW2R9ndL4YyhqUswibHvtW9WQWVoHJRwkgNX_h6FQ0Ic9q4vk92nxM7V_7-GuSuvyMEPmiI15PezoJg-m8aV9SontZP-2-Jw72KgPxUn9iLKU-YqBzAwPBadTXmZJVoy4P8mHgil_zrHUU9L6-LioPOUUlHfu_/s318/Queen%20Esther--Denounces%20Hamon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="318" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifyP6X1PIB5JJXYQ-kD49vAsjcRD4IloCW2R9ndL4YyhqUswibHvtW9WQWVoHJRwkgNX_h6FQ0Ic9q4vk92nxM7V_7-GuSuvyMEPmiI15PezoJg-m8aV9SontZP-2-Jw72KgPxUn9iLKU-YqBzAwPBadTXmZJVoy4P8mHgil_zrHUU9L6-LioPOUUlHfu_/w640-h320/Queen%20Esther--Denounces%20Hamon.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Esther denounce Haman, the evil Vizier to the drunken King.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">You
can <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">look it all up</span>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anyway,
let Esther <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">speak again</b> to her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sisters</b> across <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">time and space. </b></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Purim/International Women’s Day</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">14th day of Adar 5772/March 8, 2012</span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Queen Esther tossed her head,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gleaming
black hair </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>tumbling
to those lovely shoulders</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that
had enticed a lecher King.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>She
laughed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Her people, the Women of another age,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>leaned
toward her</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>waiting
her word.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">She cast her blazing eyes upon them,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>laughed
again</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and
spoke at last.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“So many Hamans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Where shall we begin?”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">—Patrick
Murfin</span></b></p>
<p><br /> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-26509580164640944792024-03-07T02:00:00.001-06:002024-03-07T02:00:00.141-06:00The Bloody Sunday on an Alabama Bridge Changed America<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqYF5fpw52CAaXWAb-r3xM6WPlmNRQ50kMNzMlBqeO-6RVblVSHZrsIcj8o28mOd0NwexZcyycQ1mhAqbOBT5Xd8x0uAfOSePnmgLGG55GZr8B3Lvi-yDnV61mP6Gk4-oVtdNmlR-FCAEQjfygh2b9Dq_l48ml8v3FtUPOBfAH-Mj_-HCLYsrHZWEUse1y/s1800/Selma--2024%20event..jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1136" data-original-width="1800" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqYF5fpw52CAaXWAb-r3xM6WPlmNRQ50kMNzMlBqeO-6RVblVSHZrsIcj8o28mOd0NwexZcyycQ1mhAqbOBT5Xd8x0uAfOSePnmgLGG55GZr8B3Lvi-yDnV61mP6Gk4-oVtdNmlR-FCAEQjfygh2b9Dq_l48ml8v3FtUPOBfAH-Mj_-HCLYsrHZWEUse1y/w640-h404/Selma--2024%20event..jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">This year's Selma bridge crossing march featuring Vice President Kamala Harris was held Sunday, March 3. Selma now largely embraces the event and promotes it as a major tourist destination.</span><br /></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They are calling this year’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">commemoration</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Selma Bridge Crossing Jubilee </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which will mark the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">59th anniversary</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bloody
Sunday</b>—the day on March 7, 1965, that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Civil
Rights marchers</b> were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">brutally beaten</b>
by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">law enforcement officers</b> on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Selma’s Edmund Pettus Bridge</b> which has
stretched into a nearly <b>week-long event</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Since the anniversary fell inconveniently <b>mid-week</b>, the
recreation of the march across the bridge was held on Sunday March 3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Vice President Kamala Harris</b> was an
honored participant and made <b>international headlines</b> with her <b>sharply
critical remarks</b> on the relentless <b>Israeli</b> <b>attacks</b> with <b>civilian
casualties</b>, <b>dislocation</b>, and <b>famine</b> and a call for a
ceasefire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Falling short of withdrawing <b>U</b>.<b>S</b>.
support for the Israeli <b>war machine</b>, the remarks were none-the-less not
as out of context at an event protesting <b>American apartheid</b> than it
might first seem.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">March 7, 1965 was Bloody Sunday in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Selma</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alabama.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>On that day massed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alabama
State Police </b>attacked<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> peaceful
demonstrators</b> attempting to cross the </span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Edmund Pettus Bridge</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">on a march from Selma to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">state capital</b> at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Montgomery </b>to
protest suppression of <b>voting rights</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYNeezPzMEMUZ-DCxW6ySjjM4YegviUoVl3-9UmsIn2Ezh1MhyxAlaq7lbollrZ8ho0DpgT8aX2_aOA_Q5z-ig3cj0fvQkvaU9LMtYtCK2M47K6U6mCqesxazjWgCX922Gg0Vsm800Lmj5-9vv75u9Ta7nJhX0xTo9e2hp2pkMsBT-W_t1B1BmWEfYaKwz/s1072/Selma--John%20Lews%20beating.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1072" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYNeezPzMEMUZ-DCxW6ySjjM4YegviUoVl3-9UmsIn2Ezh1MhyxAlaq7lbollrZ8ho0DpgT8aX2_aOA_Q5z-ig3cj0fvQkvaU9LMtYtCK2M47K6U6mCqesxazjWgCX922Gg0Vsm800Lmj5-9vv75u9Ta7nJhX0xTo9e2hp2pkMsBT-W_t1B1BmWEfYaKwz/w640-h430/Selma--John%20Lews%20beating.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Alabama
State Police beat SNCC march leader John Lewis, on ground center, after
charging voting rights marchers trying to cross Edmund Pettus Bridge
from Selma on the way to the state capitol in Montgomery in 1965.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Members of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SNCC</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">)</span> had been conducting <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">voter registration drives</b> in the area
since 1963 and had encountered<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
escalating violence</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the
passage of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Civil Rights Act of 1964,</b>
efforts stepped up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On July 6 of that
year SNCC leader <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John Lewis</b>
attempted to lead a march on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">county
court house</b> to <b>register voters</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He and other marchers were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">beaten</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arrested</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A few days later a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">local judge</b> handed down a sweeping<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> injunction</b> against more than two
people <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">assembling</b> to even <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">talk </b>about voter registration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnuof7PwWstpD79MqkHHwl6nwGMHLTi_tYVS0glwZFAtNotbK_EpMPXbSOBfpyIcEoGaIlFO2u47E9BexagitBONGLgNlRehJ2iv1r7gu8EUF14BbN5LnSiTPPzQTFj2jMrdCSDwpv4Nwr-JdSt77SDRr-J1WH7Mlr1RiYlM7D2livvcdlfkR3j2DIi2zR/s529/Selma--Nash%20and%20Bevel%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="391" data-original-width="529" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnuof7PwWstpD79MqkHHwl6nwGMHLTi_tYVS0glwZFAtNotbK_EpMPXbSOBfpyIcEoGaIlFO2u47E9BexagitBONGLgNlRehJ2iv1r7gu8EUF14BbN5LnSiTPPzQTFj2jMrdCSDwpv4Nwr-JdSt77SDRr-J1WH7Mlr1RiYlM7D2livvcdlfkR3j2DIi2zR/w640-h474/Selma--Nash%20and%20Bevel%20(2).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Two SCLC organizers arrived to join the voter registration effort.
Diane Nash like John Lewis was a veteran of the Nashville public
accommodation sit-in campaign of 1960. Her husband, Rev. James Bevel
was also a seasoned non-violent activist. Together they were two of the
best the organization had.</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SNCC leaders appealed to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Southern Christian Leadership Conference </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SCLC</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">).</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>SCLC leaders including the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rev</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> James Bevel</b>, who had
been conducting his own voter registration projects, and his wife, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Diane Nash</b>, a SNCC founder who had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cut her teeth</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nashville youth crusade</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sit-ins</b> with Lewis, came to Selma to join
the effort.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the <b>national
organization</b>, busy with other efforts, had not yet <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">committed</b>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Finally, on January 2 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dr</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Martin Luther King</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Jr.</b> came to Selma bringing with him the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">national spotlight</b> and officially <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">launched</b> a new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Selma Voting
Rights Movement</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Marches on court houses <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">resumed </b>there and in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">surrounding
counties</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMZTmiDpaYBcJt6nae9OKnZib09KcsEifrak_LsQpbDqpXc7kzcONLZhTev88mP_-sgw_nbKsrENeq3VDr1Ka-yw_-YY1BFA0g4Yzfra2hafBlVIUZ5I3LLKUq5ihRi7U03lkHqctF3qF_5RMUoWSEPhtwiwMnGgRmxnxvZVOBx5Q0Hpomp2t6wXGB8Fr/s640/Selma--Jimmie%20Lee%20Jackson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="428" data-original-width="640" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMZTmiDpaYBcJt6nae9OKnZib09KcsEifrak_LsQpbDqpXc7kzcONLZhTev88mP_-sgw_nbKsrENeq3VDr1Ka-yw_-YY1BFA0g4Yzfra2hafBlVIUZ5I3LLKUq5ihRi7U03lkHqctF3qF_5RMUoWSEPhtwiwMnGgRmxnxvZVOBx5Q0Hpomp2t6wXGB8Fr/w640-h428/Selma--Jimmie%20Lee%20Jackson.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>They body of Jimmie Lee Jackson, first martyr of the Selma campaign.
After leading a night march to the Perry County Court House in Marion,
Jackson was shot trying to protect his mother and grandfather from a
beating by police who charged into a cafe where they had taken refuge.
His death galvanized the campaign locally, but attracted little national
press attention.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On February 18 a young man, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Baptist elder </b>who had tried four times
to register, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jimmie Lee Johnson</b> was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shot </b>trying to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">defend</b> his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mother</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">grandfather</b> from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">police clubs</b> after a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">night
march </b>on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Perry County </b>court
house in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Marion</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>When Johnson <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">died </b>of his wounds days later, Bevel called for a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protest march </b>on the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> state capital</b> from Selma on March
7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the day of the march John Lewis, the
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rev</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Hosea Williams</b> of the
SCLC, and local leaders like <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Amelia
Boynton </b>led about 600 marchers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When
they attempted to cross the bridge, they were met by<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>massed troopers<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ordered to disperse</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lewis attempted to speak to the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> commanding officer</b> but was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">shoved to the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ground</b> and beaten.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Police <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">charged </b>the crowd with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">clubs</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gas</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mounted officers</b> attacked from the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> flanks</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Scenes of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">horrific violence</b> were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">captured </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">film</b> and soon <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">broadcast </b>on
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">television</b> helping to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">swing public sympathy</b> to the
marchers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">King <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">responded </b>with a call to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
rally</b> in Selma for a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">second march</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hundreds from around the country, including
many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">clergy</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">responded </b>to the call.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lawyers </b>appealed to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Federal Judge</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Frank Minis Johnson</b>, who was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suspected
</b>to be<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> sympathetic</b>, to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lift </b>the local ban on marches.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The judge took the issue under<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> advisement</b> but issued a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">temporary restraining order</b> against
resuming the march until he could make his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
ruling</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With thousands gathered, King felt he had
to <b>move</b> but did not want to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">alienate
</b>the judge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On March 9 he led about
7,000 to the bridge but then knelt in<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
prayer</b> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">turned the crowd</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> back</b>, a move that was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">harshly criticized</b> by SNCC
leaders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfy-Ze8XqqB3BFVylXOtvYhmd3emcGDajp5Cy8yZTldMxd7LvqiYBtlW8IzIx7zOtgBLceBa8hE6f3vXrk5btb30FWJj8e2VPooCyh-3K0sHzy2WHUa8Qe8AXp0Kqld5r_HaHhATjT40QQAiU99Ik2RzWLu_OzmEisWqyptKtcIj8Jn4NXO42Po4Gv2VVF/s960/Selma--James%20Reeb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="732" data-original-width="960" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfy-Ze8XqqB3BFVylXOtvYhmd3emcGDajp5Cy8yZTldMxd7LvqiYBtlW8IzIx7zOtgBLceBa8hE6f3vXrk5btb30FWJj8e2VPooCyh-3K0sHzy2WHUa8Qe8AXp0Kqld5r_HaHhATjT40QQAiU99Ik2RzWLu_OzmEisWqyptKtcIj8Jn4NXO42Po4Gv2VVF/w640-h488/Selma--James%20Reeb.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rev. James Reeb, a young Unitarian Universalist minister was with two
other when he was beaten to death by Klansmen in Selma on the eve of a
second march. The death of a white minister did grab attention and
President Lyndon Baines Johnson used it to advance the Voting Right Act
of 1965.</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That evening three <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Unitarian Universalist </b>ministers, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">James Reeb</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Clark Olsen</b>,
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Orloff Miller</b> who had responded
to King’s call were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">attacked</b> and
beaten outside a Selma <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cafe</b> known to
be a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hangout </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Klansmen</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Reeb died of his wounds on March 11 in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Birmingham</b> after the Selma<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hospital refused </b>to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> treat </b>him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On hearing of Reeb’s death the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Board</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Unitarian Universalist Association</b> meeting in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boston </b>voted to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">adjourn</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">re-convene</b> in Selma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UUA President<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Dana McLean Greeley</b> and eventually <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">half of the a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ctive
ministers </b>in the Association headed to the South.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The death of a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>white minister<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> galvanized
public opinion</b> in a way that Jimmie Johnson’s had not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A shaken <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President
Lyndon Johnson </b>submitted a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Voting
Rights Act </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congress </b>on March
15 after <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">failing</b> to get <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Governor George Wallace</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">back off </b>from attacks on
demonstrators.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A week after Reeb’s death Judge Johnson
finally issued the long-anticipated ruling<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
upholding</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">First Amendment rights</b>
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">assemble</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protest</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBSdWeb_VtalMcFgS7nXbIOTaVEuOh5MChiQXDLIARV0rol9byu7oGv8E8sAiRjvJcp6rmCM-bFvQdcdHlyuDW4IL9K-hNPdJprw7Skyijlenf25pBIhSSnFxWb3X-KCHqjUpldVNy6S5IDUj23WtI4LHu95-fuXLXfBTPrSw2x6fZ48eqPOHgBCOj8QIs/s400/Selma--Montgomery%20final%20march.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="274" data-original-width="400" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBSdWeb_VtalMcFgS7nXbIOTaVEuOh5MChiQXDLIARV0rol9byu7oGv8E8sAiRjvJcp6rmCM-bFvQdcdHlyuDW4IL9K-hNPdJprw7Skyijlenf25pBIhSSnFxWb3X-KCHqjUpldVNy6S5IDUj23WtI4LHu95-fuXLXfBTPrSw2x6fZ48eqPOHgBCOj8QIs/w640-h438/Selma--Montgomery%20final%20march.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>John Lewis, Rosa Parks, Ralph Abernathy, Juanita Abernathy, Ralph
Bunche, Martin Luther and Coretta Scott King, Frederick Reese and Hosea
Williams lead the March through Montgomery to the Capitol.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On March 21 the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">final </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">successful march</b>
on Montgomery set off with King, Lewis, Bevel, Williams <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">leading </b>the way with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bevy </b>of
national clergy. They were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protected</b>
by 2,000 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Federal troops</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">U</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> S</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Marshalls </b>on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">four-day march</b>
through <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hostile territory</b> to the
capital.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">triumphant rally</b> on the capitol steps, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Viola Liuzzo</b>, a young <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Detroit
mother </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>U.U. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">laywoman</b> was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">driving </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> black marcher</b> back to Selma, when she
was shot by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ku Klux Klan </b>members.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">federal
informant</b> was in the Klansmen’s car.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">final fatality</b> in
the Selma campaign.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCdJ2jnejGaUHprFZWV1PZbxq2QsBb-DOoGtxKX9_hQC_l3Co8pU5fdZcjsVzI13PXJMqNA792hqcuBZWdjOyLPQf5vetLfsQfsKNpMUe7AFIjFEuBGPft6_UsG0eeoBdhjkSncq9eBz1cnQax8YgySTSnCkXdiuJkcLSGDSUKoICXRz3rXBVCGpEhAOQt/s834/Selma--Viola%20liuzzo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="834" data-original-width="736" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCdJ2jnejGaUHprFZWV1PZbxq2QsBb-DOoGtxKX9_hQC_l3Co8pU5fdZcjsVzI13PXJMqNA792hqcuBZWdjOyLPQf5vetLfsQfsKNpMUe7AFIjFEuBGPft6_UsG0eeoBdhjkSncq9eBz1cnQax8YgySTSnCkXdiuJkcLSGDSUKoICXRz3rXBVCGpEhAOQt/w564-h640/Selma--Viola%20liuzzo.jpg" width="564" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Tennessee born Viola Liuzzo, a white U.U. laywoman and mother from
Detroit marched from Selma to Montgomery often barefoot as in this
photo. She was murdered driving a Black Marcher back to Selma after the
final rally at the State Capital. She was the third of four of the Martyrs of
Selma who also included Episcopal seminarian Jonathan Myrick Daniels who
was shotgunned to death on August 30 after spending a week in jail for a
Lowndes County, demonstration, a part of the greater Selma campaign.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Voting Rights Act passed Congress
and was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">signed </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">into </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">law</b> by the President on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">August
6</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Within a year 7000 new Black
voters were<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> enrolled</b> in Selma’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dallas County</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1966 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sheriff Jim Clark</b>, who was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">responsible</b>
for much of the early violence in Selma, lost his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bid </b>for<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> re-election</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Lewis would go on to be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elected </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Congress</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Edmund Pettus Bridge is now marked as
part of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Selma to Montgomery Voting
Rights Trail, </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Historic
Trail. </b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfQVx5j6TFvbDL791janNWsJACM7JeF0wVaghaBjPTzZdkPY3wwPcfjLu-RmY1ao87f4IUUhZaaAjTbTrgLjifYyLR_spV_O9-a-uKFhvWBJyvbO64HdfDE6e-8NuVxYdWiwE8mHQfiuDi_GB0Sk_O_WOnzB2RCArKMviI5XV9df8fhGS84E7oLbrCISfr/s400/Selma--50th%20anniversary%20march.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="400" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfQVx5j6TFvbDL791janNWsJACM7JeF0wVaghaBjPTzZdkPY3wwPcfjLu-RmY1ao87f4IUUhZaaAjTbTrgLjifYyLR_spV_O9-a-uKFhvWBJyvbO64HdfDE6e-8NuVxYdWiwE8mHQfiuDi_GB0Sk_O_WOnzB2RCArKMviI5XV9df8fhGS84E7oLbrCISfr/w640-h426/Selma--50th%20anniversary%20march.jpg" width="640" /></a></b></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>The 50th Anniversary march included President Barack Obama and his
family, Congressman John Lewis and other veterans of the original march
and former President George W. Bush and his wife Laura. Always
outspoken, Diane Lewis boycotted the reunion march to protest Bush's
inclusion. </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">50th
Anniversary year </b>of 2015, tens of thousands joined Congressman Lewis and
other veterans of the original marches along with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President Barack Obama</b>, his family,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">former President George
W</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Bush </b>and his wife <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Laura </b>in
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">symbolic </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">triumphant </b>march across the Bridge.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The same year the film <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Selma</i></b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">directed </b>by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ana DuVernay</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">starring David Oyelowo</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Carmen Ejogo</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Tom Wilkinson</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Oprah Winfrey </b>opened to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">high praise</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> great reviews, </b>and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slew </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">awards </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nominations</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_63-fmcN0vrJ09nL97ZiONi5FcQnEe60toqYTJSuZ9LtziJf-cutiHgSmw9Iq4pHvaA2s0IocW4AlZEPqVvJf5YuD2kQB9hdumZGLKsBonSvMXKevu7_1fOCpRkFw3G7d5-fgUDtQ_Hlxwz8LVHZlBW21IGNIB7wLYMUzaR6oUq4BrkaEk74K0K0HrLVI/s1600/Selma-2014-poster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_63-fmcN0vrJ09nL97ZiONi5FcQnEe60toqYTJSuZ9LtziJf-cutiHgSmw9Iq4pHvaA2s0IocW4AlZEPqVvJf5YuD2kQB9hdumZGLKsBonSvMXKevu7_1fOCpRkFw3G7d5-fgUDtQ_Hlxwz8LVHZlBW21IGNIB7wLYMUzaR6oUq4BrkaEk74K0K0HrLVI/w640-h480/Selma-2014-poster.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Ana </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span>DuVernay's acclaimed film <i style="font-weight: bold;">Selma</i> was
an accurate depiction of the voting rights campaign and marches.
Unlike earlier popular movies about the Civil Rights campaigns, there
was no white savior and the vision was unfiltered by white eyes. The
film also honored the work and sacrifice of ordinary folk as well as
Martin Luther King and other marquee movement names. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 2020 Congressman Lewis, who was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">battling pancreatic cancer </b>was joined by four Democratic <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">presidential candidates—Senators Elizabeth
Warren </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Amy Klobuchar</b>, former<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>former<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg </b>for the march. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In his comments Congressman Lewis said:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 34.2pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fifty-five years ago, a few of our children attempted to
march ... across this bridge. We were beaten, we were tear-gassed. I thought I
was going to die on this bridge. But somehow and some way, God almighty helped
me here…We must go out and vote like we never, ever voted before…</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 34.2pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I’m not going to give up. I’m not going to give in. We’re
going to continue to fight. We need your prayers now more than ever before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We must use the vote as a nonviolent
instrument or tool to redeem the soul of America…</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 34.2pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To each and every one of you, especially you young people
... go out there, speak up, speak out. Get in the way. Get in good trouble.
Necessary trouble, and help redeem the soul of America.</span></p>
<p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-52744994731749211752024-03-06T07:11:00.000-06:002024-03-06T07:11:13.002-06:00Fredi Washington and the Cost of Refusing to Pass for White in Hollywood<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdHsMlnLxLajPlnuWExqGJynxUyJ49p3kMoiirypKbK9XIVY0kcvU38czI1zLqt9XJGkUJd8vh10F6Riw3fsL4m4Kq4Eq1ZxvCjMvUbS00qBinj9h3KNx2z40JsYbYUU-SileQDuV4QFXBgMjY4vnhrK1aNQGB-FO3YqbdW3VyXnc0Xzim56LdoLUhyphenhyphenuQp/s1200/Fredi%20Washington--portrait.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="630" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdHsMlnLxLajPlnuWExqGJynxUyJ49p3kMoiirypKbK9XIVY0kcvU38czI1zLqt9XJGkUJd8vh10F6Riw3fsL4m4Kq4Eq1ZxvCjMvUbS00qBinj9h3KNx2z40JsYbYUU-SileQDuV4QFXBgMjY4vnhrK1aNQGB-FO3YqbdW3VyXnc0Xzim56LdoLUhyphenhyphenuQp/w336-h640/Fredi%20Washington--portrait.jpg" width="336" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>F</span>redi Washington could have passed for White but wouldn't.</span></span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fredi
Washington </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">wowed
<b>audiences</b> in the first <b>version</b> of <b><i>Imitation of Life</i></b>
released in 1934 by <b>Universal Pictures</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b>Starring Claudette Colbert</b>, <b>Louise Beavers</b>, <b>Warren</b> <b>William</b>,
and <b>Rochelle Hudson</b>, Washington didn’t make the cut in <b>movie posters</b>
released for most <b>theaters </b>and was <b>billed </b>sixth despite playing a
<b>pivotal role</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adapted from <b>Fannie
Hurst</b>’<b>s bestselling novel</b> the film was a <b>melodrama</b> about the
plight of <b>working </b>and <b>single mothers </b>during the <b>Depression</b>,
<b>deep friendship </b>between a <b>White widow </b>and a <b>Black </b>mother,
and the harsh realities of <b>race </b>in <b>segregated America</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington played <b>Peola</b>, the daughter
of Beavers who comes to work as a <b>maid</b> for Colbert in <b>exchange</b>
for <b>room</b> and <b>board</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She is
the same age as Colbert’s daughter and they <b>grow up</b> together in a <b>household</b>
where the <b>mistress </b>and <b>servant </b>essentially <b>co-parent</b> both
girls.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
they <b>come </b>of <b>age </b>the <b>light skin </b>Peola decides to <b>pass
for White</b> to enter the world of <b>virtual sibling</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It both <b>breaks </b>her mother’s <b>heart </b>and
leads to <b>inevitable tragedy </b>when her <b>ruse </b>is <b>uncovered</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1934 it was a <b>daring</b> and <b>controversial
</b>film that treated all of its <b>characters</b> with <b>dignity</b> and <b>respect</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwQBNXnN-sVLE4UJxeKZ_WoEry-iPIU5OKf44RjRiR8258j9gdSjD_LiRO33AJQHE5DEEF3k5VZ4pk2mXUqQoDbMfNrkBJqeGBNfOFKPD57_f3YJeP8ixt1GgBPFVayxK7defQwAhuYI-JJUOi0O_BnTK8P4U1ilFQdkwNu3qDCIsgZY_6VRjFCH8ZaywW/s2977/Fredi%20Washington--Black%20theater%20loby%20card.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2285" data-original-width="2977" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwQBNXnN-sVLE4UJxeKZ_WoEry-iPIU5OKf44RjRiR8258j9gdSjD_LiRO33AJQHE5DEEF3k5VZ4pk2mXUqQoDbMfNrkBJqeGBNfOFKPD57_f3YJeP8ixt1GgBPFVayxK7defQwAhuYI-JJUOi0O_BnTK8P4U1ilFQdkwNu3qDCIsgZY_6VRjFCH8ZaywW/w640-h492/Fredi%20Washington--Black%20theater%20loby%20card.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>A lobby card for Black theaters only featured the Black stars of <i style="font-weight: bold;">Imitation of Life </i>in 1934.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Knowing
that the <b>theme </b>would cost <b>distribution </b>in the <b>Jim Crow South</b>
and even in many <b>Northern cities</b>, Universal hoped to <b>recoup </b>some
of its losses by launching an <b>unprecedented </b>major studio campaign to
sell the film to Black audiences in segregated theaters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Posters prominently featuring Beavers and
Washington were printed and a <b>special trailer </b>just for the Black <b>cinemas
</b>was <b>shot</b>.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>It
worked.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>African-American </b>audiences
flocked to see the film.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ironically</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> although
Washington played a young woman passing for White, she <b>adamantly refused</b>
to do so in <b>real life</b> and it <b>cost</b> her <b>career</b> dearly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was stung not only by White <b>racism</b>
but by the fact that many Blacks thought that she like Peola rejected her
people and <b>resented </b>her for it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Years later she told the <b><i>Chicago Defender</i></b> in 1945:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Early in my career
it was suggested that I might get further by passing as French or something
exotic. But to pass, for economic or other advantages, would have meant that I
swallowed, whole hog, the idea of Black inferiority…You see I’m a mighty proud
gal, and I can’t for the life of me find any valid reason why anyone should lie
about their origin, or anything else for that matter. Frankly, I do not ascribe
to the stupid theory of white supremacy and to try to hide the fact that I am a
Negro for economic or any other reasons. If I do, I would be agreeing to be a
Negro makes me inferior and that I have swallowed whole hog all of the
propaganda dished out by our fascist-minded white citizens.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.8pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtFf4gYdp-uHOvA89XkHDLwccjt1Q1Qzo6QRP-2O7ijqH-LeC9YZD8I_OknRRtmCxKo0uuVndjH37mUeTB371VUUn6EbGvV_TPQUZHm78ynIgVX5YjWmLDG-dH3S6ccEnDZRGjVpkBTEEwUlXtkqmGeyTCOP6855PzuvSJWo6MAcsQuYydzKHgjs9Gwxw2/s828/Fredi%20Washington--Merle%20Oberon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="828" data-original-width="588" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtFf4gYdp-uHOvA89XkHDLwccjt1Q1Qzo6QRP-2O7ijqH-LeC9YZD8I_OknRRtmCxKo0uuVndjH37mUeTB371VUUn6EbGvV_TPQUZHm78ynIgVX5YjWmLDG-dH3S6ccEnDZRGjVpkBTEEwUlXtkqmGeyTCOP6855PzuvSJWo6MAcsQuYydzKHgjs9Gwxw2/w454-h640/Fredi%20Washington--Merle%20Oberon.jpg" width="454" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>British film star Merle Oberon carefully concealed her mixed race Ceylonese/Welsh heritage.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.8pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Other actresses
have made a different choice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
early <b>silent movie era</b>, especially in films made in and around <b>urban
centers</b> especially <b>New York </b>and <b>Chicago</b>, several performers
recruited from <b>vaudeville</b>, and <b>chorus lines </b>reportedly had parts
in <b>two-reelers</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later some went
on to real <b>stardom</b> passing for White.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Washington’s contemporary <b>Merle Oberon </b>became an <b>Oscar-winning</b>
star of both <b>British </b>and American films while carefully <b>concealing</b>
her birth in India on February 19, 1911 of <b>Welsh</b> and <b>Ceylonese</b>
(now <b>Sri Lankan</b>) parents.<b> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>She
took her<b> </b>secret to her <b>grave</b>. It wasn’t until decades after her
death in 1979 at age 68 that her true origins became known.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Broadway star <b>Carol Channing</b>, the
original <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Lorelei Lee </b>in <b><i>Gentlemen
Prefer Blondes</i></b>, had an <b>African American</b> and <b>German father </b>who
also passed for White and a German-Jewish mother,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She did not disclose her heritage until 2002
when she was 81.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.8pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Washington was a <b>stunning
</b>young woman with <b>green eyes</b>, <b>delicate</b>—read <b>non-Negroid</b>—features,
and a <b>creamy complexion</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was
also a <b>veteran performer</b> and a highly skilled <b>dancer</b>, <b>singer</b>,
and <b>actress</b> who should have had all the <b>attributes </b>for a major <b>Hollywood
</b>career.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it was not to be.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fredericka
Carolyn </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“<b>Fredi”
Washington</b> was born in 1903 in <b>Savannah</b>, <b>Georgia</b> to <b>postal
worker Robert T</b>. <b>Washington </b>and dancer <b>Harriet “Hattie” Walker
Ward</b>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both had mixed African-American
and <b>European ancestry</b>. She was the second of their five children. Her
mother <b>died</b> when Fredi was 11 years old. As the oldest girl in her
family, she helped <b>raise </b>her younger <b>siblings</b>, <b>Isabel</b>, <b>Rosebud</b>,
and <b>Robert</b>, with the help of their <b>grandmothe</b>r. After their
mother’s death, Fredi and Isabel were sent to the <b>St</b>.<b> Elizabeth</b>’<b>s
Convent School for Colored Girls </b>in <b>Cornwells Heights</b>, near <b>Philadelphia</b>,
<b>Pennsylvania</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her father
remarried, but his <b>second wife</b> died while <b>pregnant</b>. He married a
third time and had four additional children. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOQ_sQUBBivxZImGzkaYSDnnQrqXAnEWQrf4sS3aJuUyzO0l7VnNli1dhULUXl_T_UNOlq0OgDy574Z_uV2nSoQ2sUWu2p7QLk-cxMCEv0_qioD696AdAIYXr0RAHgRG47JyvUmhF4oOHIDgihGsK9Xe4gzcr60xve3dzZ3G11zgcn6KO5c3LiNCj2s-dp/s415/fredi%20washington---childhood%20family.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="415" data-original-width="352" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOQ_sQUBBivxZImGzkaYSDnnQrqXAnEWQrf4sS3aJuUyzO0l7VnNli1dhULUXl_T_UNOlq0OgDy574Z_uV2nSoQ2sUWu2p7QLk-cxMCEv0_qioD696AdAIYXr0RAHgRG47JyvUmhF4oOHIDgihGsK9Xe4gzcr60xve3dzZ3G11zgcn6KO5c3LiNCj2s-dp/w542-h640/fredi%20washington---childhood%20family.jpg" width="542" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>An early photograph of the Washington family children. From left to
right: Fredi, Alonso, Isabel and Robert.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Washington’s
family moved <b>north</b> to <b>Harlem</b> in <b>New York City</b> during the <b>Great
Migration</b>. She <b>graduated</b> from <b>Julia Richman High School</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was
the <b>blooming era </b>of the <b>Harlem Renaissance </b>and presented many <b>opportunities
</b>to the talented young woman and led her to <b>cross paths</b> with many of
its <b>outstanding performers</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By
age 18 in 1921 Fredi was <b>dancing </b>at the famed <b>Cotton Club </b>where <b>Josephine
Baker discovered</b> her and <b>hired </b>her to be part of a<b> cabaret trio</b>,
the <b>Happy Honeysuckles</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Baker
continued to <b>mentor </b>the young performer and introduced he to <b>important
people </b>in the <b>entertainment industry</b> like <b>producer Lee Shubert</b>.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She broke into <b>Broadway </b>in the <b>all-Black
musical</b> <b><i>Shuffle Along</i></b> in 1922 as a <b>chorus girl</b> and
toured with the <b>road show</b> for two years. Her film debut came that same
year in the all-Black <b>boxing drama <i>Square Joe</i></b>. In 1926, she was
recommended for a co-starring role on <b>Broadway</b> with <b>Paul Robeson</b>
in the <b>play</b>, <b><i>Black Boy</i></b>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington had an off and on relationship with
Robeson for several years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She also
became a <b>popular</b> featured dancer and <b>toured internationally</b> with
her <b>dancing</b> partner, <b>Al Moiret</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ7JVNy8xFBQo_tggKcaQzTlgmuLGKE8TWaczBZby_h3I2dwTeOK3tPKn-Fi3xtdt4AtpzVDDfmgjMfCnm-0s-MNBu5n8oEePXL1m5woz-A9Z6NtxboXHU2u2lYqmpLXBkyyArPv9HxpQCrXxUZGFqPXDExZ5pBYfGC9j69awsOd90N9Mihv-0evQVJ9Nd/s500/Fredi%20Washington--Duke%20Ellington%20lack%20and%20Tan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="336" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ7JVNy8xFBQo_tggKcaQzTlgmuLGKE8TWaczBZby_h3I2dwTeOK3tPKn-Fi3xtdt4AtpzVDDfmgjMfCnm-0s-MNBu5n8oEePXL1m5woz-A9Z6NtxboXHU2u2lYqmpLXBkyyArPv9HxpQCrXxUZGFqPXDExZ5pBYfGC9j69awsOd90N9Mihv-0evQVJ9Nd/w430-h640/Fredi%20Washington--Duke%20Ellington%20lack%20and%20Tan.jpg" width="430" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span> <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span>The poster for</span> <span><i style="font-weight: bold;">Black and Tan Fantasy </i>starring Duke Ellington and Fredi Washington.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
1929<b> </b>Washington made her <b>talkie </b>debut<b> </b>in <b><i>Black and
Tan Fantasy</i></b>, an early <b>two reel sound short </b>with <b>Duke
Ellington </b>as the doomed dancer wife of the struggling <b>band leader</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She toured with Ellington’s <b>Orchestra</b>
and had an <b>affair </b>with the <b>married maestro</b>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She had a small <b>uncredited role </b>in the <b>Marx
Brother’s </b>first film <b><i>Animal Crackers </i></b>in 1930.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
1933 she <b>teamed</b> with Robeson again in a small role in the film version
of <b>Eugene O</b>’<b>Neill’s</b> <b><i>Emperor Jones</i></b> in which her <b>skin</b>
was <b>darkened</b> with <b>makeup </b>for <b>fear</b> that audiences might
think Robeson was actually <b>filming love scenes</b> with a White woman.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another <b>significant appearance</b> was
with <b>Cab Calloway </b>who she had known since her Cotton Club days in his
classic musical short <b><i>Hi-De-Ho</i></b> in 1934.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt16Qjgvc7yMfyBQhs1jWOOpaO_9W4as6i1oBUeifzNB-hkmI3HaGyyfHmzDSkWAchfXBp-oHMdtYmNZmzuMVD9lvFHGKCHPEpvXUlbynCOfVczl_0wWeT9vlPhMXZh-A-gQDbvv18-B2R3pF4-Xr2Dy8cFXiO3MPUXspqy2IXwES54OtMdTxsfa587omy/s333/Fredi%20Washington--Paul%20Robeson%20Emporer%20Jones.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="333" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt16Qjgvc7yMfyBQhs1jWOOpaO_9W4as6i1oBUeifzNB-hkmI3HaGyyfHmzDSkWAchfXBp-oHMdtYmNZmzuMVD9lvFHGKCHPEpvXUlbynCOfVczl_0wWeT9vlPhMXZh-A-gQDbvv18-B2R3pF4-Xr2Dy8cFXiO3MPUXspqy2IXwES54OtMdTxsfa587omy/w640-h460/Fredi%20Washington--Paul%20Robeson%20Emporer%20Jones.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Washington's skin had to be darkened in the film version of <i style="font-weight: bold;">Emperor Jones</i> so audiences wouldn't think that Paul Robeson was romancing a White woman.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Washington
wanted to expand her film acting career but was crippled by her complexion
which was too light for the <b>cheaply made </b>films for Black theaters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several important <b>Hollywood figures </b>reportedly
offered to make her a <b>star </b>equal to or greater than <b>Norma Shearer</b>,
<b>Joan Crawford</b>, <b>Constance Bennett</b>, and <b>Greta Garbo</b> if she
would assume a new name and identity and pass as White.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She flatly refused.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
part in <i>Imitation of Life </i>was her big break.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it also <b>outed </b>her a <b>Black </b>and
typed her as “the tragic mulatto.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Parts
were hard to find.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She did land a
staring role as a <b>vengeful</b> Black <b>Haitian</b> <b>plantation owner </b>in
the extremely low budget <b>zombie exploitation flick</b> <b><i>Ouanga</i></b> (also
known as <b><i>The Love Wanga</i></b>) in 1936.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRgfhGf1192sqMWcTND2yD4JMNQCIJjLv0HGsMfHOVBLxszZaNUK3I2HRs2JwHEDOryhRG5d7slDFHmuXHosiHK3hMPUkI7msUEx6H3Mtc9UReKI7zzYFMarrb3sfKhqnIWQg0UHodm4fSN_2BlmNmdFnpmgvgtQnabnnCW2aiC9xveOVBXIetYLVorEkC/s600/Fredi%20Washington--ouanga.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="396" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRgfhGf1192sqMWcTND2yD4JMNQCIJjLv0HGsMfHOVBLxszZaNUK3I2HRs2JwHEDOryhRG5d7slDFHmuXHosiHK3hMPUkI7msUEx6H3Mtc9UReKI7zzYFMarrb3sfKhqnIWQg0UHodm4fSN_2BlmNmdFnpmgvgtQnabnnCW2aiC9xveOVBXIetYLVorEkC/w422-h640/Fredi%20Washington--ouanga.jpg" width="422" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>The lurid poster for the low-budget zombie film <b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>Ouanga</i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> (also known as </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>The Love Wanga</i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">) in 1936.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Washington
got one more chance to <b>shine</b> in Hollywood in <b>20th Century Fox</b>’<b>s
</b>1937 film <b><i>One Mile from Heaven</i></b><i> </i>starring <b>Clair
Trevor</b> as a <b>nosey newspaper woman </b>who investigates why an <b>octoroon
</b>mother is raising an <b>apparently white child</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The part of the child was <b>originally
written</b> for <b>Shirley Temple</b>, but the studio <b>shied</b> from <b>risking</b>
their biggest asset in such a <b>potentially explosive</b> film.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington, of course was the target of the
investigation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The film also featured <b>Bill
</b>“<b>Bojangles</b>”<b> Robbinson</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After that Fredi’s movie career was over.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjijAf9Bq88lMAOor7jWqONsEhLyM7u0Lt99IGWTBhZG9l1ckcLFlAgh02Ptfxc19UYuBcRcVa8TBc12x8Eusqq-22U0T0exdP-vqdQhtjU3EAEFGeg0X0BqAeLi2B9V3MLwJfHodpzqKriEUaR99bHKXPP1NKDf12mZGBWDl2W8IiqMqdtmQ3XcVfMD_wD/s749/Fredi%20Washington--Ethel%20Waters%20in%20Mamba's%20Daughters.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="749" data-original-width="551" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjijAf9Bq88lMAOor7jWqONsEhLyM7u0Lt99IGWTBhZG9l1ckcLFlAgh02Ptfxc19UYuBcRcVa8TBc12x8Eusqq-22U0T0exdP-vqdQhtjU3EAEFGeg0X0BqAeLi2B9V3MLwJfHodpzqKriEUaR99bHKXPP1NKDf12mZGBWDl2W8IiqMqdtmQ3XcVfMD_wD/w470-h640/Fredi%20Washington--Ethel%20Waters%20in%20Mamba's%20Daughters.jpg" width="470" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> With Ethel Waters on Broadway in 1939 in DuBose Heyward's <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">Mamba’s Daughters</i> with music by Jerome Kern.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">But
not her acting career.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1939 <b>DuBose
Heyward</b>,<b> </b>the author of the book <b>George Gershwin</b>’<b>s <i>Porgy
and Bess </i></b>was based on, <b>adapted</b> another one of his <b>slice-of-life
novels</b> about the racial <b>complexity </b>of his hometown, <b>Charleston</b>,
South <b>Carolina </b>into a play with his wife <b>Dorothy</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><i>Mamba</i></b><i>’<b>s Daughters</b></i>
was mounted on Broadway as a star turn for <b>Ethel Waters</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington <b>co-starred</b> as the light
skinned daughter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The play featured
songs by <b>Jerome Kern </b>and opened at the <b>Empire Theater </b>running for
162 performances.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1940 it had a brief
revival at the <b>Broadway Theater</b>. Significantly Washington was one of the
original cast members who performed selections from the musical on the <b>ground-breaking
<i>Ethel Waters Show</i></b>, <b>one-hour</b> <b>television variety special</b>
that ran in the <b>earliest days</b> of <b>NBC</b>, on June 14, 1939.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That <b>experimental broadcast</b> to the <b>handful</b>
of <b>TV sets</b> in New York made Waters the first Black performer, <b>male </b>or
<b>female</b>, to have her own TV <b>show</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Later
in the 1940’s Washington appeared with her sister Isabel as a featured dancer
in some New York productions and was a <b>casting consultant </b>for the 1943
production of <b><i>Carmen Jones </i></b>and a <b>revival</b> of <i>Porgy and
Bess.</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Despite
her affairs with Ellington and Robeson (and perhaps others) Washington married <b>Lawrence
Brown</b>, one of Duke’s <b>trombone players </b>in 1933. They <b>divorced </b>in
1951.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A year later she married <b>dentist
Dr</b>.<b> Hugh Anthony Bell</b> and retired from performing to live in <b>Greenwich</b>,
<b>Connecticut</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhotAVv9O1v1zY4FLr91Zy6PNLMPxgDpP-ZC890AnhMNX1lxgvHcItfEqBH_1_aX7d9BqM2UbTT1VFN-CrZQVKTbdUJFdCGSuJgvOXVRX0cLtz7y4VfRyQjqhwyVzmR7vSu1bd7vlVuOQNrgQ1mNx8ZHCsmYfj8tpKyfvCwxhFe9x-sGJezVR5XpYIYabtk/s1024/Fredi%20Washington--Anti-lynching.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="857" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhotAVv9O1v1zY4FLr91Zy6PNLMPxgDpP-ZC890AnhMNX1lxgvHcItfEqBH_1_aX7d9BqM2UbTT1VFN-CrZQVKTbdUJFdCGSuJgvOXVRX0cLtz7y4VfRyQjqhwyVzmR7vSu1bd7vlVuOQNrgQ1mNx8ZHCsmYfj8tpKyfvCwxhFe9x-sGJezVR5XpYIYabtk/w536-h640/Fredi%20Washington--Anti-lynching.jpg" width="536" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Fredi Washington campaigning against lynching for the NAACP.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">But
Washington’s greatest <b>contributions </b>may have come from her <b>tireless
devotion</b> to <b>Civil Rights</b> work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In the 1930’s she worked closely with <b>Walter White </b>of the <b>National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People </b>(<b>NAACP</b>) on a
variety of causes but especially on <b>anti-lynching </b>campaigns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1937 Washington <b>co-founded</b> the <b>Negro
Actors Guild of America</b> (<b>NAG</b>), with <b>Noble Sissle</b>, <b>rag-time
composer W</b>.<b> C</b>. <b>Handy,</b> Robeson, and Waters. The organization’s
<b>mission </b>included <b>speaking out</b> against <b>stereotyping</b> and <b>advocating</b>
for a <b>wider range </b>of roles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She served
as the organization’s first <b>executive secretary</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Washington
had a <b>dramatic role</b> in <b><i>Heroines in Bronze</i></b>,<b><i> </i></b>a
1943 <b>radio tribute</b> to Black women, produced by the <b>National Urban
League</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsKOXoFc42lRIs4WHq1BkxTsJXR3gUehn24xbQMDFFVCpy_kUkCsIKrH5v2hMQCJMqkpdV1L69Njtn1trVvA5pBaREJoLFbcw9PU9Uv59sm14xwcW7KDgld9AkDVmSdVQRQdtes3KXmbp8ekPiarauJVgbQBOMykZJ6rqf0xvR0vOIn17BXfLDm9C0CqAO/s1600/Fredi%20Washington--Isabel%20Washington%20Adam%20Clayton%20Powell%20Jr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1320" data-original-width="1600" height="528" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsKOXoFc42lRIs4WHq1BkxTsJXR3gUehn24xbQMDFFVCpy_kUkCsIKrH5v2hMQCJMqkpdV1L69Njtn1trVvA5pBaREJoLFbcw9PU9Uv59sm14xwcW7KDgld9AkDVmSdVQRQdtes3KXmbp8ekPiarauJVgbQBOMykZJ6rqf0xvR0vOIn17BXfLDm9C0CqAO/w640-h528/Fredi%20Washington--Isabel%20Washington%20Adam%20Clayton%20Powell%20Jr.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fredi, front, on the shore with Rev. Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. and his wife Isabell, Fredi's sister.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Partnering
with sister Isabel’s <b>husband</b>, Harlem <b>preacher Rev</b>.<b> Adam
Clayton Powell</b>,<b> Jr</b>. of the <b>Abyssinian Baptist Church</b>, brought
Fredi new opportunities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1943 she
joined his new <b>newspaper <i>People</i></b><i>’<b>s Voice</b></i> which soon
became the most influential Black paper in New York and a powerful advocate for
Civil Rights and a <b>progressive agenda</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Powell used the paper to <b>project</b> his <b>opinions </b>and make him
the <b>undisputed political king</b> of Harlem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Washington was a <b>theater writer</b>, and the <b>entertainment editor</b>
for <i>People’s Voice</i> and contributed other articles and opinion
pieces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1944 Powell was <b>elected </b>to
<b>Congress </b>in no small part due to the influence of the journal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1945 Powell divorced Isabel and married <b>glamorous
pianist </b>and singer <b>Hazel Scott</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFVP60Xf-jGlpHmV4Po8oDUpqy5c-YDix3VWoa9tlUB7-Zv9kBlQ3tYB0jet-a7v1b9OBcjnngsdrgSc3AS-B2hCIwGqX4ysjQDVZXMfksU5oCFqq301FnZ_qz6XddUtyQ5rvSQaeuNVCIMGyxZj25j0ZkoYRIZ0O5ZXjLqX-BLZRBFlHtcRZWacXZ14J3/s504/Fredi%20Washington--with%20husband.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="504" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFVP60Xf-jGlpHmV4Po8oDUpqy5c-YDix3VWoa9tlUB7-Zv9kBlQ3tYB0jet-a7v1b9OBcjnngsdrgSc3AS-B2hCIwGqX4ysjQDVZXMfksU5oCFqq301FnZ_qz6XddUtyQ5rvSQaeuNVCIMGyxZj25j0ZkoYRIZ0O5ZXjLqX-BLZRBFlHtcRZWacXZ14J3/w640-h510/Fredi%20Washington--with%20husband.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Fredi in retirement with her second husband, dentist <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Dr</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Hugh Anthony Bell from a local Connecticut newspaper's society page in the 1950's.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
for Fredi, she enjoyed a <b>comfortable retirement</b> in <b>Connecticut </b>until
she died at age 90 on June 28, 1994 from <b>pneumonia</b> following a series of
<b>strokes</b> at <b>St</b>.<b> Joseph Medical Center</b> in <b>Stamford</b>,
Connecticut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was forgotten by White
audiences who barely knew her and even by the many African-American performers
for whom she <b>blazed </b>a <b>brave trail</b>.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><br /> </span></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-72714190714992936022024-03-05T08:32:00.001-06:002024-03-05T08:32:48.029-06:00How Boston Massacre Looks a Lot Like the Cases that Inspired Black Lives Matter <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSkhdCx6WaEieM0K_QVs8RAd5yvz0b72QBml4CW2-jrUuDD6XedELnRODW9QZRzKKgowIFyc6aYpT9l_80ky1mU78W_sOkaKs65kDIKb8_uyYqLhuraeT9wY4Zwc9Xa2-Qm544LA_tbaKzeTXaS6fBekYECuCDcoK1kKSs6KjSO9L4Tqb5UuwdUNZxctl8/s652/Boston%20Massacre%20painting.1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="652" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSkhdCx6WaEieM0K_QVs8RAd5yvz0b72QBml4CW2-jrUuDD6XedELnRODW9QZRzKKgowIFyc6aYpT9l_80ky1mU78W_sOkaKs65kDIKb8_uyYqLhuraeT9wY4Zwc9Xa2-Qm544LA_tbaKzeTXaS6fBekYECuCDcoK1kKSs6KjSO9L4Tqb5UuwdUNZxctl8/w640-h360/Boston%20Massacre%20painting.1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Blood on the snow in Boston</span>.<br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Some
parts of the tale of the so-called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boston
Massacre</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>an iconic moment in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pre-Revolutionary Colonial history</b> that
used to be familiar<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>to any school
child echo in today’s world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All of the ingredients—a
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rowdy protest </b>boiling spontaneously
up from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">streets </b>where outrage over long
time grievances sparked into violence<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>over
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trivial incident </b>and was met by
either firm and appropriate action<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>by
responsible authorities<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>or was a vicious
and violent over reaction<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>depending
on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political bias </b>of the
observer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And not only was the first
victim<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black man </b>who became a symbol of rebellion,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>but his <b>uniformed killers</b> were let off virtually <b>scot
free</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>at a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trial </b>on the flimsiest and most arcane of grounds.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Sounds
like the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">familiar arc </b>of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">police slaying </b>of an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unarmed youth</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>the kind of all-to-common
occurrence<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>that has fed<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black Lives Matter movement</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
was a miserable night in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boston </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in 1770</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What else would you expect on March 5 in the
midst of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Little Ice Age </b>which
chilled <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Europe </b>and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eastern seaboard </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">North America </b>for nearly two centuries?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A nasty wind whipped across the harbor, a few
flakes of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">snow</b> would sting <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exposed fresh</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Old snow and ice were pushed up against
buildings turning gray with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">soot </b>from
a few thousand<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hearth fires</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">A lone<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> English soldier</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Private Hugh White</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">29th
Regiment of Foot </b>had the bad luck to draw <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sentry duty </b>outside of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Customs
House </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">King</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
Street</b> that night.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The building was
a symbol of unfair <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">taxation without
representation</b> and oppression to the people of the city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Customs
collectors</b> had been harassed for attempting to enforce<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>the unpopular <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Townsend
Duties</b> and for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">seizing ships</b> of leading
<b>merchants</b> like <b>John Hancock</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">smuggling</b>, a mainstay of the
local economy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So the building needed protection.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The bright
<b>red coat</b> of an English <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">private
soldier</b>, while colorful, was entirely unsuitable for the harsh <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New England </b>winter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Private White undoubtedly shivered in misery.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His life was made worse by the taunting
by <b>local toughs</b>, mostly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">apprentices
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">day laborers </b>loitering
about.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of them, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Edward Garrick</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wig maker</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s apprentice</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> mocked a passing<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> British officer</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Captain-Lieutenant
John Goldfinch</b>, for not paying a <b>bill</b> due his <b>master</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Goldfinch ignored the jeers and in fact had <b>settled</b>
his <b>account</b> that very afternoon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But White scolded<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Garrick for
insulting an officer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two exchanged
heated words.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>White struck Garrick with
the <b>butt</b> of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">musket</b>. A <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">small crowd </b>gathered and began pelting the soldier with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">snow </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ice balls</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw_RYKRLg4oXry77DMarP4eTvHGNb3liN8rdpVklZa5cyAucV0S65dGogY8S1N9glCqL3LVIvgs-zkRcoaCJ74SgVCJ3O0chA2NrcQyMYzkEhiHW3X9bkCX_bdMbwT30iybvKbzOSQ8W1t9kvNtTEypww2y2FgU-ATNvPecxRHy5FW9p1uGH2Go57G6i8G/s320/Boston%20Massacre--Henry%20Knox.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="256" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw_RYKRLg4oXry77DMarP4eTvHGNb3liN8rdpVklZa5cyAucV0S65dGogY8S1N9glCqL3LVIvgs-zkRcoaCJ74SgVCJ3O0chA2NrcQyMYzkEhiHW3X9bkCX_bdMbwT30iybvKbzOSQ8W1t9kvNtTEypww2y2FgU-ATNvPecxRHy5FW9p1uGH2Go57G6i8G/w512-h640/Boston%20Massacre--Henry%20Knox.jpg" width="512" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">19 year old bookseller Henry Knox made his bow in the history books by
warning besieged Private White and later Captain Preston of the dangerous
consequences of opening fire. In five years he would be General
Washington's trusted commander of artillery and the man who hauled the
heavy artillery from overland from Ft. Ticonderoga setting the stage for
the British evacuation of Boston. Still later he would later be Washington's
Secretary of War.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">When
White leveled his musket against his taunters, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Henry Knox</b>, a corpulent 19 year old <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bookseller </b>warned him not to <b>shoot</b> because, “if he fire, he
must die.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>White <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">refrained </b>from shooting but the crowd on the street grew as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">church bells </b>rang in alarm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Someone thought of sending to nearby <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">barracks</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reinforcements </b>for the now besieged White who had retreated to the steps<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>of the Custom House with the door at
his back.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Things
were about to go from bad to worse.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Four<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> regiments</b> of troops were sent to
Boston in 1768, more than were ever stationed there when its very existence was
threatened by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">possible invasion</b>
during the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">French and Indian Wars</b>,
after the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Massachusetts House of
Representatives</b> petitioned the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Crown
</b>for relief from the Townsend Duties and circulated <b>letters</b> of other
colonial legislatures asking for support in the protest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Collector
of Customs </b>for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Port of Boston</b>
officially asked for troops to protect him after some of his officers were manhandled
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">abused</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Four
regiments were dispatched as a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> show </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">force</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That was about 4,000
men plus the wives and children of many of them, officers and enlisted alike<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>servants, and the inevitable<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
hangers-on </b>to any army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The city of
Boston boasted only<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>16,000<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> residents</b> and a few thousand more
resided in nearby<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> villages</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such a large force deployed among so few
civilians, most of them hostile to their presence, led to inevitable<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> friction</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Although
two of the regiments had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">withdrawn</b>,
soldiers of the remaining two were involved in a number of <b>incidents </b>over
that winter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition to hostility to
the policy that dispatched them, minor personal disputes like the Captain’s
late payment to a wig maker, irked the population.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So did the inevitable attention to the local
girls by the soldiers, which was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">often </b>returned
by lasses enamored of a dashing uniform.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">A serious
bone of contention was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">employment </b>of
off duty soldiers at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rope walk</b>,
Boston’s biggest<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> industrial concern</b>
and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">main employer </b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> unskilled </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">casual labor</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The soldiers
were working for less than locals and costing many of them jobs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Wives</b>
of several soldiers publicly scolded colonists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>That very afternoon one had promised that the troops would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wet their bayonets </b>on trouble makers.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Back
at the Customs House, White was finally relieved by<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>a corporal and six private soldiers under the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">personal command</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Captain
Thomas Preston</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">officer </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> watch</b> who declined to trust a junior lieutenant with the sensitive
assignment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As they drew close to the
Customs House where the angry crowd had grown to over a hundred, Knox again
warned the Captain of the awful consequences if his men fired.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Preston reportedly told him, “I am aware of
it.”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgntzyUebJZsOsjCVHjj_HFsgyONQesMTrhz0EcAlN-cd7fzgaYFQlfCM3O51DKGiQEYmHGm4uRMuRV4936_zO6LQrOLjr4I5cbJcOZVGuJxiFbG1pgVG3SpHthkgutF9_R-e5U7cB8c3CFks3csrTTanWOYLxplhTbzFA-aY4Cwik5sCnvQWi9hkKoFg8O/s563/Boston%20Massacre--Crispus%20Atticus..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="563" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgntzyUebJZsOsjCVHjj_HFsgyONQesMTrhz0EcAlN-cd7fzgaYFQlfCM3O51DKGiQEYmHGm4uRMuRV4936_zO6LQrOLjr4I5cbJcOZVGuJxiFbG1pgVG3SpHthkgutF9_R-e5U7cB8c3CFks3csrTTanWOYLxplhTbzFA-aY4Cwik5sCnvQWi9hkKoFg8O/w640-h432/Boston%20Massacre--Crispus%20Atticus..jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">This 19th Century engraving features the death of Crispus Attucks. It
also seems to show Captain Preston ordering a disciplined volley.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Once
at the Customs House Preston had his men <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">load
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prime </b>their muskets and form
a semi-circle in front of Private White and the door.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They faced a crowd now swollen by further
reinforcements, many of them armed with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cudgels
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">brick bats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>In the very front of the mob, just feet
away from Captain Preston who took up a position in front of his men, was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dark skinned </b>man named <b>Crispus Attucks</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Not
much is known about Attucks, not even whether he was a <b>slave</b>, an <b>escaped</b>
slave, or a <b>freeman</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He worked as
a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> sailor</b> on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">coastal traders </b>and on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">docks</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was described as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mulato</b> but was known to have both <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">African</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Native American Wampanoag</b>
ancestry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although there were not many
Blacks in Boston, their presence was not that unusual.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They mixed casually and freely with the
lowest classes of White Bostonians—the day laborers, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">indentured servants</b>, and apprentice boys.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
Attucks and the crowd pressed forward, Preston had his men level their muskets
but ordered them to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hold their fire</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He ordered the mob to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> disperse</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They responded
with taunts of “go ahead and fire.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Preston said that the troops would not fire “except on his order” and made
the point of standing in front of his men’s guns.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">From
out of the crowd someone hit <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Private</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hugh Montgomery</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> on the arm with a
clump of ice or in other accounts he was struck by a cudgel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Montgomery fell to the ground, although he
may simply have lost his footing on the ice and lost his musket.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He grabbed the gun and scrambled to his feet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Enraged, he leveled his gun at the nearest
man, Atticus and fired yelling “Damn you, fire!” to his fellow soldiers.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Attucks
crumpled to the ground<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> mortally wounded</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was a pause of a few seconds and then a
ragged,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> un-coordinated volley</b> went
off from the troops.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The only command
Preston gave was a desperate order to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cease
fire</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Eleven
men were hit by fire indicating that some may have been injured by the same
round or that some soldiers had time to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
re-load </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and fire</span>. In
addition to Attucks rope maker <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Samuel Gray</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mariner James Caldwel</b> died on
the cobblestones.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seventeen year <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">old ivory turner apprentice</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Samuel Maverick</b> standing near the rear
of the crowd was struck by a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ricocheting
fragment </b>and died a few hours later. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Patrick
Carr</b>, an<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Irish immigrant</b> died of
his wounds two weeks later.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">crowd retreated to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> near-by streets</b> but continued to grow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Preston called out the entire regiment for
protection and withdrew his squad to the barracks. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTweIC66Z13AaiozeXINgBhg1oujCkiTJBeTTeG0L2zLi0wYR7mmzJoETmQlmHsGzMxObNCw8S6yw4P-0T9eupoyTGPHwjTnmmE9GAnkZdybJUeAHtVoc-AJD0BjbwKqmNElBjpGXi_cYP03ygpiapXIvDZ6fuYyvdfsmBcpKkr-JHQeJGAIryQ_rK1uWQ/s1324/Boston%20Massacre--Thomas%20Hutchinson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1324" data-original-width="1096" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTweIC66Z13AaiozeXINgBhg1oujCkiTJBeTTeG0L2zLi0wYR7mmzJoETmQlmHsGzMxObNCw8S6yw4P-0T9eupoyTGPHwjTnmmE9GAnkZdybJUeAHtVoc-AJD0BjbwKqmNElBjpGXi_cYP03ygpiapXIvDZ6fuYyvdfsmBcpKkr-JHQeJGAIryQ_rK1uWQ/w530-h640/Boston%20Massacre--Thomas%20Hutchinson.jpg" width="530" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Massachusetts born Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson tried to calm the angry mob that surrounded the State House.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">An
angry mob descended on the near-by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">State
House</b> which was ringed with troops for protection<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Massachusetts</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">-</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">born</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson </b>tried
to calm the crowd by addressing them from the relative safety of a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> balcony</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He promised a thorough and prompt<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> investigation</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After a few hours the crowd drifted away.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Local malcontents</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">, becoming known
loosely as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Patriots,</b> were quick to
use the slaughter to raise a hue and cry against the Townsend Duties and to the
onerous virtual military occupation of their city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two virtually identical <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">engravings</b> purporting to accurately portray the shooting were rushed
to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> publication</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most famous, engraved by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Paul Revere</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">master silver </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
coppersmith</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">iron foundry man</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bell caster</b>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and master of all trades, after a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">drawing</b> by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Henry Pelham</b> was published in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Boston Gazette </i></b>and then re-issued
in sometimes<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hand colored prints</b>
which made Revere and the printer a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">good
deal of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">money</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieIFv1D2p-z0IlFrUMQ0vnLhyEsxtDoN350teD1JbUnAR1P32JbjwWFYRLp35FFMwLWyeo1FafGiF1mAvA_tiZDcG_N5HvChR_GUxIq6PQA8LRTPHKedEpUqwvfNpp5dAbiQFDpoEf44eraSfnSH2RMW8y8q1psNMjExU7HHC7GnskfPXPN2GEUgnB_Jw2/s2830/Boston%20Massacre%20Revere.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2830" data-original-width="2407" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieIFv1D2p-z0IlFrUMQ0vnLhyEsxtDoN350teD1JbUnAR1P32JbjwWFYRLp35FFMwLWyeo1FafGiF1mAvA_tiZDcG_N5HvChR_GUxIq6PQA8LRTPHKedEpUqwvfNpp5dAbiQFDpoEf44eraSfnSH2RMW8y8q1psNMjExU7HHC7GnskfPXPN2GEUgnB_Jw2/w544-h640/Boston%20Massacre%20Revere.jpg" width="544" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">A hand tinted copy of Paul Revere's famous broadside of the affair on
King's Street. The image was actually cribbed from an early version by
Henry Pelham that appeared in the <i><b>Boston Gazzette.</b></i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">With
public opinion inflamed, the two regiments in the city were withdrawn to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Castle William</b> on an <b>island</b> in
the <b>harbor</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Had they not been, “they
would probably be destroyed by the people—should it be called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rebellion</b>, should it incur the loss of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> our charter</b>, or be the consequence
what it would,” according to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Secretary
of State Andrew Oliver</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By May <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General Thomas Gage</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span>in command of all troops in the
colonies, decided that the presence of the 29th Regiment was counterproductive
to good order, and had the regiment removed from Massachusetts entirely.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Meanwhile,
at the end of March Captain Preston, the men in his rescue squad, Pvt. White
and four civilian employees of the Customs House, who some had charged fired
out the windows of the building were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">indicted
</b>for<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> murder</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">manslaughter</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gov.
Hutchinson managed by hook or by crook to delay the start of the trial for nearly
a year to let inflamed passions died down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Patriots took that time to organize the publication of an account of the
event,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Short Narrative of the Horrid
Massacre</i></b>, which although <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">banned </b>from
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">circulation </b>in the city, inflamed
passions across the Colonies, and even earned sympathy when it was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reprinted </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">London</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi_99IDpvXSQxR6_Y_u2dGPn8VVbouhiXkEZhN6vecD5t5LVc2GcG9bQdkaAc6yVXNtRcRrLwHkHKnVdLjJ8RgkI8bnFv89Fz2edz4skFY6R2wklqq2keSP79hIjzBh6VreltaQjp59xKw-IMHX5Fk23kcXN-y0oKcIV6BQeAbmcDQKNDmr2GxORa9-UmF/s319/Boston%20Massacre--John%20Adams.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="236" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi_99IDpvXSQxR6_Y_u2dGPn8VVbouhiXkEZhN6vecD5t5LVc2GcG9bQdkaAc6yVXNtRcRrLwHkHKnVdLjJ8RgkI8bnFv89Fz2edz4skFY6R2wklqq2keSP79hIjzBh6VreltaQjp59xKw-IMHX5Fk23kcXN-y0oKcIV6BQeAbmcDQKNDmr2GxORa9-UmF/w473-h640/Boston%20Massacre--John%20Adams.jpg" width="473" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Patriot lawyer successfully took up the defense of Captain Preston, the
accused soldiers, and civilian employees of the Customs House.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Despite
the delay, it looked like it would be very difficult for Captain Preston and
the soldiers to get a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> fair trial</b> in
Massachusetts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All of the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">leading</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> local lawyers</b> had refused to take their cases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John
Adams</b>, a leading Patriot, a man with boundless<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> political ambition</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first
cousin</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rabble-rouser-in-chief</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Samuel Adams</b>, agreed to take on the
case, despite howls of protest from his <b>political allies</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
was a great choice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Assisted by his
cousin <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Josiah Quincy</b>, another
Patriot, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Loyalist Robert Auchmuty</b>
he quickly obtained a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">not guilty verdict</b>
in the first trial.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Captain Preston was shown
by the testimony of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> multiple witnesses</b>
to have never ordered the troops to fire and to have tried to get them under
control.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That was in October.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
November the cases of the enlisted soldiers proved dicer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They had, after all, fired lethal rounds
without orders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adam’s pled straight up<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> self-defense</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He told the jury that the men were under attack
by the mob, “a motley rabble of saucy boys, negroes, and molattoes, Irish
teagues and outlandish jack tars.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Appealing
to the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> class prejudice</b> of the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> land-owning pool </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eligible jurors</b>, Adams won acquittal on murder charges for all of
the defendants, and only two were convicted of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">manslaughter</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Privates
Montgomery and Kilroy still faced the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
death penalty</b> at the sentencing on December 14, they “prayed the benefit of
clergy”, a remnant of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Medieval law</b>
in which the essentially claimed exemption from punishment on the grounds that
they were “clergy” who could <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">read</b> a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bible verse</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The two were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">branded </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">on the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> thumb</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">released</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By
the time the civilians were up for trial in December, enthusiasm for continuing
the case against them, which was weak and based on the testimony of one servant<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>easily proven to be false, was waning.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Whatever
the outcome of the trials, the events of March 5 helped set the stage for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American Revolution.</b></span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">By the way, the term <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boston Massacre </b>was not applied to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bloody ruckus</b> until long after the fact.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like another iconic event,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the so-called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boston Tea Party</b> it got its name during the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">brief national enthusiasm</b> generated by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">50th<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>anniversaries </b>of
important Revolutionary and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pre</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">-</b>revolutionary events.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And like the Tea Party it was soon <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">imbued </b>with a lot of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">romantic myth</b> and nonsense.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-86603393508371163602024-03-04T02:00:00.002-06:002024-03-04T02:00:00.155-06:00Reformer Frances Perkins Stepped to Real Power as Secretary of Labor<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3Wl5_YQ5RLC96ApoMyHVy8BY4LUKhDnSkMTD5oFYyOdSBXvHR96KfQFNXG6tNFlLaOKcG-MvNj-EdCabsRiyLqSJoctX3VK_o_zDvGzQEI3E8UVgQMUmssWvxX8LOZYXcU_49CjxfaR575IQc6uPGs9tKXE3AiEBXmVKbr0it0v2WBAR-Y6oud68V-mQo/s1200/Frances%20Perkins--color.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="900" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3Wl5_YQ5RLC96ApoMyHVy8BY4LUKhDnSkMTD5oFYyOdSBXvHR96KfQFNXG6tNFlLaOKcG-MvNj-EdCabsRiyLqSJoctX3VK_o_zDvGzQEI3E8UVgQMUmssWvxX8LOZYXcU_49CjxfaR575IQc6uPGs9tKXE3AiEBXmVKbr0it0v2WBAR-Y6oud68V-mQo/w480-h640/Frances%20Perkins--color.jpg" width="480" /></a></div><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Frances Perkins--Madam Secretary.</span></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">On
March 4, 1932 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Franklin D. Roosevelt</b>,
the day of his first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inauguration</b>,
nominated <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Frances Perkins </b>as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Secretary of Labor</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was the first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">woman</b> elevated to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cabinet
rank</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If anyone was expecting a
docile <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">figurehead</b>, they were in for
a big surprise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not only was she a key
player in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Deal</b> and an indispensable
<b>backer</b> of a wide range of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">labor
reforms</b>, she held down the job for twelve years through FDR’s first three
terms despite efforts to <b>unseat</b> her. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Born
into a respectable <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Republican</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congregationalist New England family</b> in
1880, she was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">radicalized</b> by
exposure to the yawning <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">class divide</b>
while attending <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mt</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Holyoke College</b> where she read <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jacob
Riis</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s expose</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slum conditions</b>
and attended lectures by leading <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reformers</b>
and labor advocates, especially <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Florence
Kelley</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Consumer</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
League</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Graduating in 1902 she tried
her hand at <b>teaching science</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">urban
schools</b> while volunteering at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">settlement
houses</b>. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnD-e6mRNt5wqaaVQ2Tk8k1AhTXkyXNcXnptFLGeOPjueSLAQjqwex86ct2eLN1oxKIBauKydwZK_yxmLrCYHjCYWQoDJeebqTigA2oAH1cUdEAIhyI-IxJSz_y89595F82CCSS9JvnvcLY-LgPMghO4oXuVX13FK1Z6ObdROTw9UfNRxXjaLHckyxQYUr/s252/Frances%20Perkins--Mt.%20Holyoke%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="252" data-original-width="179" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnD-e6mRNt5wqaaVQ2Tk8k1AhTXkyXNcXnptFLGeOPjueSLAQjqwex86ct2eLN1oxKIBauKydwZK_yxmLrCYHjCYWQoDJeebqTigA2oAH1cUdEAIhyI-IxJSz_y89595F82CCSS9JvnvcLY-LgPMghO4oXuVX13FK1Z6ObdROTw9UfNRxXjaLHckyxQYUr/w455-h640/Frances%20Perkins--Mt.%20Holyoke%20(2).jpg" width="455" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Perkins as a student at Mt. Holyoke.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">But
by 1909 she was ready to give up teaching for a career in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social services</b> and <b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">advocacy</span></b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She moved to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York City</b> to pursue a <b>master</b>’<b>s degree</b> in <b>economics</b>
and <b>sociology</b> from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Columbia
University</b> then joined her mentor Florence Kelley by serving as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Secretary for the New York State Consumer</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
League</b> where she successfully led <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lobbing
efforts</b> to get the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Legislature</b>
to limit the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">work week</b> for women and
children to 54 hours.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She also took up
active support of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Suffrage movement</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
1911 she <b>personally witnessed</b> women leaping to their <b>deaths </b>from
the upper floors of the building at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Triangle
Shirtwaist Fire</b>, an event that would steel her determination to guarantee <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">safe working conditions</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where she had previously relied on
legislation alone, she increasingly saw the need for workers to organize in
their own defense and supported the work of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ladies Garment Workers</b> leader <b>Rose</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Schneiderman</b> and others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She
even joined the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Socialist Party</b>,
though she advocated <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gradual reform</b>
rather than <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">revolutionary action</b>. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXu-eaEqFhSBysG1Bngc-wrTI4H9i8lcPFqgzLLAaPt1vUuQqNfnQFtWoksOvUT6mGVQ3kEVNns_VDwyI0840Z4NMAwESbKQMSpI__M_Zn7KuY8ignMW_5vWftNi3RX4CINTHF2akP5TBvs66VoQ5lEvRGnFn5wZ_gcDDHHvpHrYNn-02-yQqmFo0nhebv/s887/Frances%20Perkins--young%20reformer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="887" data-original-width="600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXu-eaEqFhSBysG1Bngc-wrTI4H9i8lcPFqgzLLAaPt1vUuQqNfnQFtWoksOvUT6mGVQ3kEVNns_VDwyI0840Z4NMAwESbKQMSpI__M_Zn7KuY8ignMW_5vWftNi3RX4CINTHF2akP5TBvs66VoQ5lEvRGnFn5wZ_gcDDHHvpHrYNn-02-yQqmFo0nhebv/w432-h640/Frances%20Perkins--young%20reformer.jpg" width="432" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span>The young reformer and New York civil servant.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
1912 she supported <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Woodrow Wilson</b>
over <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eugene V</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Debs</b> believing that
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Democrat </b>would more <b>effectively
advance</b> labor’s cause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was
wrong, but in the long run was one of the people most responsible for seeing
that the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">planks</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1912 Socialist platform</b> were finally <b>enacted</b>
under another Democrat.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">She
briefly <b>retired</b> from public life to marry <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">economist Paul Wilson</b> and to give <b>birth</b> to a <b>daughter</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But Wilson suffered a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">breakdown</b> and Perkins returned to work as the family <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">breadwinner</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
1919 she joined the administration of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New
York Governor Al Smith</b> as the first woman on the state <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Industrial Commission</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By
1926 she was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chair</b> of the
Commission.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1929 Governor Roosevelt
appointed her to head the state <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Labor
Department</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She pushed through
another round of reduction of hours for women and children to 48, stepped up <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">factory safety inspection</b>, and lobbied
for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">minimum wage</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unemployment insurance laws</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Roosevelt
took her with him to Washington.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As
Labor Secretary she helped craft and get the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Wagner Act</b> through <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congress</b>,
which finally <b>guaranteed</b> workers the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">right to organize</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">labor
unions</b> on the job and engage in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">collective
bargaining</b>. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggmvqf_ybS3tFlCu3JgS663UoIk7d6zcLBKII0aaS7axHih0Y1NuIRKnbMEGSb1M5AUYox0VAElpsDLsgmxdOCWRvwSale7ISk1rWO9F35P2Ri218eBWQ8TNTEwyVwXJK__GAYxQfvzcVqyTzaLON5Czjf_cELiRo8JXY9IlGQEnFjqf9b_sGGjG10x_6o/s1280/Frances%20Perkins--Social%20Security.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1004" data-original-width="1280" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggmvqf_ybS3tFlCu3JgS663UoIk7d6zcLBKII0aaS7axHih0Y1NuIRKnbMEGSb1M5AUYox0VAElpsDLsgmxdOCWRvwSale7ISk1rWO9F35P2Ri218eBWQ8TNTEwyVwXJK__GAYxQfvzcVqyTzaLON5Czjf_cELiRo8JXY9IlGQEnFjqf9b_sGGjG10x_6o/w640-h502/Frances%20Perkins--Social%20Security.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Perkins, one of the chief architects, witnessed FDR sign the Social Security Act into law.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fair Labor Standards Act</b> embodied her
long <b>cherished dreams</b> for a <b>minimum wage</b> and a standard <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">40 hour work week</b> for both women and
men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She chaired the administration’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Committee on Economic Security </b>which
drafted the legislation embodied in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Social
Security Act of 1935</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
the labor battles for representation in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">basic industries</b> intensified through the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Depression</b>, Perkins stood relentlessly on the side of working
people to organize and resisted traditional calls to use <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Federal force</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">troops</b>
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suppress strikes</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She held firm against <b>intervention</b> in
the 1934 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">San Francisco General Strike</b>.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Conservatives</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">business interests</b> put her in their <b>cross
hairs</b> and in 1939 the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">House
Un-American Activities Committee </b>drew up a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bill </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> impeachment</b> against her for refusing
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">deport Harry Bridges</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Australian</b> born <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">West Coast Longshoremen</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s leader</b> who had been a key figure in
the General Strike.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The impeachment
attempt fizzled from <b>lack </b>of <b>evidence</b> and Perkins continued to
serve until 1945 when she <b>resigned</b> to head the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">U</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">S</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> delegatio</b>n to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">International Labor Organization </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ILO</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">)</span> conference in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Paris</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLmNP6b4E9UsAShRRR5ogtAc-3oZFPjAFFR2LfPnIpxfleefTJ_6IAhJOV3u8k43-CGQJOOJCJkgNfkHmL4aSZKq0ogVXBNzPj4LHA2TTQ3yiyXiKW9mz_jTTr5bSZFuUzurqKKsWiU6JstsF5xGaZhEvonZVaGdLzgOWEsZy08mZ7bLJEvD__XHjTBTfo/s260/Frances%20Perkings--Mine%20inspection.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="194" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLmNP6b4E9UsAShRRR5ogtAc-3oZFPjAFFR2LfPnIpxfleefTJ_6IAhJOV3u8k43-CGQJOOJCJkgNfkHmL4aSZKq0ogVXBNzPj4LHA2TTQ3yiyXiKW9mz_jTTr5bSZFuUzurqKKsWiU6JstsF5xGaZhEvonZVaGdLzgOWEsZy08mZ7bLJEvD__XHjTBTfo/w478-h640/Frances%20Perkings--Mine%20inspection.jpg" width="478" /></a></div><span> </span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>The Secretary of Labor on a coal mine safety inspection.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">She <b>concluded</b>
her public service when <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President Harry
Truman</b> appointed her to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Civil
Service Commission</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the return
of Republicans to power in 1953 she took a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">professorship</b>
at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cornel University</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
School of Industrial and Labor Relations</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perkins
died at age 85 in her beloved New York City in 1965.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgqeptDCgff6jb0OkHcvAEYVKXj2wbteATfeJZz5QLnrpAbiBFQfygkCTyt6dz5cPXlhR3MtllwckK-I4aftaIay2GdQaFx5KQ2e5n0ez1E07m1N3xwL1gF51KoI7AaU_4bFJgdq_p9kx960CQv5OH2VJMiUCTzD5U00BwuETL3duCbnU0nKsId5hjm_X2/s482/Frances%20Perkins--Maine%20Mural.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="482" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgqeptDCgff6jb0OkHcvAEYVKXj2wbteATfeJZz5QLnrpAbiBFQfygkCTyt6dz5cPXlhR3MtllwckK-I4aftaIay2GdQaFx5KQ2e5n0ez1E07m1N3xwL1gF51KoI7AaU_4bFJgdq_p9kx960CQv5OH2VJMiUCTzD5U00BwuETL3duCbnU0nKsId5hjm_X2/w640-h468/Frances%20Perkins--Maine%20Mural.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Although revered by labor and feminists Perkins remains a reviled figure on the right. In
2011 hyper reactionary Maine Governor Paul LePage tried to have a labor
mural featuring Frances Perkins (center panel) from the State
Department of Labor because it is too pro-labor and offended some
business owners.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Labor Department Building </b>war re-named
for Perkins on April 10, 1980—the 100th anniversary of her birth with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President Jimmy Carter </b>presiding over
the <b>ceremony</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the same day the
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Postal Service</b> issued a new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">15-cent stamp</b> bearing her likeness.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></p><p></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-80958091646827127582024-03-03T08:27:00.000-06:002024-03-03T08:27:13.239-06:00The Bold New Militancy Launched by the Washington Women’s Suffrage Procession of 1913<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJjP_1Rgs-fJWq2NWDkTe0BXuKILQLDmtshw7tXuC4eWL9keNdzJi4qmjnWJ_MjUgwbQxN2Iqqg1vXNWYMiuGK7vPCeWIBL7ue1YzyH7Z091B9XrukBe3tYKQXZRpfN5RlrYC3jPsSX41UNVrMeihHqS-hPo1WUSiKd-zV6NcYHsTJOu9N3w0r3Np819Yr/s400/Women's%20Suffrage%20Procession--Program.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="400" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJjP_1Rgs-fJWq2NWDkTe0BXuKILQLDmtshw7tXuC4eWL9keNdzJi4qmjnWJ_MjUgwbQxN2Iqqg1vXNWYMiuGK7vPCeWIBL7ue1YzyH7Z091B9XrukBe3tYKQXZRpfN5RlrYC3jPsSX41UNVrMeihHqS-hPo1WUSiKd-zV6NcYHsTJOu9N3w0r3Np819Yr/w640-h472/Women's%20Suffrage%20Procession--Program.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The stunning program cover for the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession in Washington.</span></span><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Note</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">—This has become
an almost annual post because it is much requested.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">giant </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s March </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Washington</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sister
marches </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">across the country</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>that greeted <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Donald Trump</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s inauguration </b>in January 2017 and <b>they-</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">said-it-couldn</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">t-be-done even larger</b>
marches a year later were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">seismic events</b>
that brought a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">broad</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
united</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> new intersessional feminism </b>to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">forefront </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American social
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political life </b>after years
on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">defense </b>as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hard-fought gains</b> once <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">thought secure</b> were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">under attack </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">at</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> every level</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mass demonstrations </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">no matter how
large, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">critics maintained</b>, had lost
their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">power </b>as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">media lost interest </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in them</span> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">public </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">became</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> bored</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Huge anti-war demonstrations </b>that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">broke </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">all</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> records </b>were <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">barely</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> covered</b> by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">press </b>and
had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">no discernable effect </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">curtailing </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vastly unpopular war </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congress
</b>or in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bush administration</b>
and only <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">moderately </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">moved </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> needle </b>during the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Obama years </b>when <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">painfully slow withdrawals </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">boots
</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">on the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ground</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Iraq </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Afghanistan </b>were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">matched</b> by a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">brutal escalation</b>
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bombing </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">drone attacks</b> not only in those two countries but <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">across the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> region</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxUsBdm_b0gmjp0kUQ2_oL4mi9zla9S8eSU3AW65pPWIm99D74bT8I2lD-lIKvOCdnc4AvK4Dzpyz4QfERz-r1EwquUyoSutc9XKVOdP4trAdjcqi93aI5DdfzEPxQmtnnvY5gjj3wCwoKZcO4QNqrGjlE7cgBxYPd7H_AUJxcstlrk3GwAvjkYniJBCR5/s1600/Women's%20Suffrage%20Procession--Women's%20March%20On%20Washington%202017.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxUsBdm_b0gmjp0kUQ2_oL4mi9zla9S8eSU3AW65pPWIm99D74bT8I2lD-lIKvOCdnc4AvK4Dzpyz4QfERz-r1EwquUyoSutc9XKVOdP4trAdjcqi93aI5DdfzEPxQmtnnvY5gjj3wCwoKZcO4QNqrGjlE7cgBxYPd7H_AUJxcstlrk3GwAvjkYniJBCR5/w640-h426/Women's%20Suffrage%20Procession--Women's%20March%20On%20Washington%202017.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Women's March on Washington was a rough welcome to Trump and a game changer for the feminist movement.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Instead,
the media became <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fixated </b>with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shiny new object</b>—the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tiny </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">but</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> colorful Tea Party
movement</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Events
drawing a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">few dozen</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">silly hats </b>waving <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Don</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">t Tread on Me flags</b>, and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">toting</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> misspelled homemade signs</b> received <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lead coverage </b>night after night on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">network </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cable TV news</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>Part of it was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sheer novelty </b>of
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">right wing </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">“</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">grassroots</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">”</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
movement</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Traditional</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">conservatives </b>were at first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dismissive </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">doubtful</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>but a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hand-full </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">deep pocket
millionaires </b>saw <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">potential </b>pumped
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unlimited money</b> into the movement,
created <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">faux grassroots national
organizations </b>to “lead it,” and soon used it to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">capture </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Republican Party </b>for their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oligarchical aims</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Within what seemed like a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">blink </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of an</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> eye</b> they were <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
control </b>of dozens of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">state
governments</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congress</b>, and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Presidency </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">seemed capable</b> of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">completely</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> remaking America</b> with <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">no </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">effective opposition</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But
there were <b>signs </b>of <b>restiveness</b> and <b>resistance—</b>the <b>Occupy
Movement </b>that <b>spread like wildfire, </b>the <b>up-from-the-streets youth-led
Black Lives Matter movement</b>, the <b>May Day Immigration Rights marches </b>and
the rise of the <b>Dreamers</b>,<b> </b>the <b>new Civil Rights movement </b>represented
by <b>Moral Mondays</b>. But it was the Women’s Marches, perhaps because
they included so many <b>middle class white women</b>, that finally <b>recaptured</b>
the media and nation’s <b>attention</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To
its credit the Women’s March movement has, not always smoothly, <b>taken pains</b>
to <b>broaden </b>its<b> leadership</b> and <b>representation</b> and to stand
for an intersessional struggle that includes not just <b>traditional feminist
objectives</b> like <b>preserving abortion rights</b>, <b>removing obstacles</b>
to <b>social</b> and <b>professional advancement</b>, the <b>Equal Rights Amendment</b>,
and <b>election of women</b>,<b> </b>but <b>support</b> for <b>Women of Color, </b>immigrants
and <b>refugees, Muslims</b> and other minority religions, the <b>LBGTQ
communities</b>, <b>Native Americans</b>,<b> </b>the <b>disabled</b>, the <b>labor
movement,</b> and <b>environmentalists</b>. It has not been a <b>perfect
process</b> and <b>serious divisions</b> remain over issues like <b>electoral
politics</b>, particularly <b>endorsement </b>of<b> Democrats</b>, and <b>levels
</b>of <b>street militancy</b>, but it has been a game changer.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One
111 years ago today, another march of women in Washington, in some ways <b>quite
different</b>, marked a <b>radical turning point</b> in the <b>long struggle</b>
for <b>women</b>’<b>s suffrage </b>and became a <b>spiritual ancestor </b>of
today’s movements.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcaP6hF7fqdxQBubHsMx2-SOa58BKTCT9iOGngV9iDTE2wAYYZBlm0Z4dRmWQKbq-L6xKTuElwE9idcx02fzPN22HqSevpaIndRm6rwAJLBNNO9GrwH5ccc-fbX7N-pS2t0CF1s3ejjm_HJSRjE8CCEc0VzWAu99lCLFE0PzZ27su4GrLlisnOniqZqnIp/s400/Women's%20suffrage%20Procession--Emmeline%20Pankhurst%20Arrest.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="210" data-original-width="400" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcaP6hF7fqdxQBubHsMx2-SOa58BKTCT9iOGngV9iDTE2wAYYZBlm0Z4dRmWQKbq-L6xKTuElwE9idcx02fzPN22HqSevpaIndRm6rwAJLBNNO9GrwH5ccc-fbX7N-pS2t0CF1s3ejjm_HJSRjE8CCEc0VzWAu99lCLFE0PzZ27su4GrLlisnOniqZqnIp/w640-h336/Women's%20suffrage%20Procession--Emmeline%20Pankhurst%20Arrest.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; text-align: start;">Alice
Paul was inspired by the militant campaigns of the British Suffragettes
led by Emmeline Pankhurst seen under arrest in the right foreground and
her daughter Christabel in custody behind her.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alice
Paul </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lucy Burns</b> were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">uppity women</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Worse they were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">angry</b>, uppity women.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
were more <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">youthful</b> than the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dowagers</b> whose <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">decades</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> long drive</b> for women’s suffrage<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">noble</b>, but <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fruitless</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paul had been in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">England </b>and was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">impressed </b>with
how <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Christabel Pankhurst</b> and her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mother Emmeline</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">leaders</b> of a new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">militant</b> suffrage movement which was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">making </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> sensation</b> by using <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">direct action tactics</b> such as publicly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heckling politicians</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">window smashing</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rock throwing</b> raising the profile of
the cause there.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When Paul returned to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">United States</b> in 1910 she joined the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National American Women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
Suffrage Association</b> (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">NAWSA</b>) and
soon <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">advanced</b> to a <b>leadership
role</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">national organization</b> was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">committed</b> to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">state-by-state strategy</b> as its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">top
priority</b>, Paul was made <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chair</b> of
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congressional Committee</b> with the
responsibility of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lobbying</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Federal</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">action</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Carrie Chapman Catt</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> formidable leader</b> of the NAWSA, did <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">not have much</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> faith</b> in Paul or her <b>project</b>, but was probably <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">glad </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to have the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> gadfly </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">out her hair</span> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York </b>where she was carefully <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">planning </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">an</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> elaborate political</b> effort to win <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">state approval</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vote </b>by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">referendum</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi35dBkDDPB5k0u7SSuYQ-C6BU3IsJWi0ag1wAoE21LZ-Bf_vpIC1pXBKfRh6A42CvikgoakvP13vwNIDSpnyKGqv4AZYCBxFgHdLZD7YWBJ9d-pJRkEbGydGb_Ws5XYkW3CXxHk2l_hU3ro6S2Jlt2kFJz4-7OpTidyZWSFdKe0dt1cP5PCB6cZTZbl_as/s400/Women's%20Suffrage%20Procession--Carrie_Chapman_Catt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="319" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi35dBkDDPB5k0u7SSuYQ-C6BU3IsJWi0ag1wAoE21LZ-Bf_vpIC1pXBKfRh6A42CvikgoakvP13vwNIDSpnyKGqv4AZYCBxFgHdLZD7YWBJ9d-pJRkEbGydGb_Ws5XYkW3CXxHk2l_hU3ro6S2Jlt2kFJz4-7OpTidyZWSFdKe0dt1cP5PCB6cZTZbl_as/w510-h640/Women's%20Suffrage%20Procession--Carrie_Chapman_Catt.jpg" width="510" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Carrie
Chapman Catt of New York was the formidable head of the National
American Women's Suffrage Association. She would split with Alice Paul
over strategy and style and the two were sometimes bitter rivals. Their
two pronged suffrage campaign, moderate and radical, actually
complimented each other and help rapidly move to the goal. But when the
19th Amendment was ratified, it was the moderate Catt, not the
bur-under-the-saddle Paul who was invited to the Wilson White House.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By 1912 Paul and Burns <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">set up shop</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Capitol</b> as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">semi-autonomous
affiliate</b> of the NAWSA called the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congressional
Union</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Presidential election</b> that year, Catt had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">broken ranks</b> with many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">older
suffragists</b> who were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">traditionally</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Republican</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">endorsed Woodrow Wilson</b>, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">distinguished
academic</b> and supposedly a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">new breed</b>
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">progressive Democrat</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>in the hopes that he <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">would</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> swing </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">his </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">party</b> behind
suffrage.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paul, however, did not want to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wait </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">for a painfully</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> slow
lobbing process</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nudge</b> the new
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chief Executive</b> in the right
direction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She declared her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">intention</b> to “<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">hold his feet to the fire</span>” from the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">very beginning</b> with a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">huge
Suffrage demonstration</span> on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eve
</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of his</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> inaugural</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Don’t imagine a modern <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">march </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">on</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Washington</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mobs</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">somewhat disorganized marchers</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pink pussy caps carrying banners</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">signs</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">puppets</b> in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mass throng</b> on the Capitol’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wide avenues</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paul’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Woman
Suffrage Procession</b> was planned out with <b>military precision</b>, the
thousands of women marchers were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arrayed
</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> designated units</b>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">marching
abreast</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Most</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">units</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> wore white</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">symbol </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
purity</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">adopted color</b> of the
suffrage movement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The procession would
be <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">led by</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> equestrians</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">floats</b>
with women as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">various allegorical
figures</b> broke up the ranks of marchers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>An <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elaborate program</b> was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">printed </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">onlookers </b>and a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">proper</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> parade permit</b> had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">obtained </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">from </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">local authorities</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wilson <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arrived </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">by</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> train</b> from his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Jersey </b>home on Monday, March 3, 1913, the day before his
inauguration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">first Democrat</span> since <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Grover Cleveland </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">break </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> grip</b> of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Republican</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> dominance</b> and as a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">man of
known</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Southern roots</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sympathies</b>, he likely <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">expected </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> whoopsie-do reception</b>
in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">culturally Southern city</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead, only a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">handful </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dignitaries</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">politicians</b>, and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">press </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">were at hand</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Everybody
else in town</span> seems to have been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lining
Pennsylvania Avenue.</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisUzkBzLUXDQ_EZa8QQpUQmsPH4JWmAniRdZ-9kh0eO4356IQ9QiPAiQC45g_m4tUcSUpvtrJeVh0fYINh126pDbq-M3J3aTKAhHAvYHF3th1NoYRxqByyW5YxeT4HWxd87XEjECos8e2s5K_N49HMWS3Cfvktw00sscWfnzhHChZdzBPvmnTr3uGBsxP_/s400/Women's%20Suffrage%20Procession--Inez_Milholland_1913.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="400" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisUzkBzLUXDQ_EZa8QQpUQmsPH4JWmAniRdZ-9kh0eO4356IQ9QiPAiQC45g_m4tUcSUpvtrJeVh0fYINh126pDbq-M3J3aTKAhHAvYHF3th1NoYRxqByyW5YxeT4HWxd87XEjECos8e2s5K_N49HMWS3Cfvktw00sscWfnzhHChZdzBPvmnTr3uGBsxP_/w640-h454/Women's%20Suffrage%20Procession--Inez_Milholland_1913.jpg" width="640" /></a></b></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Inez Milholland on her white steed was a dramatic and compelling lead to the Woman Suffrage Processional.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No wonder, for Paul had put on a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dazzling show</b> led by the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">beautiful</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> blonde lawyer</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">activist
Inez Milholland</b> astride a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">white
horse</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">flowing Greek robes</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Behind her, Paul and her friends, also on
horseback, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">led 8,000 marchers</span>,
almost all women, and on parade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An estimated <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">half a million</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> viewers</b> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">crowded the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> route</b> including <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cheering
supporters</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">idly curious</b>, a
lot of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">very, very</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> angry men</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The procession was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">quickly</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> attacked </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">by </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mobs </b>of men along the route, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">throwing rocks</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">battering participants</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">clubs
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fists</b> as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">police stood</b> <b>by</b> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">without </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">intervening</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Retaining as much</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> courage </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> dignity</b> as they could <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">muster</b>, the marchers continued on their
route while <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">running a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> virtual gauntlet</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rear </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> march</b> reached its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">destination</b> some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hastily
mobilized troops</b> from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fort Myer </b>arrived
to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">provide some</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> protection</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">800
marchers</span>, almost all women, were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">injured
</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in the attacks</span>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxpnJii56vy5lPzIEIp-YAGPT8pd_S9rGtP9Lh8MUHGIZ_tEplXPD5k2CCFUHk9EThNxeG_3YK_Y-0KtZ3_bSIN5_38AnyikvWuo6G_reJdY9mH1WNaWQFCzaU3NWR3QVzUG8V7VMXZKF3F5jlNOffFIj54yk1Yab_oC9sNmYS8_SN6qXPCbzCpsHodj2i/s400/Women's%20Suffrage%20Procession--%20ambulance.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="256" data-original-width="400" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxpnJii56vy5lPzIEIp-YAGPT8pd_S9rGtP9Lh8MUHGIZ_tEplXPD5k2CCFUHk9EThNxeG_3YK_Y-0KtZ3_bSIN5_38AnyikvWuo6G_reJdY9mH1WNaWQFCzaU3NWR3QVzUG8V7VMXZKF3F5jlNOffFIj54yk1Yab_oC9sNmYS8_SN6qXPCbzCpsHodj2i/w640-h410/Women's%20Suffrage%20Procession--%20ambulance.png" width="640" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Mobs
of men swarm and menace an ambulance trying to transport injured
marchers as police stood by. It took Army troops to restore order and
allow the parade to finish. Despite the violence, maybe because of it,
Paul knew the Procession was a triumph.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaction</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> to the parade and the attacks <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">threatened to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> overwhelm
news </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the Presidential
inauguration</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>the next day,
much to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">annoyance</b> of
Wilson.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">delight </b>of Paul who <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">regarded
the operation as</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> successful </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in every way</span>. She was sure that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">public outrage</b> would <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lead to greater support for the cause</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">subsequent</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> investigation</b>
held the police <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">derelict </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in their</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> duty</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">failing </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
protect </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> lawful demonstration</b> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">District of Columbia Police Chief</b> was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fired</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In New York Catt was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">less than thrilled</span> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">feared the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> bold confrontation</b> would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">alienate
male supporters critical </b>for her state-by-state<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>campaign.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>None-the-less
Catt <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">staged </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">her own</span> giant parade down <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fifth
Avenue</b> in May as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kick-off </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">for her</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ballot initiative plan</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">fifth the marchers in her parade were men</span>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmoHIVR8P26xUxwXBNYjog4vFoQ3NjVHdomxH-YdG_Wspg6FzKzs_WHqUzFRFcITs8s3X2K7_iRxnKqsWIGgrtwO5FhL9QQ2fhpyywhp1XSFQY0SWWqCQQt3q1H_v6tWifDtTTsyt205_oXNWa0k_SxdUa_JB7ClsVRQQMZbKBWuUWuMumO8JZprCbN11H/s283/Women's%20Suffrage%20Procession--AlicePaulNewYorkTimes-250x283.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="250" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmoHIVR8P26xUxwXBNYjog4vFoQ3NjVHdomxH-YdG_Wspg6FzKzs_WHqUzFRFcITs8s3X2K7_iRxnKqsWIGgrtwO5FhL9QQ2fhpyywhp1XSFQY0SWWqCQQt3q1H_v6tWifDtTTsyt205_oXNWa0k_SxdUa_JB7ClsVRQQMZbKBWuUWuMumO8JZprCbN11H/w353-h400/Women's%20Suffrage%20Procession--AlicePaulNewYorkTimes-250x283.jpg" width="353" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Alice Paul and her Federal strategy was big news in the </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><b>New York Times</b></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; text-align: start;">.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">breach </b>over <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">militancy</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">confrontation</b> between Catt and
Paul became <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">irreparable </b>in 1914 and
Paul’s group <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">severed ties </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">with the national organization</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two years later they <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reorganized </b>as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National
Women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Party</b> (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">NWP</b>.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They continued to press Wilson for
action with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">daily picketing</b> at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">White House</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the picketing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">continued</b> even after the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">country</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> entered</b> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Great War</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Europe</b>, Wilson had Paul and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dozens of her</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> associates</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">supporters
arrested</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">jailed</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">force-fed </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">during</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hunger strikes</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">word
got out about the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> abuse</b>,
Wilson was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">embarrassed yet again</span>.
Exasperated, Wilson <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">finally</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> declared support</b> of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Federal Constitutional Amendment</b> for
women’s suffrage as a “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">war measure</b>”
and in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recognition </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> contribution </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of women to
the effort.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He made <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">no mention</b> of Paul or the NWP, but <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">no one</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> doubted</b> that their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stubborn
militancy </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">had </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">forced </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">his</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hand</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_P_uqGT4Vad52eYZE6sBqLnJ_KcPUA9cXJfR7Aj7Obs-4Hdm1PPaA5Og4ermOAswP_lil_tpcmESObSnfrV1tmibKzTcjccOzfYoa0aTnmqBThFLdjRasDQ1Wedssv7zEjT0GZClB1n98mf51r27_nu8SMvE7vEUIYZVj0FGVwgqWoQ-zzJhTdcss21vV/s394/Women's%20Suffrage%20Procession--Alice%20Paul%20flag%20toast%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="340" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_P_uqGT4Vad52eYZE6sBqLnJ_KcPUA9cXJfR7Aj7Obs-4Hdm1PPaA5Og4ermOAswP_lil_tpcmESObSnfrV1tmibKzTcjccOzfYoa0aTnmqBThFLdjRasDQ1Wedssv7zEjT0GZClB1n98mf51r27_nu8SMvE7vEUIYZVj0FGVwgqWoQ-zzJhTdcss21vV/w552-h640/Women's%20Suffrage%20Procession--Alice%20Paul%20flag%20toast%20(2).jpg" width="552" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Alice
Paul raises a grape juice toast to the banner that she and members of
the National Women's Party sewed by hand to hang on their Washington,
D.C. headquarters building in celebration of the ratification of the
19th Amendment just over 7 years after the Suffrage Procession--a
remarkably swift victory.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Both</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> houses </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Congress</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> passed the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">19th
Amendment</b> in 1919.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then the battle <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">moved </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ratification </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">by</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
state legislatures</b> and the state-by-state struggle advocated by Catt was
back on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The NAWSA and NWP <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">played a kind of “</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">good cop/bad cop</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">”</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> tag team</b> on state legislatures with
Catt’s group <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wooing </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">them with</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> compliments </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> charm</b>,
and Paul <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">threatening disruption </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">defiance</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">proceeded</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> all
things considered, with <b>astonishing speed</b>. On August 19, 1920 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tennessee passed </b>the Amendment by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">one vote </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in the legislature</span>, securing the necessary support to become a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">part of the Constitution</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Secretary
of State</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">certified </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the adoption</span> on August 26, Paul and
her cohorts proudly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unfolded </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
banner</b> on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">NWP headquarters
building</b> in Washington and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">toasted </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> event—</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">with</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> grape juice</b>, of course.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-43100396069952380962024-03-02T08:53:00.002-06:002024-03-02T08:53:40.534-06:00Sending a Message to Moscow with the Globe Girdling Flight of the Lucky Lady II<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJC4saqsKGFQJBxUQOPU05H0BqHPxudoVUqROsxdul2EHpgLptxzmiG43UGrHCaEBPPvcEIAzQJ3nQsTiLaQEqChG6D9ncO34-N5GMRFg9a3D5QULbbScYz1rXY0e1MdM3FQ2WohqIdqQlEsiqRIFSRWf-DTYknHaLkNlp1KtkzcyuBE_JsbLe_VUfPXFZ/s400/Lucky%20Lady%20II%20being%20refuelled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="152" data-original-width="400" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJC4saqsKGFQJBxUQOPU05H0BqHPxudoVUqROsxdul2EHpgLptxzmiG43UGrHCaEBPPvcEIAzQJ3nQsTiLaQEqChG6D9ncO34-N5GMRFg9a3D5QULbbScYz1rXY0e1MdM3FQ2WohqIdqQlEsiqRIFSRWf-DTYknHaLkNlp1KtkzcyuBE_JsbLe_VUfPXFZ/w640-h244/Lucky%20Lady%20II%20being%20refuelled.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">United States Air Force B-50 Superfortress being refueled in mid-air by a converted KB-29 tanker on its round the world flight.</span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There was a <b>time</b> when a big <b>aviation
first </b>would be a <b>huge deal</b>—<b>newspaper headlines</b>, <b>magazine
covers</b>, weeks in the <b>newsreels</b>,<b> ticker tape parades</b>, a <b>hand
shake</b> with the <b>President</b>, may be even a <b>movie</b>. <b> </b>The
<b>pilot</b> would become a <b>household name</b> and <b>instant celebrity</b>.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Those days were gone. Aviation was out of
its<b> infancy</b> and after years of <b>war</b>—much of it conducted in and
from the air—it <b>accomplishments</b> were beginning to seem <b>routine</b>.
The <b>public</b> had other things on its mind, <b>shiny new technologies</b>
like <b>infant television</b> to tantalize their<b> interest</b>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Not that the event <b>escaped notice</b>.
It did make headlines. Very<b> big wigs</b> indeed were on hand to <b>congratulate</b>
<b>Captain James Gallagher </b>and his 14 <b>officers </b>and<b> men </b>including
two other pilots and two <b>complete flight crews</b> when they landed the <b><i>Lucky
Lady II</i></b>, a <b>B-50 heavy bomber</b>, at <b>Carswell Air Force Base</b>
in <b>Fort Worth</b>, <b>Texas </b>on March 2, 1949. They had just <b>completed</b>
the <b>first</b> <b>non-stop flight around </b>the<b> world</b>—23,452 miles—in
94 hours and one minute. The flight was made<b> possible</b> by <b>mid-air
refueling</b>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqHzwCEk9zUHP2mv355UcxVZpelPWZcadkr0nkQBaQna7_63xQ_Q4_dvqdOH6h_as8MQidbp1VS0vykPP-ZJgu4DoUrCdpD-9F5PA-XMDggi4VszLPj1BW0kxOjHLE-2RKgMjL_45lpaoqWSQine87I-rWMd2Q5od_uWoVf1eTtg3fdFtx4vV69ZtRyA6d/s400/Lucky%20Lady%20II%20Return.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="400" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqHzwCEk9zUHP2mv355UcxVZpelPWZcadkr0nkQBaQna7_63xQ_Q4_dvqdOH6h_as8MQidbp1VS0vykPP-ZJgu4DoUrCdpD-9F5PA-XMDggi4VszLPj1BW0kxOjHLE-2RKgMjL_45lpaoqWSQine87I-rWMd2Q5od_uWoVf1eTtg3fdFtx4vV69ZtRyA6d/w640-h510/Lucky%20Lady%20II%20Return.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Captain James Gallagher and his flight crew are greeted by Defense
Secretary Stuart Symington, Air Force Chief of Staff General Hoyt
Vandenberg, and other Top Brass upon landing at Carswell Air Force Base
in Fort Worth, Texas after their historic flight.</span> <br /><p></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pictures of the crew with the <b>welcoming
committee</b> of <b>Secretary of the Air Force W</b>. <b>Stuart</b> <b>Symington</b>;
<b>Air Force Chief of Staff General Hoyt S. Vandenberg</b>; <b>Lieutenant
General Curtis LeMay</b>, <b>Commanding General</b> <b>of the</b> <b>Strategic
Air Command</b> (<b>SAC</b>); and <b>Major General Roger M. Ramey</b>,<b>
Commanding General of the Eighth Air Force</b> did make the papers.
That’s was a hell of a lot of<b> brass</b> and an <b>indication </b>of how<b>
important</b> the flight was considered in the new <b>Defense Department.</b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">If the American public did not remain long <b>enrapt
</b>by the story, the real <b>intended audience</b> far away in the <b>Kremlin</b>
certainly got the<b> point</b>. In the <b>USSR Joseph Stalin </b>clearly
got the message even if General LeMay had not pointedly told the press that the
Air Force now had the <b>capability </b>of flying<b> bombing missions </b>from
anywhere in the United States to “any place in the world that required the<b>
atomic bomb</b>.” And by any place, he meant <b>Moscow</b>.<b> </b>Secretary
Symington, who knew that the Soviets would be <b>aware</b> that there was only
a <b>small</b> <b>fleet </b>of B-50s and other heavy bombers, <b>upped </b>the<b>
ante</b> by pointing out that with mid-air refueling even <b>medium range
bombers</b> could <b>carry out</b> such <b>long-range missions</b>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">American <b>relations</b> with the <b>Soviet
Union</b> had <b>deteriorated badly</b> since the <b>heady days</b> of the end
of <b>World War II</b>. The <b>Russians </b>had <b>moved decisively</b>
to create a <b>sphere </b>of <b>influence </b>in <b>Eastern Europe</b> and <b>established
vassal</b> <b>Communist Republics </b>from the <b>Baltic </b>to the <b>Balkans</b>.
It was <b>pressing hard</b> to bring in <b>neutral Austria</b> and <b>backing </b>a
<b>civil war</b> in <b>Greece</b>. The <b>Allied Zones </b>of the <b>divided
city</b> of <b>Berlin</b>, <b>deep within the Soviet</b> <b>Occupation Zone </b>in
<b>Germany, </b>had been <b>blockaded</b> since May of 1948 and <b>survived </b>only
by a <b>massive airlift operation</b>. The <b>Cold War </b>was on and threatening
to<b> heat up</b>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Officials at the highest levels had decided only
in January that it was time to send an unmistakable message to Moscow. <b>Five
planes and crews</b> from the <b>43rd Bombardment Group</b> were selected to <b>train</b>
and <b>prepare </b>for the<b> mission</b> in six weeks. The B-50 was an <b>upgrade</b>
and <b>modernization </b>of the <b>B-29</b> which came<b> </b>into<b> service</b>
at the end of the War and delivered the Atomic Bombs to <b>Japan</b>.
Like its <b>predecessor</b>, it was <b>designated </b>the <b>Superfortress</b>.<b>
</b>The planes were <b>modified</b> by the addition of an <b>extra fuel tank</b>
in part of the <b>bomb bay</b> and were <b>armed</b> with 12 <b>.50-caliber
machine guns. </b>They were to carry <b>no payload</b>, <b>atomic</b> or <b>conventional</b>
bombs on this mission.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Each crew and plane were to <b>stand by </b>to<b>
take off</b> on the mission <b>in succession</b> until one succeeded. The
first, <b><i>Global Queen</i></b>, took off from Carswell on February 25 but
was <b>forced to abandon </b>the flight in the <b>Azores </b>after an <b>engine
fire</b>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQFpFkpivUBtZ-uHCpXoII4HZp6xcp6qz29fO71eELk5rqNI32S32DIEI_HLuBihcFLAvi2L-Y393Nz7oLZuAmEviwaxMtwXbgA-AsmocZHLS8bUJ6xk2PSAya_u8d5GOXXDAYKsF3kNA8VMwEpxx-uo6mOG4bXuff8F9A0xYk1g99crbWKv6a_pe35ukm/s400/Lucky%20Lady%20II%20Flight%20Map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="393" data-original-width="400" height="628" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQFpFkpivUBtZ-uHCpXoII4HZp6xcp6qz29fO71eELk5rqNI32S32DIEI_HLuBihcFLAvi2L-Y393Nz7oLZuAmEviwaxMtwXbgA-AsmocZHLS8bUJ6xk2PSAya_u8d5GOXXDAYKsF3kNA8VMwEpxx-uo6mOG4bXuff8F9A0xYk1g99crbWKv6a_pe35ukm/w640-h628/Lucky%20Lady%20II%20Flight%20Map.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">The round the world flight of the <b><i>Lucky Lady II </i></b>carefully avoided Soviet Air Space. The star points represent Carswell AFB and the four re-fulling spots. </span> <br /><p></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><i>Lucky Lady II</i>, <b>named</b> after a famous
8th Air Force <b>B-17 shot down</b> in 1943, took off the next day. She <b>headed
east over</b> the <b>Atlantic Ocean</b> following a <b>flight plan</b> that
would take her <b>well south </b>of the Soviet Union and only <b>clip </b>a <b>remote
region</b> of <b>China</b> before undertaking the <b>long trip </b>across the <b>Pacific</b>.<b>
</b>The plane was refueled four times by <b>KB-29M </b>tankers—converted B-29
bombers—over the <b>Azores</b>, <b>Dhahran Airfield</b> in <b>Saudi Arabia</b>,
<b>Clark Air Force Base</b> in the <b>Philippines</b>, and <b>Hickam Air Force
Base</b> in <b>Hawaii</b>. The three pilots <b>rotated on four hour
shifts </b>and the two flight crews <b>every six hours</b>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">If Capt. Gallagher and his crew never became<b>
household names</b>, they were <b>honored</b>. All crew members were
awarded the <b>Distinguished Flying Cross</b>, won the <b>Mackay Trophy</b>
recognizing the <b>outstanding flight </b>of the<b> year</b> by the <b>National
Aeronautic Association</b>,<b> </b>and the <b>Air Age Trophy </b>of the <b>Air
Force Association.</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuhfyDiPi3uhPUf2mNQ2yKHCKPuo4mIu4mConI1YgRLAFBdQBIs0A8jEpohe0Ldr7ivaC3WLdRaRE6Vp6aVwt0OXkW14yvzrV7GjLpUzoEGoRUx0sFY4h8s8pNHd7j1-CQpAPHpkyv_8BBBQES-TXkpsqlP1pSlCGD0YZY5M0fD-znB2OyVH3jrfAgOUl_/s400/Lucky%20Lady%20II%20Capt.%20Gallaher%20parade.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="400" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuhfyDiPi3uhPUf2mNQ2yKHCKPuo4mIu4mConI1YgRLAFBdQBIs0A8jEpohe0Ldr7ivaC3WLdRaRE6Vp6aVwt0OXkW14yvzrV7GjLpUzoEGoRUx0sFY4h8s8pNHd7j1-CQpAPHpkyv_8BBBQES-TXkpsqlP1pSlCGD0YZY5M0fD-znB2OyVH3jrfAgOUl_/w640-h360/Lucky%20Lady%20II%20Capt.%20Gallaher%20parade.jpg" width="640" /></a></b></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Capt. Gallagher may not have gotten an invitation to the White House to
meet President Harry S. Truman, a bio-pic starring James Stewart, or a
New York ticker-tape parade, but he got a nice parade in his home town,
Melrose, Minnesota</span><br /><p></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The B-50’s would soon be <b>phased out</b> as the
Air Force’s <b>prime strategic bomber</b> by the huge new <b>B-36 </b>with its <b>six
piston push engines</b> eventually <b>supplemented with two jet engines</b>.
The B-36 would have <b>intercontinental capabilities </b>without refueling.
By the late 1950’s that aircraft would be replaced by the all jet <b>B-52
Stratofortress</b>, versions of which are remarkably still in service 65 years
later.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Just eight years after the first non-stop flight <i>Lucky
Lady II</i>, a <b>B-52 </b>flew a <b>similar mission</b> in 45 hours and 19
minutes, less than half the time the <i>Lady II</i>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">As for the <b>target audience </b>of the<b> stunt</b>,
it certainly got Stalin’s attention. He <b>ramped up</b> the <b>Soviet
atomic bomb project</b> and was able to <b>detonate a weapon</b> later that
year on August 29. He also put a <b>program </b>to build an
intercontinental bomber fleet into <b>high gear</b> and put a lot of<b> chips</b>
on a <b>missile program </b>that<b> </b>he hoped would <b>leapfrog</b> the USSR
ahead of the USA in the now <b>full-blown</b> <b>Arms Race.</b></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-14916621617406000322024-03-01T02:00:00.001-06:002024-03-01T02:00:00.143-06:00Kicking Off Women’s History Month With its Own Story<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix2B1D8REeggu-xH2NvU6an-BFKaEajHr5rEXNRX_JnDLnzxnV8VeQdowbfVLK6LH7hkw5jSQtRw22QF5xJqlZB-3QYGOXepFSTnSojG-XtjCCtbZGtlpo3SYXS_zsVVhq9oDVeSo0NvZ5QYD-YWVzColuSRgBDRXsWy3DmcRLgSgg-oCFMtrtFbeKQ_Jz/s864/Women's%20History%20Month%202024%20Official%20Poster.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="576" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix2B1D8REeggu-xH2NvU6an-BFKaEajHr5rEXNRX_JnDLnzxnV8VeQdowbfVLK6LH7hkw5jSQtRw22QF5xJqlZB-3QYGOXepFSTnSojG-XtjCCtbZGtlpo3SYXS_zsVVhq9oDVeSo0NvZ5QYD-YWVzColuSRgBDRXsWy3DmcRLgSgg-oCFMtrtFbeKQ_Jz/w426-h640/Women's%20History%20Month%202024%20Official%20Poster.png" width="426" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>The official National Women's History Month 2024 poster.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">We
owe <b>Women’s History Month</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trade
unionists </b>and members of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Socialist
Party</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York City </b>who on
February 28, 1909 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">organized </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Day </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">celebrate </b>the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> anniversaries </b>of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">garment
workers</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> strike </b>the year before and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">march
</b>by women in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">needle trades </b>for
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">10 hour day</b> back in 1857.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The event was such a success the Socialists
made it an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">annual event</b> and took it<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> national</b> the next year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1911 the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Socialist International </b>took it up and spread it across <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Europe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>After the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">interruptions</b>
of all <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">solidarity movements </b>caused
by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">World War I</b>, the observations
resumed and spread.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were also
adopted by the new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Communist
International </b>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Comintern</b>.)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi4VyfAaYzj1OsQeKEkXBOLSJKe36gyZljdbdkA_fxshm_Tzb1qO-aPoLvEpf_LShkkwzNzVPw5SGpHIgbQKDEdmimQ5eL1oH_tlOqXek7Y-B8k_uBUeda0SOLQQRrevJ_kSJZ0d9i43-0Hh-3wAOD4UykSabeCBJuqp0eQrw4lrjdn2_p1PidSiOV4RMo/s565/Women's%20History%20Month%202019--Garment%20Workers.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="565" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi4VyfAaYzj1OsQeKEkXBOLSJKe36gyZljdbdkA_fxshm_Tzb1qO-aPoLvEpf_LShkkwzNzVPw5SGpHIgbQKDEdmimQ5eL1oH_tlOqXek7Y-B8k_uBUeda0SOLQQRrevJ_kSJZ0d9i43-0Hh-3wAOD4UykSabeCBJuqp0eQrw4lrjdn2_p1PidSiOV4RMo/w640-h384/Women's%20History%20Month%202019--Garment%20Workers.png" width="640" /></a></div><span face="Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A
1908 New York City Garment Workers strike inspired unionists and
socialists to proclaim a Working Women's Day the following year. By
1911 the day went world wide when it was adopted by the Socialist
International.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
the <b>U</b>.<b>S</b>., however, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">post-war
period </b>was marked by a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Red Scare</b>
and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wave</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">greatest political repression</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">history</b> aimed squarely at Socialists,
Communists, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anarchists</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">militant </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">unionists.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Despite the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">long-fought-for victory </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
suffrage </b>in those same years, the mostly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">middle class women </b>who led the struggle did not want to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> identify </b>their movement with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">radicals</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Even as Women’s Day spread globally, its
observance here was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">limited</b> to a
kind of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">labor ghetto</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwGusDQZbzxVn-Bjf8A7byy3WnzFaaWUHIQIC_VeW_dwPwfo3NvUx9dhg2D061kf8x8tkk9WONqvHeEpgxloTWoB0zZVJxzbEGCt8i3L0_0uTbnfPRvX-aviSmq4X0Qq_WnKYs9pEOgshWSk1JIgrHlmXcSQffwBJnVQDI3bLAI4V8gAf5sOsgHbOpjxJq/s1920/Women's%20History%20Month%202019--Second%20Wave%20Feminism.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1332" data-original-width="1920" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwGusDQZbzxVn-Bjf8A7byy3WnzFaaWUHIQIC_VeW_dwPwfo3NvUx9dhg2D061kf8x8tkk9WONqvHeEpgxloTWoB0zZVJxzbEGCt8i3L0_0uTbnfPRvX-aviSmq4X0Qq_WnKYs9pEOgshWSk1JIgrHlmXcSQffwBJnVQDI3bLAI4V8gAf5sOsgHbOpjxJq/w640-h444/Women's%20History%20Month%202019--Second%20Wave%20Feminism.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span face="Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Second wave Feminism of the '60's and '70's revived interest in International Women's Day in the U.S.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
took <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">decades</b> to regain a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> foothold</b> in this country <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spurred </b>by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">new wave </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">feminism </b>in
the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">‘</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">60s</b> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">‘</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">70s</b> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rise </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
studies </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">history </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">colleges </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">universities</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>They
got a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">boost </b>in 1975 when the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">United Nations </b>officially <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">adopted International Women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
Day </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">March 8</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">First
to act were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">educators </b>at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sonoma</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">California school district</b> in 1978 who added Women’s<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> History Week </b>centered on International
Women’s Day to the official<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> curriculum</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>It mostly centered on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">age appropriate projects </b>highlighting
leaders of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suffrage movement</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">press
</b>picked up the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">story </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spread it</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sonoma <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">teachers
</b>took<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>the idea to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">state</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">regional conferences</b> and by the next year school districts across
the country were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">adopting</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">adapting</b> the idea and curriculum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiBc-aj8DkWqcbTwx84JSdbBtPYroq4Ozcp9VmTOmkmsSR5Qjl_IjLTQEOKKRgFx35LBj6ZFSxnEPpT09rrleMX76u-zv8vgT7U5Zb69zgdmjU0SbP19pR9v0Hp6MObOHfM4Nu8TWmijhn1u0uGW-cGAfwzixxJjaEk32T3jX6oZ_hlV2bRPDjoFTsUY7T/s328/Women's%20History%20Month%202019--Women's%20History%20Week%20Founders.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="217" data-original-width="328" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiBc-aj8DkWqcbTwx84JSdbBtPYroq4Ozcp9VmTOmkmsSR5Qjl_IjLTQEOKKRgFx35LBj6ZFSxnEPpT09rrleMX76u-zv8vgT7U5Zb69zgdmjU0SbP19pR9v0Hp6MObOHfM4Nu8TWmijhn1u0uGW-cGAfwzixxJjaEk32T3jX6oZ_hlV2bRPDjoFTsUY7T/w640-h424/Women's%20History%20Month%202019--Women's%20History%20Week%20Founders.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National
Women’s History Project co-founders Molly Murphy MacGregor, the Sonoma
County California educator who helped pioneer a National Women’s History
Week curriculum on the left with Paula Hammet, Mary Ruthsdotter, and
Maria Cuevas.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sonoma’s
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Molly Murphy MacGregor </b>brought the
idea to a 15 day <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">conference </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s History Institute </b>at
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sara Lawrence College </b>in September
1979 organized by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Professor Gerda Lerner</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The idea of Women’s History week <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">caught fire</b> and Lerner became a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vocal </b>national <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spokesperson</b> for creating an official <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">national event</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">President Jimmy
Carter </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">acted
quickly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In February of 1980 he
proclaimed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
History Week </b>centered around National Women’s Day on March 8.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His proclamation read:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">From the first
settlers who came to our shores, from the first American Indian families who
befriended them, men and women have worked together to build this nation. Too
often the women were unsung and sometimes their contributions went unnoticed.
But the achievements, leadership, courage, strength and love of the women who
built America was as vital as that of the men whose names we know so well. As
Dr. Gerda Lerner has noted, “Women’s History is Women’s Right.” It is an
essential and indispensable heritage from which we can draw pride, comfort,
courage, and long-range vision. I ask my fellow Americans to recognize this
heritage with appropriate activities during National Women’s History Week,
March 2–8, 1980. I urge libraries, schools, and community organizations to
focus their observances on the leaders who struggled for equality—Susan B.
Anthony, Sojourner Truth, Lucy Stone, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
Harriet Tubman, and Alice Paul. Understanding the true history of our country
will help us to comprehend the need for full equality under the law for all our
people. This goal can be achieved by ratifying the 27th Amendment [Equal Rights
Amendment] to the United States Constitution, which states that “Equality of
Rights under the Law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by
any state on account of sex.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">School
Districts, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">municipalities</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">states </b>began making <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">proclamations</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Politicians</b>
of both <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political parties </b>were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eager </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">curry favor </b>with the growing women’s movement realizing that women
not only made up a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">majority </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">electorate </b>but also actually went to
the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> polls </b>in significantly greater
numbers than men.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Even Carter’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">explicit </b>endorsement of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ERA
</b>was not then as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">partisan </b>an
issue as we might now believe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Republican Party platforms </b>from the
1920’s on had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">endorsed </b>the ERA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many Republican women—and some male
politicians—even supported the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roe v</i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Wade </i>decision </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reproductive choice</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>In fact, middle class <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suburban white women</b> were a major force
in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">GOP</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Conservative icon
Ronald Reagan </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">was
comfortable annually renewing Women’s History Week proclamations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Republican <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">First Ladies Betty Ford</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Barbara
Bush </b>were both vocal supporters of the ERA, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">abortion rights</b>, and other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">feminist
issues</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Although not so <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vocal </b>during her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Born Again Christian husband</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Presidency</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Laura Bush</b> was known to hold similar views.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">non-partisan nature </b>of support for
women’s issues was illustrated when <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Utah
Senator Orin Hatch </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Maryland
Democratic Representative Barbara Mikulski</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">co-sponsored </b>the first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Joint
Congressional Resolution</b> proclaiming a Women’s History Week for March of
1992.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
move to expand the one week observation into a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">whole month </b>was taken up by some of the states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By 1986 14 states had adopted Women’s History
Month.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The same year the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s History Project</b>
conducted a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">massive petition campaign </b>to
Congress urging to make the Month National.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>And they did annually from 1984-94.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfbm1kAznvV9OhkWfxhKx_d0Iy3YBN0M_AsiLdJCSlZB_0xYXV_GomTmYjF5GEC2rbps8R8Xn6Lpk05gG2YgaFUApH7GFIL6YOM72yQ-H1d6bhZ7SsKGY_PrAQuIdfQi_zN6tXlNobBj13MIFttC9zx_FjFApABVh8C6WRziAw69VC6gWK2FIyGaEEAFNt/s612/Women's%20History%20Month%202019--George%20Bush%20Proclamation..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="612" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfbm1kAznvV9OhkWfxhKx_d0Iy3YBN0M_AsiLdJCSlZB_0xYXV_GomTmYjF5GEC2rbps8R8Xn6Lpk05gG2YgaFUApH7GFIL6YOM72yQ-H1d6bhZ7SsKGY_PrAQuIdfQi_zN6tXlNobBj13MIFttC9zx_FjFApABVh8C6WRziAw69VC6gWK2FIyGaEEAFNt/w640-h384/Women's%20History%20Month%202019--George%20Bush%20Proclamation..jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span face="Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Before
things changed. With wide bi-partisan support in Congress George W.
Bush was able to publicly sign a Presidential Proclamation honoring
Women's History Month. Now the GOP seems to wear systematic misogyny as
a badge of honor.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By
that last year Congressional Republicans were in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">full retreat </b>on women’s issues<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>as they became more and more<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
beholden </b>to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Religious Right</b>
who opposed both the ERA and reproductive choice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bill
Clinton</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">George W. Bush</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Barack Obama</b> all continued to issue
Presidential proclamations. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Under
the influence of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tea Party</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>Congressional Republicans <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">abandoned </b>virtually
any semblance of supporting women’s rights and became <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">actively hostile</b> to the point of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prideful</b> and open <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">misogyny</b>
while Republicans in control of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">state
legislatures </b>propose ever more<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> bizarre
attacks</b> on women.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elevation </b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>an<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> exposed sexual predator </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">open misogynist</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Donald Trump </b>to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Presidency
</b>and his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">alliance </b>with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hard core </b>Religious Right made the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">transformation </b>of the Republican Party
into a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bastion </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">White male privilege </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hostility </b>to women complete.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Meanwhile
on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Democratic side </b>the Obama
administration initiated the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">landmar</b>k
2011 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>Women in America: Indicators of
Social and Economic Well-Being</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
report </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">advanced women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s causes</b> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">defended their</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> interests</b> via <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">appointments </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">executive orders </b>when Congress has
blocked <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">action</b>.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The bitter and <b>hard-fought contest</b> between <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hillary
Clinton </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Senator Bernie Sanders </b>for
the Democratic Presidential nomination in 2016 largely centered on which
candidate was best for women, and whether women<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> owed </b>their support to the possible first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">major party female presidential candidate</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">divisive split </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">between</span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">older women</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">traditional feminist leaders</b> on one hand and many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">younger</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">poorer women</b> on that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hot
button issue</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4z9sm59bRcdmVuIAIz3Gi_0oItpVlgYA1ZRcniEQWzVGkXvGXLDXTwe-zZIhcdH8WggEzC4DM7sX9aPQ4zXN_BCun7idHobNR5a6mySnsMbmWF939q-WCWIjFcQaa7g1_keulU7vxJT4PhpILqiuC2zQPaF7bJv_gxozg_rjV0G-hm8O47mJwAv2Ger12/s700/Women's%20History%20Month%202019--Congress.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="700" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4z9sm59bRcdmVuIAIz3Gi_0oItpVlgYA1ZRcniEQWzVGkXvGXLDXTwe-zZIhcdH8WggEzC4DM7sX9aPQ4zXN_BCun7idHobNR5a6mySnsMbmWF939q-WCWIjFcQaa7g1_keulU7vxJT4PhpILqiuC2zQPaF7bJv_gxozg_rjV0G-hm8O47mJwAv2Ger12/w640-h640/Women's%20History%20Month%202019--Congress.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span face="Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Women
were a huge part of the Blue Wave that put Democrats in control of the
House in 2018. Women of color including Alexandra Ocasio-Ortiz, top, and
Lauren Underwood, second from the bottom were a vital presence.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">However, women on both sides of that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">divide</b> were spurred to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">run for office</b> creating a mighty <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">surge</b> that swept women into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">power</b> at every <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">level of government</b> in 2018.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They were largely responsible for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Blue Wave</b> that gave Democrats a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">firm majority</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">House
of Representatives</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And they hit the
ground running with a bold <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">progressive
agenda</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Speaker Nancy Pelosi </b>famously <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stared
down</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cheeto-in-Charge</b> over
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Government shutdown</b> and his
beloved <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vanity project</b>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Border Wall</b> and ultimately brought the House to vote to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">impeach </b>him. <b>Freshmen</b> stars
including <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alexandra Ocasio-Ortiz</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ilhan Omar</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sharida Davids</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Illinois</b>’
own <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lauren Underwood</b> struck <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">terror</b> in Republicans.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Mo90n7ZH9QfM_pj3CcGTRrckw63F9sEgGuIEIhg3atQ7owdpPJZp4UfQoqjv5ri8Ao606S9PSjdKb6PAdmY3a_VgNKcH4_KOefRADA8ymp1EXrs43FkzdBzOYyQGvtrmfOKl57vVEJNwbvETWoD3m3Kf8v8TTCtY1HHoNMqufbl6hVgHlF2HpElXQMjA/s300/Women's%20History%20Month--2023%20Ms%20Mag%20cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="223" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Mo90n7ZH9QfM_pj3CcGTRrckw63F9sEgGuIEIhg3atQ7owdpPJZp4UfQoqjv5ri8Ao606S9PSjdKb6PAdmY3a_VgNKcH4_KOefRADA8ymp1EXrs43FkzdBzOYyQGvtrmfOKl57vVEJNwbvETWoD3m3Kf8v8TTCtY1HHoNMqufbl6hVgHlF2HpElXQMjA/w476-h640/Women's%20History%20Month--2023%20Ms%20Mag%20cover.jpg" width="476" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><i style="font-weight: bold;">Ms Magazine</i>,
the iconic voice of U.S. feminism celebrated the record number of women
in the Biden administration including Vice President Kamala Harris,
Cabinet and agency heads, and key White House staff.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The <b>dramatic events </b>following the 2020
election victory by stanch women’s rights ally <b>Joe Biden</b> and <b>Vice
President Kamala Harris </b>including the attempted January 6, 2021 <b>insurrection
</b>and <b>siege</b> of the <b>Capitol</b>, renewed attacks on <b>voting rights</b>
and <b>access</b>, draconian <b>state anti-abortion laws </b>have place women’s
rights in greater jeopardy than ever.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Never was Women’s History Month so desperately needed.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBNgrUlEx-VkeSrr9HsTz8E5Hytp8ZuQaQlqm91USBPVLESKWoZxoAixs-0m00JT7_AR75eUxSsiZcPnbiMQM2LzPaUQbjjiHqg657PR3yZuTHrhzaq01IonNNJfFbO5VKguvZOmMkj6bYfixofnKcdT4-uYTVav5pi_CjSlIOfVnqL6VdMSwqgPXa3_hu/s406/Women's%20History%20Month%202024%20women-who-advocate%20theme.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="400" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBNgrUlEx-VkeSrr9HsTz8E5Hytp8ZuQaQlqm91USBPVLESKWoZxoAixs-0m00JT7_AR75eUxSsiZcPnbiMQM2LzPaUQbjjiHqg657PR3yZuTHrhzaq01IonNNJfFbO5VKguvZOmMkj6bYfixofnKcdT4-uYTVav5pi_CjSlIOfVnqL6VdMSwqgPXa3_hu/w630-h640/Women's%20History%20Month%202024%20women-who-advocate%20theme.jpg" width="630" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">This year the National Women’s History Project has </span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Women Who Advocate for Equity, Diversity and Inclusion</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">as the 2024 Women’s History Month
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">theme</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The theme recognizes women throughout the
country who understand that, for a positive future, we need to eliminate bias
and discrimination entirely from our lives and institutions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Women from every background have long realized
that an uneven playing field will never bring equality or justice. Many feel
the critical need to speak up and work harder for fairness in our institutions
and social interactions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">During 2024, we recognize the example of women
who are committed to embracing everyone and excluding no one in our common
quest for freedom and opportunity. They know that people change with the help
of families, teachers and friends, and that young people in particular need to
learn the value of hearing from different voices with different points of view
as they grow up.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Today, equity, diversity and inclusion are
powerful driving forces that are having a wide-ranging impact on our country.
As members of families, civic and community groups, businesses and legislative
bodies, women are in the forefront of reevaluating the status quo. They are
looking anew at what harmful social policies and behaviors exist and, often
subtly, determine our future. In response, women in communities across the
nation are helping to develop innovative programs and projects within
corporations, the military, federal agencies and educational organizations to
address these injustices.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></p><p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-51075989637084302272024-02-29T02:00:00.019-06:002024-02-29T05:37:30.595-06:00Hattie McDaniel Got An Oscar for Mammy<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjK_JFtJSz_vMH7G2Yeyz2QZc_pY7tcmlLigSUclywWFF6_AgMS5hUhiX0BEKPO70UZT3mhnIPBgRbI-19B_kOPP6-qLuTOVQyjdQ9-1MsKISK3YQxKZnOWUTJYGjd7nx3EFy8zzJLZNtO5UOT0e6q0TFbmoEIU8ovIrQ_EVN5aAU8UbJaim_Y9YyYhbmk/s450/Hattie%20McDaniel--Gone%20With%20the%20Wind.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="450" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjK_JFtJSz_vMH7G2Yeyz2QZc_pY7tcmlLigSUclywWFF6_AgMS5hUhiX0BEKPO70UZT3mhnIPBgRbI-19B_kOPP6-qLuTOVQyjdQ9-1MsKISK3YQxKZnOWUTJYGjd7nx3EFy8zzJLZNtO5UOT0e6q0TFbmoEIU8ovIrQ_EVN5aAU8UbJaim_Y9YyYhbmk/w640-h284/Hattie%20McDaniel--Gone%20With%20the%20Wind.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hattie McDaniel as Mammy with Vivian Leigh as Scarlet O'Hara in<b><i> Gone With the Wind.</i></b></span><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Eighty-four
years ago, tonight <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hattie McDaniel </b>won
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Academy Award </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Best Performance </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">by a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Supporting Actress </b>for her role as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mammy </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">blockbuster hit
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gone With the Wind</i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></b>She was the first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black </b>performer to be so <b>honored</b>—and
the only one until <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sidney Poitier </b>took
home an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Oscar </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lilies
of the Field </i></b>in 1963 if you don’t count the “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Special Academy Award</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">”</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">James Baskett</b> for his
characterization of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Uncle Remus</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Song
of the South</i></b> in 1948.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But on the
night of her triumph McDaniel and her escort to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">awards ceremony </b>were required to sit at a segregated table on a far
wall of the room with her white agent, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">William
Meiklejohn</b>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The swanky <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Coconut Grove Room</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ambassador Hotel</b> had a strict <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">no-Blacks policy</b> but allowed McDaniel
in as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">favor</b> to the Academy.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">In <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">America </b>circa 1940 no Black person was
allowed to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">soar too high</b> without a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slap </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">racism </b>to make sure that they did not get too <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">uppity </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">knew their place.</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">McDaniel
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">also</b> found herself under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">attack</b> from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">two wings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">white Southerners </b>we outraged that the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">beloved hymn </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ante-bellum</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dixie </b>and
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lost Cause </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Confederacy </b>was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dishonored </b>by the award to a Black woman.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Surely, they insisted, the prize should have
gone to sweet <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Olivia de Havilland</b> as
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Melanie</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They also complained that Mammy was way <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">too familiar</b> with and downright
disrespectful to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vivian Leigh</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
Scarlet O</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hara</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">On
the other hand, many Black leaders, although glad to see some recognition, were
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">offended </b>by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">subservience<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>and <b>stereotypical
portrayal</b> not only of the Mammy character, but of most of the roles
McDaniel played, a parade of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">domestics—maids,
cooks</b>, and mammies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">career</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>it was said, “ran the
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gamut </b>from maid to maid.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">These
two attitudes would haunt her entire long career in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hollywood </b>which included over 300 films with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">credited parts </b>in 83.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">McDaniel
was born on June 10, 1895, the youngest of 13 children of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">former slaves</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But she did
not have the experience of most Southern Blacks during the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jim Crow Era</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Her
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">father</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Henry McDaniel</b> was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">veteran
</b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">122nd United States Colored
Troops</b> during the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Civil War</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To escape the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">long shadow </b>of slavery and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">white
supremacy</b> in the South he moved his family to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kansas</b> which was seen as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">haven
</b>for Blacks after the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hattie was
born in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Wichita</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her mother <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Susan Holbert</b>, was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gospel
singer </b>who encouraged her children to become <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">musicians </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">performers</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>McDaniel would later say that she understood
Mammy in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gone With the Wind</i> “because
my own grandmother worked on a plantation not unlike Tara.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
family relocated to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fort Collins</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Colorado </b>in 1900 and then to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Denver </b>where Hattie attended <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">East High School </b>giving her a better
education than most young black women of her time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But before she could graduate she began
touring in her brother <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Otis</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> in hid</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> minstrel troupe </b>which played a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Western circuit</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Young
Hattie sang and wrote some of her own songs as well as performing in the second
act and acting in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">skits </b>in the
third.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After Otis died in 1916 the
troupe fell on hard times and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disbanded</b>
as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vaudeville </b>was on the rise and
replacing minstrel shows as America’s favorite <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">theatrical entertainment</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrgx0ccK3em_cZhG5yHI18BZBgTMc9H0VROLFb1q2VI-AmpusY3UlIso5AXLI0nYWSw4D56vprwWwen_Zkjrm_FrJnTyDjo6c_5xLT2kQLv0kbCgAYe_qhVAwW0XUsDy4NfSBqnEbLtZRaYrWDcXyMAkguhJ2KrFWOot5-S6IPPI3rwstBHeIyoc2PI4Jk/s640/Hattie%20McDaniel--young.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="445" data-original-width="640" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrgx0ccK3em_cZhG5yHI18BZBgTMc9H0VROLFb1q2VI-AmpusY3UlIso5AXLI0nYWSw4D56vprwWwen_Zkjrm_FrJnTyDjo6c_5xLT2kQLv0kbCgAYe_qhVAwW0XUsDy4NfSBqnEbLtZRaYrWDcXyMAkguhJ2KrFWOot5-S6IPPI3rwstBHeIyoc2PI4Jk/w640-h446/Hattie%20McDaniel--young.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hattie McDaniel as a young actress and singer.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">From
1920 to ‘25, McDaniel appeared with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Professor
George Morrison</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Melody Hounds</b>, a black touring
ensemble and began a pioneering <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">radio </b>career
with the group on Denver <b>station KOA</b> in the mid-1920s where she became
the first Black woman to sing on radio in America.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From 1926 to ‘29, she <b>recorded many</b> of
her songs for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Okeh Records</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Paramount Records</b>, and the tiny <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kansas City</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Meritt</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">label</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stock Market Crash </b>of 1929 and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Great Depression </b>put an end to her
recording career.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Desperate to find
work, McDaniel had to take a job as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">washroom
attendant </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">waitress </b>at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Club Madrid</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Milwaukee</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Wisconsin</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eventually she convinced the reluctant club
owner to let her sing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She became so
popular he made her a regular in his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">floor
shows</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">In
1931 she moved to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Los Angeles </b>to be
near to her brother <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sam </b>and two
sisters who had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">toe-holds </b>in the
entertainment industry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was able to
join Sam in the cast of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Optimistic Do-Nut Hour</i></b> on radio
station <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">KNX </b>where she developed the
role of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">High Hat Hattie</b>, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saucy </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sassy </b>maid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But her radio
salary was so low that she had to work as a maid in real life.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">She
began working as an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">extra</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">walk-on</b>, and an occasional uncredited <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bit part </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">movies</b> and sometimes sang in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">black
chorus numbers</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Her
first significant but uncredited role was, of course, as a maid in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Golden
West </i></b>in 1932 and she attracted attention in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mae West</b> film <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">m
No Angel </b></i>the next year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her big
break came 1934 with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Will Rogers </b>in
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John Ford directed</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Judge
Priest </i></b>in which she got <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">co-staring
billing </b>and sang a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">duet </b>with
Rogers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That year she joined the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Screen Actors Guild</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4_xqmIapJPL8u6yfT42cEarI3y8duX_1_zIH0Z1DocMJAqKDt20CSZ_ese7RA3ObFOr7sjckI1r5R-AoTa8tQMhYSrI1m5-Ytu1Us1TIND08y5gKxZ_9ChslMR34t8wOziyV67I9OopykYYI-KFunAb66t1Wzl8gpSNVDREO5JucvsYAy_8P6DwECOBQK/s2048/Hattie%20McDaniel--Little%20Colonel%20(2).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4_xqmIapJPL8u6yfT42cEarI3y8duX_1_zIH0Z1DocMJAqKDt20CSZ_ese7RA3ObFOr7sjckI1r5R-AoTa8tQMhYSrI1m5-Ytu1Us1TIND08y5gKxZ_9ChslMR34t8wOziyV67I9OopykYYI-KFunAb66t1Wzl8gpSNVDREO5JucvsYAy_8P6DwECOBQK/w480-h640/Hattie%20McDaniel--Little%20Colonel%20(2).png" width="480" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">McDaniel as Mom Beck, a<b> </b>darkie nostalgic for slave times, with Evelyn Venable and Shirley Temple in<b><i> The Little Colonel</i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">In
1935 McDaniel co-starred with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Shirley
Temple</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Lionel Barrymore</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bill </b>“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bojangles</b>”<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Robinson </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Little Colonel</i></b> as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mom
Beck</b>, the post-Civil War housekeeper who waxes nostalgic for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">old plantation life</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite the popularity of the film, the
performance was the first to draw significant criticism from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">civil rights</b> leaders especially <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Walter White </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Association for Colored People </b>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">NAACP</b>).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
following year she appeared in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Show Boat </i></b>as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Queeny</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> the ship’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cook</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">deckhand Joe</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> exasperated </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mate</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, and </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Magnolia’s </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">childhood mammy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She co-stared</span>
with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irene Dunn</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Helen Morgan</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alan Jones</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Paul Robeson</b> as Joe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She got a rare opportunity to sing with Dunn
on a verse of a verse of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Can</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">t Help Lovin</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Dat Man </b></i>and in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">duet </b>with Robinson<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> I
Still Suits Me</i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVPDM1xzx4mzgC0OyHRZOsC1f0LPqk1vgcRFrMdQUVXTRxprdADpB3e_sRKU_1oyo9lH213mqI5RX2Njwz7dioHUJeZbR6epVQ4pyeLg4YSVS8PSepHAM3JXb-mZCkaysrCUuQVgQgbGpPf-LfUrkq9vN_h9pZnv29NFc6pMromk14FasNfXpTOUw7oNBJ/s960/Hattie%20McDaniel--Show%20Boat.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="767" data-original-width="960" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVPDM1xzx4mzgC0OyHRZOsC1f0LPqk1vgcRFrMdQUVXTRxprdADpB3e_sRKU_1oyo9lH213mqI5RX2Njwz7dioHUJeZbR6epVQ4pyeLg4YSVS8PSepHAM3JXb-mZCkaysrCUuQVgQgbGpPf-LfUrkq9vN_h9pZnv29NFc6pMromk14FasNfXpTOUw7oNBJ/w640-h512/Hattie%20McDaniel--Show%20Boat.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">As Queeny in<b><i> Show Boat</i></b> with Paul Robeson, Irene Dunn, and Helen Morgan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">1936
was a busy year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>McDaniel appeared in 13
films, half of them still uncredited.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She could work so steadily because maids and domestics were featured in
films across <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">genres—westerns</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">period pieces</b>, both <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">low </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">high comedies</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mysteries</b>,
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s movie weepies</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Some
of her notable rolls were in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">China Seas </i></b>in which she first
appeared with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Clark Gable </b>who became
a life-long <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">close friend<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jean Harlow</b>;<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alice Adams </i></b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Katherine Hepburn </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fred McMurray</b> as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slovenly </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inept </b>maid;
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Saratoga</b> again with Gable and Harlow
in her last film role; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Stella Dallas </i></b>with <b>Barbara</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
Stanwyck</i></b>; and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Mad Miss Manton </i></b>with Stanwyck
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Henry Fonda</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9Gp9OWljWOw95PdEbLMYnd1Fnh0r5CBnqOyJuhYMg3pT_uCEDVbRyboKhmgMmU1uG-7gsA1hp2vcI03letSorUtUX150M7iIuF4Ll0vuU3NlufjF2yH9UCK1tcO2KFjL7x9Oxv5HuFFWkUjDrGS4bPQPsIuWvJGqJ145kvgTC0K7pYcH1Zw9qDyLfueqA/s1200/Hattie%20McDaniel--Jean%20Harlow.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9Gp9OWljWOw95PdEbLMYnd1Fnh0r5CBnqOyJuhYMg3pT_uCEDVbRyboKhmgMmU1uG-7gsA1hp2vcI03letSorUtUX150M7iIuF4Ll0vuU3NlufjF2yH9UCK1tcO2KFjL7x9Oxv5HuFFWkUjDrGS4bPQPsIuWvJGqJ145kvgTC0K7pYcH1Zw9qDyLfueqA/w640-h480/Hattie%20McDaniel--Jean%20Harlow.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">With Jean Harlow in<b><i> China Seas.</i></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Despite
her many credits, McDaniel was not <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">David
O. Selznick</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s </b>first choice as Mammy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every Black actress of a certain age in
Hollywood wanted the part and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">First Lady
Eleanora Roosevelt </b>lobbied the producer to give the part to her personal
maid, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Elizabeth McDuffie</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gable heartily recommended McDaniel but it
took an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">audition </b>in which she showed
up in a period costume with the <b>kerchief</b> on her head that she finally
won the part.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hoopla </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">over <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gone With the Wind </i>had been at a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fever pitch</b> ever since Selznick announced the film version of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Margaret Mitchell</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
</b>beloved <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">best-selling novel</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">premier
</b>was scheduled for December 15, 1939 at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Loew</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
Grand Theater</b> on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Peachtree Street</b>
in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Atlanta</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Georgia</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MGM
</b>which released Selznick’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">independent
production</b> barred the producer from allowing McDaniel to attend because of
Georgia’s strict <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">segregation laws</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>An irate Gable threatened to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">boycott </b>the premier himself unless she
was allowed to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">walk </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> red carpet</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Fearing
a possible <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">riot</b> McDaniel urged him
to let it slide and go to Atlanta.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More
than 300,000 reportedly mobbed the streets around the theater.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was able to attend a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">star studded </b>Hollywood premier on December 28.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXyUV9O7_MpAIwnPxmc8Z9zZtW8mqkiUGxgCeFB7a_dgnxoIZrCOFmmy75mLXcICjR3lck5Kj-LCFYp-p2A9eyB4YrCeTlkdJiQplYD62-RjWuxhhJWLILlDsluxDMXCku7SFqHTTJftZZYHkEE7KQMxYNsNq7gt993089XBoy3N9W7VvljqZURGtXtOpr/s1296/Hattie%20McDaniel--Oscar%20ceremony.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="730" data-original-width="1296" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXyUV9O7_MpAIwnPxmc8Z9zZtW8mqkiUGxgCeFB7a_dgnxoIZrCOFmmy75mLXcICjR3lck5Kj-LCFYp-p2A9eyB4YrCeTlkdJiQplYD62-RjWuxhhJWLILlDsluxDMXCku7SFqHTTJftZZYHkEE7KQMxYNsNq7gt993089XBoy3N9W7VvljqZURGtXtOpr/w640-h360/Hattie%20McDaniel--Oscar%20ceremony.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;">R<span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">eceiving her Oscar for playing Mammy in</span></span><b style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><i> Gone With the Wind</i></b><span style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> in 1940.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">When
the Academy Award nominations came out, McDaniel found herself in completion
with her co-star Olivia de Havilland, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Geraldine
Fitzgerald </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wuthering Heights</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Edna May Oliver </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Drums
Across the Mohawk</i></b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Maria
Ouspenskaya</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Love Affair.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></b>Popular de
Havilland was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the heavy favorite</b>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it was McDaniel’s night.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gossip
columnist Louella Parsons </b>described the event. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hattie McDaniel
earned that gold Oscar by her fine performance of “Mammy” in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gone with the Wind</i>. If you had seen her
face when she walked up to the platform and took the gold trophy, you would
have had the choke in your voice that all of us had when Hattie, hair trimmed
with gardenias, face alight, and dress up to the queen’s taste, accepted the
honor in one of the finest speeches ever given on the Academy floor.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Academy of Motion
Picture Arts and Sciences, fellow members of the motion picture industry and
honored guests: This is one of the happiest moments of my life, and I want to
thank each one of you who had a part in selecting me for one of their awards,
for your kindness. It has made me feel very, very humble; and I shall always
hold it as a beacon for anything that I may be able to do in the future. I
sincerely hope I shall always be a credit to my race and to the motion picture
industry. My heart is too full to tell you just how I feel, and may I say thank
you and God bless you.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Despite
the Oscar win, McDaniel’s career was somewhat slowed up during <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">World War II </b>during which she devoted
time to serve as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">chairman</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Negro Division</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hollywood Victory Committee</b>, providing
entertainment for segregated Black <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">troops</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She made numerous personal appearances at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">military hospitals</b>, threw <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">parties</b>, and performed with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">USO shows</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">war bond rallies</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bette
Davis</b> was the only white member of McDaniel’s troupe to perform for black
regiments alongside <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lena Horne</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ethel Waters</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>McDaniel was also a member of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American Women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Voluntary Services</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Her
war-time roles included <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">George Washington Slept Here </i></b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jack Benny</b>;<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Since You Went Away </i></b>with
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Claudette Colbert</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jennifer Jones</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Joseph Cotton</b>, and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">teenage</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Shirley</b> <b>Temple</b>; and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Janie
</i></b>and its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sequel <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Janie Gets Married</i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"></i></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">McDaniel’s
deteriorating health slowed her down further in the post war years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among her films were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Margie </i></b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jeanne Crain</b>; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Never Say Goodbye</i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b>a
comedy with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Errol Flynn </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eleanor Parker</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">; </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Walt Disney</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
</b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Song of the South </i>with James
Baskett; and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">coming </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
age </b>comedy/drama <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mickey</i></b> which was one of several
films in which she played a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wise</b>
domestic in a family with a teenage <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">daughter</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her final film in 1949 was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">auto racing </b>drama <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Big Wheel </i></b>with a
grown up <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mickey Rooney</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Also,
during the post-war years McDaniel, who usually eschewed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">activism </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">politics</b>,
became involved in a celebrated <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">open
housing court battle</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>She was the most famous of the Black <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">homeowners</b> who organized the black <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">West Adams</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">neighborhood</b> in Los Angeles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Loren Miller</b>, an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">attorney</b> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">owner</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">publisher</b> of
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">California
Eagle</i></b>, the major <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black-owned
newspaper</b> on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">West Coast</b>,
represented the minority homeowners in their suit against a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">restrictive covenant</b>. Wealthy Blacks
began moving into the area of older <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mansions</b>
fashionable before the rise of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Beverly
Hills </b>in 1938 and included entertainers like McDaniel, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Louise Beaver</b>, and Ethel Waters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>California Superior<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Judge
Thurmond Clarke</b> overturned a 1902 restricted covenant in 1949 ruling that,
“It is time that members of the Negro race are accorded, without reservations
or evasions, the full rights guaranteed them under the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">14th Amendment</b> to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Federal
Constitution</b>. Judges have been avoiding the real issue too long.”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiluy3mPwbvqhvEAYrNfUH0IXsE5sIIy-8CT1HcLLP1KGZ7zvuVJNV9rCeRpNd-WNHAv3SDfmto9MUw95X-SXKXOTfQUakBBZLYxGK_V5UNOUekDrD5Fp2DnoApURkX37sGx0pVl8tVqQ66P7UTRSwSdsi8HxOLmGjSYfHzLhzsFad1dctEUzLQpjMzGZxF/s900/Hattie%20McDaniel--radio.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="582" data-original-width="900" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiluy3mPwbvqhvEAYrNfUH0IXsE5sIIy-8CT1HcLLP1KGZ7zvuVJNV9rCeRpNd-WNHAv3SDfmto9MUw95X-SXKXOTfQUakBBZLYxGK_V5UNOUekDrD5Fp2DnoApURkX37sGx0pVl8tVqQ66P7UTRSwSdsi8HxOLmGjSYfHzLhzsFad1dctEUzLQpjMzGZxF/w640-h414/Hattie%20McDaniel--radio.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">McDaniel on CBS Radio as star of<b> <i>The Beulah Show</i></b>.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">In
1947 McDaniel became the first Black woman to star in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">radio series </b>when she took over the role of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Beulah</b>—yet another maid—from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">white
male actors </b>who had played the part since 1939 in various shows on two
networks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Beulah Show </i></b>was a big
hit for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CBS Radio </b>and the star made
the best money of her career—$2,000 per week.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She continued in the part until 1952 when she had to retire due to
illness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ethyl Waters took <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Beulah Show </i>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ABC Television,</b> but McDaniel replaced her for six episodes in
1952.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She quit the show after being <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">diagnosed</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">advanced breast cancer</b> and was replaced for the final season of the
show by Louise Beavers.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Even
before the cancer diagnosis, McDaniel’s health had been in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">decline</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In August 1950, McDaniel
suffered a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heart attack</b> and was
admitted to <b>Temple</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Hospital</b>
in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">semi-critical condition</b>. She was
released in October to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recuperate </b>at
home but suffered a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mild stroke</b> on
January 3, 1951.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">She
died of breast cancer at age 57 on October 26, 1952 in the hospital on the
grounds of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Motion Picture House</b>
in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Woodland Hills</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">California</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">But
her troubles were not over.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hollywood Cemetery</b>, where she wanted to
be buried, refused to accept her remains because of the strict segregation
policy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was buried instead at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rosedale Cemetery</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Despite
her good income from radio and TV, her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">estate
</b>was valued at only $10,000 due to her generosity to family and friends and
sizable medical bills.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">IRS </b>claimed $11,000 in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">back taxes </b>and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">probate court</b> ordered all of her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">property</b>, including her Oscar, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sold
</b>to pay off <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">creditors</b>,
principally the IRS.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Somehow the Oscar
escaped the sale and ended up at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Howard
University </b>as directed in her final <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">will</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>It was on display in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cabinet </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">theater department</b> for several years before <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disappearing </b>into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">storage</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The University still can’t find the award but
vehemently <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">denies</b> rumors that angry <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">student activists</b> threw it into the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Potomac </b>in the 1970’s in protest to
McDaniel’s “demeaning portrayals.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">In
her lifetime McDaniel seldom spoke about the criticism she received from Black
activists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But she told one <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">interviewer</b>, “Why should I complain
about making $700 a week playing a maid? If I didn’t, I’d be making $7 a week
being one.”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaGdAO1q5LYXne2a2ht95CMedmANkl7D9-VsSai24SlbNCuHGkW3pblVUg3kjZbpn3QsepLiqBqw5mwIgYk6gNkV9__Fevzkt4lLwuf27TJe0bPfxLnWjRG50mtToEZFyeZJ6Hbbrm5jiW_ExptK3g1v96QXyxBObEiaecZoLJ4RJUewqElSU_kpQr1w2o/s540/Hattie%20McDaniel--actual%20oscar.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="540" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaGdAO1q5LYXne2a2ht95CMedmANkl7D9-VsSai24SlbNCuHGkW3pblVUg3kjZbpn3QsepLiqBqw5mwIgYk6gNkV9__Fevzkt4lLwuf27TJe0bPfxLnWjRG50mtToEZFyeZJ6Hbbrm5jiW_ExptK3g1v96QXyxBObEiaecZoLJ4RJUewqElSU_kpQr1w2o/w640-h482/Hattie%20McDaniel--actual%20oscar.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">McDaniel with her now missing Academy Award trophy. Note that it was a
plaque with a representation of an Oscar statuette, what Supporting
player winners then were given. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Despite
the controversy, McDaniel received many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">posthumous
honors </b>including two stars for movies and radio on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hollywood Walk of Fame</b>, induction into the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame</b>; and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">U</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">S</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Postal Service Black
Heritage stamp </b>in 2006.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">In
1994, the actress and singer <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Karla Burns</b>
launched a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">one-woman show</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hi-Hat-Hattie</i></b>
about McDaniel’s life and toured with it to several <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">other </b>cities through 2002. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">In
2002, McDaniel’s legacy was celebrated in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">AMC</b> film <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Beyond Tara</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> The Extraordinary Life of Hattie</b></i> produced and directed by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Madison D</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Lacy</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hosted</b> by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Whoopi Goldberg</b>. The film won the 2001–2002 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Daytime Emmy Award</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Outstanding
Special Class Special</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH1Bff0HT8hOlrf_N23wFVYD3i6_uw3zXmGKWE7gkkRq0SRbNFfpd01j52WXushy6mYajYzWtK_nJhd3Rz3hyphenhyphenDOf4hSMxaresLVX4Je-McZ-PEYcbS59q6LZtddAkPgO5DjriJctthm_yeL2Wxis9Urrf7tHDLja2PwPlV1ciAFL0XLR2pqWNHzoMyJeWa/s624/Hattie%20McDaniel--Rita%20Dove.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="624" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH1Bff0HT8hOlrf_N23wFVYD3i6_uw3zXmGKWE7gkkRq0SRbNFfpd01j52WXushy6mYajYzWtK_nJhd3Rz3hyphenhyphenDOf4hSMxaresLVX4Je-McZ-PEYcbS59q6LZtddAkPgO5DjriJctthm_yeL2Wxis9Urrf7tHDLja2PwPlV1ciAFL0XLR2pqWNHzoMyJeWa/w640-h424/Hattie%20McDaniel--Rita%20Dove.png" width="640" /></a></div></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Former U.S. Poet Laureate Rita Dove.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">In
2004 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rita Dove</b>, the first Black U.S.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Poet Laureate</b>, published her poem <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hattie
McDaniel Arrives at the Coconut Grove</i></b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The New Yorker.</i></b></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hattie McDaniel Arrives at the Coconut Grove</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">late, in aqua and ermine, gardenias</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">scaling her left sleeve in a spasm of scent,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">her gloves white, her smile chastened, purse giddy</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">with stars and rhinestones clipped to her
brilliantined hair,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">on her free arm that fine Negro,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mr. Wonderful Smith.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">It’s the day that isn’t, February 29th,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">at the end of the shortest month of the year—</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">and the shittiest, too, everywhere</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">except Hollywood, California,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">where the maid can wear mink and still be a maid,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">bobbing her bandaged head and cursing</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">the white folks under her breath as she smiles</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">and shoos their silly daughters</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">in from the night dew … what can she be</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">thinking of, striding into the ballroom</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">where no black face has ever showed itself</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">except above a serving tray?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hi-Hat Hattie, Mama Mac, Her Haughtiness,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">the “little lady” from Showboat whose name</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bing forgot, Beulah & Bertha & Malena</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">& Carrie & Violet & Cynthia & Fidelia,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">one half of the Dark Barrymores—</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">dear Mammy we can’t help but hug you crawl into</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">your generous lap tease you</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">with arch innuendo so we can feel that</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">much more wicked and youthful</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">and sleek but oh what</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">we forgot: the four husbands, the phantom</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">pregnancy, your famous parties, your celebrated</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">ice box cake. Your giggle above the red petticoat’s
rustle,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">black girl and white girl walking hand in hand</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">down the railroad tracks</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">in Kansas City, six years old.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">The man who advised you, now</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">that you were famous, to “begin eliminating”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">your more “common” acquaintances</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">and your reply (catching him square</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">in the eye): “That’s a good idea.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">I’ll start right now by eliminating you.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Is she or isn’t she? Three million dishes,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">a truckload of aprons and headrags later, and here</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">you are: poised, between husbands</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">and factions, no corset wide enough</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">to hold you in, your huge face a dark moon split</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">by that spontaneous smile—your trademark,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">your curse. No matter, Hattie: It’s a long, beautiful
walk</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">into that flower-smothered standing ovation,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">so go on</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">and make them wait.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in 0in 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>—</span> </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rita
Dove</span></b></p>
<p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-8855595144224181062024-02-28T02:00:00.001-06:002024-02-28T02:00:00.134-06:00Anti-immigrant Zealots Cut US-Vatican Diplomatic Ties and a Woman Was Their Excuse<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm2I0QQLJCcWnIBcrXHI1NG-XEmANUuetgkCzMaupQi3Aj2Vwrn3lr0QS1jo9bjRPVDVAD96OZwHk3Yf1DQX3UjIh_NX_4YTN4PEniw7H_C5MMXXqMs4hX-wE7hEHCJ7c59CTc7eDoONtGMdxFWIVfuAsmJpg1cfp4EKuj54U50c-hC_HyWu5zceQ36Rj7/s640/Vatican%20relations--Mary%20Surratt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="420" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm2I0QQLJCcWnIBcrXHI1NG-XEmANUuetgkCzMaupQi3Aj2Vwrn3lr0QS1jo9bjRPVDVAD96OZwHk3Yf1DQX3UjIh_NX_4YTN4PEniw7H_C5MMXXqMs4hX-wE7hEHCJ7c59CTc7eDoONtGMdxFWIVfuAsmJpg1cfp4EKuj54U50c-hC_HyWu5zceQ36Rj7/w420-h640/Vatican%20relations--Mary%20Surratt.jpg" width="420" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">When Maryland tavern keeper Mary Surratt was hanged for her alleged part
in the conspiracy to assassinate Abraham Lincoln her Catholic faith led
to charges that the Vatican was somehow also behind the plot.</span><br /><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Naturally,
it was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">blamed </b>on a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> woman.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>A <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mary </b>no less.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mary
Surratt </b>was a middle aged<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Maryland
tavern keeper</b> who had just got herself <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hung</b>
as one of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">conspirators </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">assassination </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Abraham Lincoln </b>and the attempts on the lives of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vice President, Secretary of State, </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Secretary of War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Wilkes Booth </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">associates </b>met at her tavern to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plot </b>their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">revenge </b>for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Confederacy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Surratt’s son <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John</b>, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Confederate</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">courier </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spy</b> was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">actively engaged</b>
with Booth in an earlier<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> attempt</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kidnap </b>the President, but was in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Elmira</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York </b>when the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">foul deed </b>was
done and may not have had anything to do with the assassination plan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fled
</b>the country after seeking <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">refuge </b>in
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Catholic Church </b>and eventually
ended up in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rome </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">enlisted </b>as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Papal Zouave</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mary was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nabbed</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stretched</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because she of
her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">faith</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">longtime Catholic haters </b>stirred up <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rumors</b> that<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>nefarious <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Papists </b>were behind the plot.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Despite
the fact<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>that hundreds of thousands
of Catholics had served <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">faithfully </b>and often with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">notable heroism </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">distinction </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Union Army</b> including members of the famed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish Brigade </b>and several <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">regiments</b>
of solid, reliable <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">German </b>Catholics,
Congress was quick to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> take the bait</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Congress was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dominated </b>by ardent<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Protestant abolitionists </b>now known as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Radical Republicans</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Among the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">most influential</b> in their ranks were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New England Unitarians </b>who were also <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rabidly anti-Catholic</b>, a long festering<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> prejudice </b>that had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">grown
deeper</b> as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wave after wave</b> of
Irish and other Catholic immigrants had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">washed
up </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American shores</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">There
was also a good solid <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political reason</b>
to slap the Catholics—they <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tended</b>,
at least in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">big cities </b>where
they<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>piled into the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> slums</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>to be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Democrats </b>and
they were now <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">present</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sufficient numbers</b> to begin their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rapid rise</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political power.</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Congress
took up a proposal to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sever relations</b>
with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vatican</b>, which was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">opposed</b> by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Grant Administration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Such <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">decisions</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">foreign policy </b>were the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prerogative</b>
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Executive Branch</b> and
relations with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Holy See </b>were
approved by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">George Washington</b>
himself in 1787.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As debate in Congress
went forward, rumors hit the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Capitol</b>
that the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pope </b>had suddenly<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>ordered an end<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>to weekly<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> private
Protestant services </b>conducted at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American
Legation </b>inside the walls of the Vatican.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>With that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">alleged slap in the
face</b>, Congress voted to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">end </b>all<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> funding</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">diplomatic relations </b>with the Holy See.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They couldn’t <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">order </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">direct end</b> to
recognition, but they could make it <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">impossible</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Grant,
who had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">other fish to fry </b>with the
Radicals in Congress, was not willing to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">go
to the mat </b>over his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">envoy </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rome.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>Besides, he shared some of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prevalent
</b>anti-Catholic <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bias</b> even if he
was not so <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vitriolic </b>about it and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lost no love</b> for Democrats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On February 28, 1867 he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">signed </b>the legislation that effectively ended formal relations with
the Vatican<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>They would not be fully <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">restored</b> until 1984, almost 114 years
later.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv4L0evlyfeLONEbRpdtUciDN0wXvyPjBq7gjNlXuL430deTRCDMUyGayT7uRA44FzI3hJXPTjqPXJpSTMhGxsA3p3iH3pvrDq2u1g08ih2g6bfFigFFXGL3Ipir8A_eLmL69OX24SLAzSGmtGuYxlK19QshzscsEyjlVsZGM-SrhauHG7FF0KxwXDmZ3M/s704/Vatican%20Relations--PopePiusVI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="704" data-original-width="476" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv4L0evlyfeLONEbRpdtUciDN0wXvyPjBq7gjNlXuL430deTRCDMUyGayT7uRA44FzI3hJXPTjqPXJpSTMhGxsA3p3iH3pvrDq2u1g08ih2g6bfFigFFXGL3Ipir8A_eLmL69OX24SLAzSGmtGuYxlK19QshzscsEyjlVsZGM-SrhauHG7FF0KxwXDmZ3M/w432-h640/Vatican%20Relations--PopePiusVI.jpg" width="432" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Pope Pius VI accepted the diplomatic attentions of the Washington administration.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">second term</b> was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">winding down</b>, Washington had very <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">good reasons</b> to want to deal with the
Vatican.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Holy See remained <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">influential</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">European affairs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>It could <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">potentially </b>provide an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">avenue </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">secret </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">secure
communications </b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Spain </b>which
controlled <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">territory (Florida) </b>on
the U.S.’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">southern </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">western (Louisiana</b>) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">borders</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>West of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alleghenies</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frontier settlements </b>were always brewing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plots </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plans</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">break away</b> from the U.S. and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">swear loyalty</b> to the Spanish to gain an
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">outlet to the sea </b>for their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">crops</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">livestock</b> at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Orleans. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Also the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">French Revelation </b>had quickly taken an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anti-clerical turn </b>and the Vatican’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hostility</b> to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">revolutionary
</b>regime was shared by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Secretary of
the Treasury Alexander Hamilton</b> who had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eclipsed</b> ardent <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">republican
Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson </b>as the President’s most <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trusted advisor</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington opened up relations with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Papal States </b>at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">consular level.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Adams<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b>continued the relationship.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
1848 as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mexican War </b>was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">winding down</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">James Knox Polk </b>elevated relations to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">accredit </b>an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">envoy </b>to the
Pope himself in his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">capacity</b> as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Head of the Papal State</b>s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although short of the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> rank</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ambassador, </b>envoys
held a rank <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">equivalent </b>to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">chargé
d’affaires</i> </b>for the next 19 years.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">After
the formal break in relations several Presidents found it <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inconvenient</b> not to have official representation at the Vatican
which could be helpful in issues ranging from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">immigration</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">war</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">peace</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Some relied on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">back channel
contacts </b>through other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">legations </b>or
by using Catholic <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American tourists</b>
or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">businessmen</b> to pass information. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Beginning
with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Franklin D. Roosevelt </b>in 1933, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chief Executives </b>sent <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">semi-official personal envoys </b>to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Holy See.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>The first was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Postmaster
General James Farley</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">highest
ranking </b>Catholic in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">administration</b>
who visited <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pope Pius XI </b>and dined
with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cardinal Pacelli</b>, who was to
succeed to the Papacy in 1939 as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pope
Pius XII.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8dGJiKLcwiml6COhqtUi255bI4qJhviUVyhaiQjG2h1hiMNy2qfbi7MlWKHj9ngh8rXk4Tv8v_dY-sLRfdwxWrztqExGENUtRMXYprqwt1jA-7h4pJbMsleQYwd0YMuL-pAu-DKpg79bWAlF5X4D6BLH5WMYJSD15_wyfYJyXZIzyCuMDfvt5yFDfH3LX/s340/Vatican%20Relations--Myron%20Charles%20Taylor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="340" height="498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8dGJiKLcwiml6COhqtUi255bI4qJhviUVyhaiQjG2h1hiMNy2qfbi7MlWKHj9ngh8rXk4Tv8v_dY-sLRfdwxWrztqExGENUtRMXYprqwt1jA-7h4pJbMsleQYwd0YMuL-pAu-DKpg79bWAlF5X4D6BLH5WMYJSD15_wyfYJyXZIzyCuMDfvt5yFDfH3LX/w640-h498/Vatican%20Relations--Myron%20Charles%20Taylor.jpg" width="640" /></a></b></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Millionaire businessman Myron Charles Taylor, seen here with Swiss
Guards at the Vatican, was the Personal Representative of Franklin
Roosevelt and Harry Truman through World War II and the turbulent early
post-War period.</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
year that Pius XII <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">assumed</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Papal Tiara</b> Roosevelt dispatched
another special envoy, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">multi-millionaire
industrialist </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inventor Myron
Charles Taylor </b>as his “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Peace
ambassador</b>.”<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Despite his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unofficial status </b>under U.S. law, when he arrived the Vatican <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recognized him</b> with the rank of
Ambassador.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When they got wind of that even
at this<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> late date</b> American
Protestants went <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">berserk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Preachers</b> thundered from<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> pulpits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>Raging<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> editorials </b>clogged
the pages of Protestant <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">press.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Methodists</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Presbyterians</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Lutherans</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Baptists</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Seventh-day Adventists</b>
all registered <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">official protests</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Congress Republicans <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">foamed at the mouth.</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Roosevelt
was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">undeterred</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Taylor had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">important business </b>to conduct—his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first assignment</b> was trying to enlist the Pope to keep <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Italy </b>from joining <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nazi Germany </b>in the recently launched <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">war</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That cause was<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> lost</b>, but Taylor was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">more successful</b> in keeping <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fascist Spain</b> out of the conflict.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Taylor stayed through the war and dealt with
seeking Vatican help for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jewish refugees</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">refuge </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">covert support</b> for American and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Allied air crews </b>that had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shot
down</b>—after he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">convinced </b>the Pope
the Allies were going to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">win </b>the war
and he no longer could afford to lend<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
tacit support </b>to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Axis</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later he would help convince the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Allied high command</b> not to heavily <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bomb Rome.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>When Roosevelt died, Taylor stayed on under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Truman </b>concentrating on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">humanitarian
post war relief </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recovery</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Still,
despite the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fruitful relationship</b>
when Taylor retired Truman tried to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nominate
General Mark Clark </b>who had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">commanded
</b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Italian campaign</b>, to be an
official <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">emissary</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once again Protestants rose up in protest and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Democratic Senator Tom Connally </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Texas </b>led a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ferocious </b>onslaught in Congress largely because Texans blamed Clark
for a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">division </b>made up of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lone Star National Guard units</b> being <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">terribly mauled</b> in Italy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">humiliated
</b>Clark <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">withdrew</b> his name from consideration
in January 1952.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He soon found himself <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">employed</b> as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">United Nations Commander</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Korea</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Other
Presidents continued need to deal with the Vatican, especially when the Church
was seen as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">main opposition</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Soviet occupation </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Communist regimes </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eastern Europe</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nixon</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ford</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Carter</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reagan</b> all
appointed personal envoys to the Pope.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Finally
in 1983 the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lugar Act repealed </b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ban </b>on official establishing official
diplomatic relations with the Vatican.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lugar
was the Republican <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ranking member </b>on
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Senate Foreign Relations Committee </b>and
was able to do what Democrats had failed for years to accomplish.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The next year, in 1984, the Senate <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">confirmed</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">William A. Wilson </b>as the first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ambassador
to the Holy See</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had served as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ronald Regan’s </b>personal envoy since
1981.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Vatican is represented in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Washington </b>by
an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Apostolic Nuncio.</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYD8VBr9G27-_LlGP4yd72Vrlc24HcvffFk1g4THyhemn9eUVlOUlOxm42MRxdreikYClgHvY3GhdI2FwqDA0faaMa0h6c8tX6QFK-C05pnH-yo_Z9IM_F7aaruq4Z3AyTv_BbzFSBzkAvLmoHCWlnnddylRHfqkVi5i6jC0fdGURxZC4VkeESEeBor992/s560/Vatican%20Relations--Obama%20Pope%20Francis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="415" data-original-width="560" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYD8VBr9G27-_LlGP4yd72Vrlc24HcvffFk1g4THyhemn9eUVlOUlOxm42MRxdreikYClgHvY3GhdI2FwqDA0faaMa0h6c8tX6QFK-C05pnH-yo_Z9IM_F7aaruq4Z3AyTv_BbzFSBzkAvLmoHCWlnnddylRHfqkVi5i6jC0fdGURxZC4VkeESEeBor992/w640-h474/Vatican%20Relations--Obama%20Pope%20Francis.jpg" width="640" /></a></b></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Despite differences over abortion and the continued U.S. use of drones
and military action, Pope Frances was unusually warm in his welcome to
President Barack Obama on an official visit to the Vatican in 2014.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">George W. Bush resented
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">the
Vatican’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">criticism </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wars </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Iraq </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Afghanistan</b>,
but the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">conservative </b>Republican <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">coalition</b> had become <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">increasingly dependent </b>on the Church’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mobilization </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anti-abortion activists </b>in the US.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Barack
Obama </b>felt the same <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sting</b> for
the continuing war and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">international
human rights violation</b> but became the first President to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">meet </b>the Pope in the Vatican when he
had an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">audience with Pope Benedict XVI</b>
in 2009.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 2014 he had a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">warmer visit </b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pope Francis</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Catholic President Joe Biden was given a warm
audience despite his support of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">reproductive </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">LGBQT rights</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJcUfYj4AwhuyPsE_S8d4k1uSpDcbS9GLdBw7Mv1hA2QeFGBx5-srsa0I-WlTS5v2ly4ibsMA96LGGJlj8urJZ5wOs1_K1I1P40shCu6el8CK4GxLFuVLyrmIediDsNFRTEZsSsyq5dUQUoHlxPmefGEDdvU1-3qX7c6c1en9llQsb8hsfsaFRm8lZY-b2/s1160/Vatican%20relations--Pope%20with%20Biden.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="773" data-original-width="1160" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJcUfYj4AwhuyPsE_S8d4k1uSpDcbS9GLdBw7Mv1hA2QeFGBx5-srsa0I-WlTS5v2ly4ibsMA96LGGJlj8urJZ5wOs1_K1I1P40shCu6el8CK4GxLFuVLyrmIediDsNFRTEZsSsyq5dUQUoHlxPmefGEDdvU1-3qX7c6c1en9llQsb8hsfsaFRm8lZY-b2/w640-h426/Vatican%20relations--Pope%20with%20Biden.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Compared to the icy reception he gave Trump, Pope Francis gave a warm welcome to Joe Biden, a Catholic president who none the less supported reproductive healthcare and embraced marriage equality and transgender rights.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
2015 the United States and the Holy See concluded their first ever<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> inter-governmental agreement</b> which
aimed at curtailing<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> offshore tax evasion</b>
through <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">automatic exchange</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tax information</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The highly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">technical pact </b>was achieved with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">little fanfare </b>and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">without
heavy</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Congressional</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> opposition</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
future of official relationships between the United States and the Vatican may
once again <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">be at risk, </b>at least as
long as Francis is Pope.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">right wing </b>is no longer shying away
from accusing him and the church of being <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">socialist</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>even <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Marxist</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Donald Trump </b>and his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">supporters</b>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rage
</b>because of Francis’s support of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">immigrants</b>
and comment that “those who build walls instead of bridges cannot call
themselves Christian.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>American<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> culture warriors </b>feel that Francis and
the Church have <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gone soft </b>on
abortion, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">contraception</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">same gender marriage</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gay rights </b>in general.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Old, long suppressed anti-Catholic rhetoric
is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">boiling up </b>again in some elements<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>of the right.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If Trump is somehow <b>reelected </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>the White House</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> catering </b>to the most <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">extreme
elements </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Evangelical Right</b>
repeal of diplomat relations is no longer<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
unimaginable</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Especially if Pope
Francis continues to offend the delicate sensibilities by challenging their <b>obsessions</b>.
They might even have the support of <b>arch-conservative traditionalist</b>
Catholics who already view Francis as a kind of <b>anti-Pope</b>.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span aria-level="1" class="yKMVIe" role="heading"> <br /></span></span></p><div class="EGmpye Mf9fnc"></div><div class="oQDTXb"><div data-ias="false"><div class="y1yadf" style="z-index: 125;"><div aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="CcNe6e v4Zpbe" role="button" tabindex="0"><span aria-label="More options" class="XQIMve wSFoM ZS5sq IzqbHb z1asCe SaPW2b" data-ved="2ahUKEwjkqMbD3cuEAxWSk4kEHSX9B3wQ8sQCKAN6BAgVEAQ" role="img" style="height: 16px; line-height: 16px; width: 16px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"></svg></span></div></div></div></div><div class="hHq9Z"><div data-hveid="CA8QAA"><div class="gyEfO"><div class="wDYxhc NFQFxe viOShc LKPcQc" data-hveid="CBUQAA" data-md="221" data-ved="2ahUKEwjkqMbD3cuEAxWSk4kEHSX9B3wQnKEBegQIFRAA"><div class="ZxoDOe yGdMVd UoezFf"><div class="UFE1qd"><div class="oQDTXb"><div data-ias="false"><div class="y1yadf" style="z-index: 125;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Raavi",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></sup></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-2192322607949808762024-02-27T02:00:00.001-06:002024-02-27T02:00:00.156-06:00Nobel Peace Prize Winner Ralph Bunche Was the Impossible Diplomat <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkFeW2tW5V0QmwZ20Ahbdc0MNlt1XK71NRkpF403h9b97n2NnRJtTBKMmmvFUKhrS7yGMhtlfNTdcmZiWjHsWC8frNnRWrC_82maKt6mpnlQNuT3J89CR_SpslkmpSeuXJYm9sOqZK3bb0GXrkwClD0N5w9nOCzebL9UPeii8a3AGv93FURU-V6snLstq3/s1541/Ralph%20Bunch--color%20photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1027" data-original-width="1541" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkFeW2tW5V0QmwZ20Ahbdc0MNlt1XK71NRkpF403h9b97n2NnRJtTBKMmmvFUKhrS7yGMhtlfNTdcmZiWjHsWC8frNnRWrC_82maKt6mpnlQNuT3J89CR_SpslkmpSeuXJYm9sOqZK3bb0GXrkwClD0N5w9nOCzebL9UPeii8a3AGv93FURU-V6snLstq3/w640-h426/Ralph%20Bunch--color%20photo.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ralph Bunche as a senior diplomat from the National Museum of American Diplomacy.</span><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On September 22, 1950 the <b>world </b>was
<b>surprised</b> when an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American
diplomat</b> on <b>loan </b>to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">United
Nations </b>was <b>awarded</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nobel
Peace Prize</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>It
was not that his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">achievement </b>was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unworthy</b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">brokering</b> the thorny <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">negotiations
</b>that led to an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">armistice agreement</b>
between <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Israel</b> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arab States </b>ending a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bloody war</b> that began when Israel <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">declared</b> its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">independence</b>—it was because <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ralph
Bunche </b>was an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">African-American</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bunch was born in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Detroit</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Michigan </b>on August 4, 1904 (some sources place the date a year
earlier.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">father</b> was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">barber</b>
serving an exclusively <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">white clientele</b>—and
thus probably <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">passing </b>himself off as
white in his work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ancestors</b> had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">free</b> since before the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American
Revolution</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mother </b>was an accomplished <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">amateur
musician</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also in the household was
his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">maternal grandmother</b>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">“</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nana</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">”</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Johnson </b>who had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">born</b> into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slavery</b> but was also capable of
“passing.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fair completions</b> the family strongly <b>identified</b>
as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black</b> and lived in that <b>community</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Both parents were in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fragile health</b> and the whole family <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">relocated</b> to </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Albuquerque</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> New Mexico </span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">in hopes of improvement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both soon <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">succumbed</b>—probably to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tuberculosis</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bunche, his two <b>sisters</b>, and his
grandmother moved to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Los Angeles</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZEyzs9FQRhMziU8BtoSSjOdNJ779-hEpPJoAOe1yZ1-KavTHkC4mGfPkS3E5fiNBIaEKuKX2zgqGH7zQAqkGPjuc-gld8arD71-LoaI38rIJQazL7fG1fyhybVTjicZR_Y4j00ylTq2eMllh2Ga-p1nYdjPanqv-RHLwopQZUjaSS0bO4C5ACeAICYhug/s355/ralph%20bunche--ucla.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="228" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZEyzs9FQRhMziU8BtoSSjOdNJ779-hEpPJoAOe1yZ1-KavTHkC4mGfPkS3E5fiNBIaEKuKX2zgqGH7zQAqkGPjuc-gld8arD71-LoaI38rIJQazL7fG1fyhybVTjicZR_Y4j00ylTq2eMllh2Ga-p1nYdjPanqv-RHLwopQZUjaSS0bO4C5ACeAICYhug/w412-h640/ralph%20bunche--ucla.jpg" width="412" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span> </span>Bunche as a UCLA graduate.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To help support
the family Ralph <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sold newspapers</b> and
held numerous <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">side jobs</b>, including <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">laying carpets</b>, and being a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">house boy</b> to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">film actor</b> while he attended </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jefferson High School</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite the time
lost to work, he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">excelled</b> as both a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">student</b> and an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">athlete</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">valedictorian</b> of his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">graduating class</b> and earned <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">athletic scholarships</b> to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">University of California at Los Angeles </b>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">UCLA</b>.) While the scholarships paid his <b>school
expenses</b>, he earned his personal expenses by working as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">janitor</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He competed as a <b>varsity</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">basketball</b> <b>player</b> on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">league championship teams</b> while also
competing in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">debate</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">writing </b>for the campus <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">newspaper</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1927 Bunche graduated <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>summa cum laude</i></b> and <b>valedictorian</b> with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">major</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">international relations</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">His <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">accomplishment</b> was a matter of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">great
pride</b> in his South Los Angeles neighborhood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The community raised $1000 by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">subscription </b>to supplement a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scholarship </b>so that Bunche could
continue his education at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Harvard</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He completed his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Masters</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political science
</b>in just a year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He began teaching at
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Howard University</b>, the nation’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">most prestigious Black institution</b> in
the fall of 1928.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For the next six years
he alternated terms at Howard and back at Harvard where he pursued his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Doctorate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>He was named <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chair </b>of
Howard’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Department of Political Science</b>,
a title he held until 1950 despite numerous <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">absences</b> to conduct <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">research</b>
or in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">war time</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">diplomatic service</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He received many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">honors</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">distinctions</b> as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scholar</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rosenwald
Fellowship</b> in 1932 and 1933 enabled him to conduct <b>research</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Africa</b> for a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dissertation</b> comparing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">French</b>
<b>rule</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Togoland</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dahomey</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The resulting paper won the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Toppan Prize </b>for outstanding original
research in the social sciences in 1934.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A fellowship from the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Social
Science Research Council</b> from 1936-37 enabled Bunche to do <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">postdoctoral</b> research at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Northwestern University</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">London School of Economics</b>, and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">University of Cape Town</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">South Africa</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLT-6NdhkRozRHyKDB5Miq4w59fK1paI_hDryk8aj3pIzucXs_6niO60giYwTBTwlORj3VLPn3gP4Inh3esV2rd24XruDDhhmpWIuentaFveKaqDYi__v_WQmxzCKnd9aC8Cs9iJESX0sceiRp8rRfINWQHwyysn7ByikMFHoAU4B7VQn4VJVp5H7J01lB/s500/Ralph%20Bunch--young%20academic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="399" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLT-6NdhkRozRHyKDB5Miq4w59fK1paI_hDryk8aj3pIzucXs_6niO60giYwTBTwlORj3VLPn3gP4Inh3esV2rd24XruDDhhmpWIuentaFveKaqDYi__v_WQmxzCKnd9aC8Cs9iJESX0sceiRp8rRfINWQHwyysn7ByikMFHoAU4B7VQn4VJVp5H7J01lB/w510-h640/Ralph%20Bunch--young%20academic.jpg" width="510" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bunche as a young scholar.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As he was becoming the acknowledged
leading academic on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">African</b> affairs
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">European Colonialism</b>, he began
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">forcefully expound</b> his sometimes <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">controversial views</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His influential 1936 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pamphlet</b> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A World View of Race</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> argued, “…</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">class will some day supplant race in
world affairs. Race war will then be merely a side-show to the gigantic <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">class war</b> which will be waged in the
big tent we call the world.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From
1936-40 Bunche was contributing editor to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">leftist <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">academic journal</span></b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>Science and Society: A Marxian Quarterly.
</i></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was <b>inevitable </b>that with his <b>credentials</b> and <b>expertise</b>
that Bunche would be called upon for service during <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">World War II</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He began as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">senior analyst </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">colonial affairs </b>at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Office
of Strategic Services </b>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">OSS</b>.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There his knowledge of French possessions
helped provide information that kept most of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sub-Saharan </b>colonies in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Free
French </b>hands and <b>available</b> as <b>support</b> for eventual action in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">North Africa</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also provided <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">insight </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nazi </b>attempts
to turn South African <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boers </b>against
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">British Empire</b>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1943 Bunche moved to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">State
Department</b> where he served under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alger
Hiss </b>as </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Associate Chief</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Division of Dependent Area Affairs</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There he worked not only on African issues but as a leader of </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Institute of
Pacific Relations</b> and on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Anglo-American
Caribbean Commission</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bunche was
active in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">preliminary planning</b> for
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dumbarton Oaks Conversations</b>
held in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Washington</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
D</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">C</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span> in 1944 and as an
adviser to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">U</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">S</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Delegation</b> for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Charter
Conference of the United Nations</b> in 1945. He participated in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">drafting</b> of the Charter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He worked closely with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eleanor Roosevelt</b> in the creation and adoption of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">U</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">N</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Declaration of Human Rights</b>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Given his role
in the <b>birth</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">institution</b>,
it came as no surprise when </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UN Secretary-General Trygve Lie</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> asked to “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">borrow</b>”
Bunche from the State Department in 1946.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He was placed in charge of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Department
of Trusteeship </b>to oversee the numerous <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dependent
areas</b> that were placed under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">UN
Trusteeship</b> following the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
was <b>delicate work</b>, balancing the demands of former <b>colonial masters</b>
and the growing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anti-colonial
nationalism</b> of countries straining against the slow <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">transition</b> <b>process</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">self-government</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBfu0OD7criR2eKDPinfjtFfJNlzlQAwx-3-sfhyysna4EkEciYmNCi6MHr7Q7bk58WwhDNxuH0tEZgpd5cUtWE2sCEsBeS8YmmGa9rUNIIM9VUv6ZuIHZddYXBLeQ4go7jeTTBrPzFyqNkA98PMol3hzdnDPhyfRejW8Pw0NqDwUg2_E_F2VYughLGoYP/s530/Ralph%20bunche--bernadotte.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="530" height="524" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBfu0OD7criR2eKDPinfjtFfJNlzlQAwx-3-sfhyysna4EkEciYmNCi6MHr7Q7bk58WwhDNxuH0tEZgpd5cUtWE2sCEsBeS8YmmGa9rUNIIM9VUv6ZuIHZddYXBLeQ4go7jeTTBrPzFyqNkA98PMol3hzdnDPhyfRejW8Pw0NqDwUg2_E_F2VYughLGoYP/w640-h524/Ralph%20bunche--bernadotte.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bunche was Count Folke Bernadotte's top aid as UN mediator until the Swede was assassinated in Jerusalem and he inherited the job.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In June, 1947 Bunche was assigned to
work on the seemingly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">intractable
problem</b> of confrontation between <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jews</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arabs</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Palestine</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He soon moved
from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">assistant </b>to the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> UN Special Committee on Palestine</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Principal Secretary </b>of the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> UN Palestine Commission</b>, which was
charged with carrying out the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">partition </b>approved
by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">UN General Assembly</b>. When the
original partition plan was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dropped</b>
amid <b>intense fighting</b> between Arabs and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Israelis</b> in early 1948 the UN appointed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Swedish Count Folke Bernadotte</b> as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mediator</b> for the conflict with Bunche as his <b>chief aide</b>.
Count Bernadotte was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">assassinated</b> in
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jerusalem </b>four months later on
September 17 by the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zionist </span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">group<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Lehi</b>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> And Bunche was <b>catapulted </b>to
chief mediator on Palestine. It was, theoretically, a <b>temporary appointment</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitA0AQ3r0k50ia7yL7MUA7dOolPp03MMleO0GAOMKSj38hqT-HS3QoP2tVl7MCTzL4CSo_9qXDcYlsQ_qbV8p9zhyh7-dStLtp0bkr0n6RtGHBS1vaef4D0QfEhkUj50vLII1yv7w4UPybXBX9Hdk1XBFpN5WXzI3XDl111D9X8XT0-0XfdbWm8XDqdVIh/s686/ralph%20bunche--palestine%20negociation..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="686" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitA0AQ3r0k50ia7yL7MUA7dOolPp03MMleO0GAOMKSj38hqT-HS3QoP2tVl7MCTzL4CSo_9qXDcYlsQ_qbV8p9zhyh7-dStLtp0bkr0n6RtGHBS1vaef4D0QfEhkUj50vLII1yv7w4UPybXBX9Hdk1XBFpN5WXzI3XDl111D9X8XT0-0XfdbWm8XDqdVIh/w640-h318/ralph%20bunche--palestine%20negociation..jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">The peace negotiations were tough,
delicate, shirtsleeve work. Bunche with a senior Israeli in his spartan
headquarters on Rhodes.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For eleven months Bunche conducted <b>ceaseless
negotiations</b> from his <b>headquarters</b> on the island of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Rhodes</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Israeli negotiator </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moshe Dayan</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> later reported on Bunche’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unorthodox style</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He often
conducted <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">one-on-one talks</b> with the
parties over supposedly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">casual games</b>
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">billiards</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He generally kept the parties <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">apart</b> as much as possible since their
mere <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">presence </b>with each other in the
same room <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inflamed passions</b> and
tended to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">harden positions</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shuffled
</b>the parties in an out getting <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">little
concessions</b> here and there from both parties until he could finally bring
them together to sign the <b>1949 Armistice Agreements</b> made successively
between February and July between Israel and its neighbors, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Egypt</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lebanon</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jordon</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Syria</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>No party got what they <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">really
wanted</b>, but all parties got what they could <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">live with</b>—at least for a while. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1B9eAjb1XiePGfv90hSFLbwEcWlMoa8liJKjTC4Fn7M9KiwumZgS0LS4-FveOKqSTioNMuDySm0iaVXtjvm-GzW-imitDqVrzarKDHsBVNktXqTk6zL53zEPisPMlNpBYHSay2_bqzF8_WtTlnZnszg1Fr2-WakH67Q_xoMSwpreQWiD03zeeXMDFE1js/s350/Ralph%20Bunche--Nobel%20Prize.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="275" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1B9eAjb1XiePGfv90hSFLbwEcWlMoa8liJKjTC4Fn7M9KiwumZgS0LS4-FveOKqSTioNMuDySm0iaVXtjvm-GzW-imitDqVrzarKDHsBVNktXqTk6zL53zEPisPMlNpBYHSay2_bqzF8_WtTlnZnszg1Fr2-WakH67Q_xoMSwpreQWiD03zeeXMDFE1js/w502-h640/Ralph%20Bunche--Nobel%20Prize.jpg" width="502" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Special U.N. envoy Ralph Bunche receives his Nobel Prize for brokering a peace between Israel and its neighboring Arab states.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">His
accomplishments made Bunche an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">instant
celebrity</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was greeted in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York City </b>by a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ticker tape parade</b> and his adopted hometown of Los Angeles declared
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ralph Bunche Day</b>. He </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">was awarded the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Spingarn
Prize</b> by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Association of
Colored People </b>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">NAACP</b>) in
1949.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was awarded 30 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">honorary degrees</b> over the next three
years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He could not keep up with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">requests </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">speeches</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And all of this
only intensified with the announcement of the Nobel Prize. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Of course, Bunche was not without <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">critics</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His participation in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">avowedly Marxist academic</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">publication</b>,
his endorsement of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Negro
Congress</b> in the ‘30’s, and his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">close
association</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">accused traitor</b>
Alger Hiss did not go unnoticed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was
somewhat <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protected</b> by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">enormous prestige</b> of the Nobel Prize—and
the fact that he was no longer at the State Department. But he was subjected to
an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">investigation </b>by a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Loyalty Board</b> into American diplomats
working at the United Nations in 1953 and had to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">personally appear</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">refute
</b>each of 14 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spurious charges</b>
against him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although he had the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">support</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President Dwight Eisenhower</b>, it was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">painful </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">humiliating
experience</b> for him. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPzoIeNjtMoKFhvrJUducNBT0W2CGmXDFPyG1WQaF4YYOKdsNqwMDA5RveC59oA8MxxzNW18bWW09mxcIdirV__V09YMzmA7aGyF3ynmjXWYapOWISEKQZa00QMgoHZjkssgeeho0kJnXp8f5EZZJr3P_4GwKVUX3dD_kqlb3Y6zG_696lqzMfcBjo4Max/s462/Ralph%20Bunch--Selma%20to%20Montgomery%20March.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="462" data-original-width="442" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPzoIeNjtMoKFhvrJUducNBT0W2CGmXDFPyG1WQaF4YYOKdsNqwMDA5RveC59oA8MxxzNW18bWW09mxcIdirV__V09YMzmA7aGyF3ynmjXWYapOWISEKQZa00QMgoHZjkssgeeho0kJnXp8f5EZZJr3P_4GwKVUX3dD_kqlb3Y6zG_696lqzMfcBjo4Max/w612-h640/Ralph%20Bunch--Selma%20to%20Montgomery%20March.jpg" width="612" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bunche with Ralph Abernathy, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Coretta Scott King on the March from Selma to Montgomery.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Many also did not appreciate his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">loud public support</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Civil Rights causes</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Academically, he had participated in the
groundbreaking research on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American race
relations</b> by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Swedish sociologist</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gunnar Myrdal</b> and often spoken out
about the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">absence</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scientific evidence</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">differentiations </b>among the races.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">publicly
supported actions</b> by both the NAACP and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Urban League</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>He
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">endorsed</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">campaigns </b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> non-violent
civil disobedience</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dr</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Martin Luther King</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Jr</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and participated in
the 1963 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">March on Washington</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Controversy around him probably <b>cost</b>
him <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">an</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> appointment </b>as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Secretary of
State</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ambassador </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to the United Nations</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John F. Kennedy</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But he did pave the way for </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Colin Powel </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Condoleezza Rice </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">as Secretary of State and </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Susan Rice</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Linda
Thomas-Greenfield </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">as Ambassadors to
the United Nations.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">beneficiaries</b> of his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">greatest
achievement</b> have not <b>looked kindly</b> towards him in recent years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Palestinians</b>
and Israelis have <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hardened</b> even more
toward one another after years of ongoing conflict and bloodshed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both wield their own <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oft revised views</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">history</b>
as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cudgels</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And both sides now feel that Bunche “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sold them out</b>” and blame the ongoing
conflict in not getting everything they demanded in those tense
negotiations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Compromise</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">compromisers</b>
are no longer <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">welcome</b> in either
camp.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For his part, the <b>indefatigable</b>
Bunche resumed splitting his time numerous educational commitments, lecturing,
and undertaking more missions for the United Nations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From 1955 to 1967, he was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Undersecretary for Special Political
Affairs</b> and from 1968 to his death was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Undersecretary-General</b>.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1960 Secretary-General <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dag Hammarskjöld</b> appointed him as his
special representative to oversee the UN commitments in the <b>war-torn</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congo</b> and he served similarly during
conflicts in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cyprus</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kashmir</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Yemen</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Xr_r4QeWt9hpsSETTHmGL7KeYqk6GGchBawiiYqp5yiUL_AYYEM771lNOlnfnTFEd4NhDcRLbXVUpJBi5LmJ-ZSnUM6W6Z7aIQF45SAu8hdZcKb74qLFHqvfAsvLjC-KI66Q0WVg7Eyw49sCM1xaXBdLenCGHGQFFPS_nePChZmVTrPiHQcgYGQeov0_/s658/Ralph%20Bunch--stamp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="658" data-original-width="591" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Xr_r4QeWt9hpsSETTHmGL7KeYqk6GGchBawiiYqp5yiUL_AYYEM771lNOlnfnTFEd4NhDcRLbXVUpJBi5LmJ-ZSnUM6W6Z7aIQF45SAu8hdZcKb74qLFHqvfAsvLjC-KI66Q0WVg7Eyw49sCM1xaXBdLenCGHGQFFPS_nePChZmVTrPiHQcgYGQeov0_/w574-h640/Ralph%20Bunch--stamp.jpg" width="574" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>The U.S. Postal Service honored Bunche with a 1982 stamp.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bunche found time to teach at
Harvard from 1950-52, serve on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New
York City Board of Education</b> from 1958-64, serve as a member of the Harvard
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Board of Overseers</b> from 1960 to 65,
as well as being a board member of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Institute
of International Education</b>, and a trustee of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Oberlin College</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lincoln
University</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Lincoln School</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bunche <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">died</b>, evidently of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exhaustion</b>,
on December 9, 1971 at the age of 68.</span></p>
<p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-63719133720394455932024-02-26T02:00:00.001-06:002024-02-26T02:00:00.135-06:00Fisk Grew From a Freedman’s School to a Premier Black University<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGyBtf_Wz_cJ84vqxAxlEVoHyMob8p-xgtecNbJ_aIROphSj2SM20nZwvLvhYU1xRp8SQnd8pIkaXzHD98XIye7bhHPK0GIHIfCqcwZI4IazhyphenhyphenONH10pYFQiy_eevYAfySAJI3jeV6HnluF-ol3U9H6wmyY1w7Oee3nlQIp_tG7yzw2j2VM6RBQCBOVdgg/s800/Fisk%20University--Entrance%20Sign.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGyBtf_Wz_cJ84vqxAxlEVoHyMob8p-xgtecNbJ_aIROphSj2SM20nZwvLvhYU1xRp8SQnd8pIkaXzHD98XIye7bhHPK0GIHIfCqcwZI4IazhyphenhyphenONH10pYFQiy_eevYAfySAJI3jeV6HnluF-ol3U9H6wmyY1w7Oee3nlQIp_tG7yzw2j2VM6RBQCBOVdgg/w640-h426/Fisk%20University--Entrance%20Sign.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">The historic Fisk University gate and sign.</span></span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Note</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">—</span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gospel</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, The new docuseries on PBS once again highlighted the Fisk University
singers and their critical role the development of Black Church music.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Within
months of the end of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Civil War </b>the
leaders of the northern<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> American
Missionary Association</b> (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">AMA</b>)
which was affiliated with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congregational
churches</b> including <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John Ogden</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rev</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Erastus Milo Cravath</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">field secretary</b>; and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reverend Edward Parmelee Smith</b>, founded
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fisk Free Colored School</b>, for
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">education</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">freedmen</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nashville</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tennessee</b>. It
was one of several schools and colleges that the AMA, which was led by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ardent</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">abolitionists</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span>
helped found.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Classes
opened on January 9, 1866 with about 200 students.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As word spread the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">enrollment </b>quickly jumped to more than 900, a testament to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">thirst</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">knowledge</b> among recently <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">freed
slaves </b>and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">all-male students</b>
ranged in age from 16 to more than 70 years old.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2X9Iph3jvZiolae-J0hRiLXPyLbb430ftKbGCb2V-wWFQU4aoB1lbTEO_orp7mDcjFQMPel1PCFAIuXrzQ6hW8MfaJZ7u6wQSHZXYD6ikQ9uLIdgVfmtD3GUZh3WTP5rEwzj9Jixc-vBRC1NTsNwGvqTeNdt4FhmccZMpGDyp68tSBX25j9CmWwVeu7zq/s350/Fisk%20University--Gen.%20C.B.%20Fisk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="270" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2X9Iph3jvZiolae-J0hRiLXPyLbb430ftKbGCb2V-wWFQU4aoB1lbTEO_orp7mDcjFQMPel1PCFAIuXrzQ6hW8MfaJZ7u6wQSHZXYD6ikQ9uLIdgVfmtD3GUZh3WTP5rEwzj9Jixc-vBRC1NTsNwGvqTeNdt4FhmccZMpGDyp68tSBX25j9CmWwVeu7zq/w494-h640/Fisk%20University--Gen.%20C.B.%20Fisk.jpg" width="494" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>The school was named for General Clinton B. Fisk of the Tennessee Freedmen's Bureau and an early benefactor.</span><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
school was named in honor of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General
Clinton B</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Fisk</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tennessee Freedmen</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Bureau</b>, who made unused <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">barracks</b> available to the school, as
well as establishing the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first free
schools </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">white </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> black children</b> in Tennessee. Later he
endowed Fisk with a $30,000 which gave the school a firm early <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">financial base</b> that was wanting in
other newly created Freedmen’s schools.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
response to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reconstruction Era </b>Tennessee
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">state law</b> to support <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">public schools</b>—a deeply <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">radical idea</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">South</b>, was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">incorporated</b> as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Normal
School</b> for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">college training</b> of
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">teachers</b> in August 1867.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The college was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">co-educational </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">James
Dallas Burrus</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John Houston Burrus</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginia E</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Walker</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">America W</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Robinson</b> were the
first four students to enroll.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Broughton
and the two Burruses were the first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">African
Americans</b> to graduate from a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">liberal
arts college</b> south of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mason–Dixon
Line </b>and all went on to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">distinguished
careers</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The AMA’s
Rev. Erastus Milo Cravath organized the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">College
Department</b> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mozart Society</b>,
the first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">musical organization</b> in
Tennessee. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rising
enrollment added to the needs of the university. In 1870 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Adam Knight Spence</b> became <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principal</b>
of the Fisk Normal School. To raise money and meet the needs of the growing
student body and ambitious <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">building
plans</b> his wife <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Catherine Mackie</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Spence</b> traveled throughout the United
States to set up <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mission Sunday schools</b>
in support of Fisk students, organizing endowments through the AMA.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEHc01thoWKwVeLWq9eUsm_u-LRg67AWTgTgJ4i0gg4f7PUglXC5OxUhwK0fJpMjF3N1m8OkT6v-frpvVK0nJu4axAB5Ifps6jfExz-hqlB_muB6z-wNhlEGlE9nzyyFg-FM2mf3slt7TD95XOoBchyNtWpZ95ueSVF7-B3vvaBiiED-Pvwzf3Qt2l8aol/s400/Fisk%20University--Jubilee%20Singers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="400" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEHc01thoWKwVeLWq9eUsm_u-LRg67AWTgTgJ4i0gg4f7PUglXC5OxUhwK0fJpMjF3N1m8OkT6v-frpvVK0nJu4axAB5Ifps6jfExz-hqlB_muB6z-wNhlEGlE9nzyyFg-FM2mf3slt7TD95XOoBchyNtWpZ95ueSVF7-B3vvaBiiED-Pvwzf3Qt2l8aol/w640-h442/Fisk%20University--Jubilee%20Singers.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The original Fisk University Jubilee Singers toured the North and Britain to support the school and its construction program. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">A <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">student choir</b> was organized that became
known as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fisk Jubilee Singers</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1871 the Singers began to tour the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">North</b> in support of the school and then
sailed for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">England</b> in 1872 where
they performed for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Queen Victoria</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The successful tours, the first of many,
raised more than $50,000, enough to construct the school’s first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">permanent building</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jubilee Hall</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>which was completed in 1876 and is now
designated a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Historic Landmark</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Through the rest of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">19th Century </b>the school continued building program that resulted in
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">modern campus</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxYIX0TawQmtssxApk6o7z0NbK88mUxQ9G0DaTE0vXe31_YR6pttvf0lljtUP-vEnhY9PJGLO4JrNEJoV8x2QyiOmU5psUx0MH9_O-MurRTcMC39Bwy7y_I9qqSkvU1Qx3FxRyPK2pFugEIUcMOpGYTiTRqOXZo1knxTr7P7bXHuqoca4GVuU_a8EYsNmr/s800/Fisk%20University%20Jubilee%20Hall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="573" data-original-width="800" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxYIX0TawQmtssxApk6o7z0NbK88mUxQ9G0DaTE0vXe31_YR6pttvf0lljtUP-vEnhY9PJGLO4JrNEJoV8x2QyiOmU5psUx0MH9_O-MurRTcMC39Bwy7y_I9qqSkvU1Qx3FxRyPK2pFugEIUcMOpGYTiTRqOXZo1knxTr7P7bXHuqoca4GVuU_a8EYsNmr/w640-h458/Fisk%20University%20Jubilee%20Hall.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Jubilee Hall, Fisk's first permant building and now a National Historic Landmark,</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Early
in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">20th Century</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black </b>teachers<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>were finally added to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faculty
</b>including the Burrus brothers from the first graduating class.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">From
1915 to 1925 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fayette Avery McKenzie</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Progressive Era sociologist</b> and expert in and an advocate for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Native Americans</b>, served as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President </b>of Fisk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was notably successful in developing Fisk
as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">premier</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black university</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">United
States</b>, securing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">academic
recognition</b> as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">standard college</b>
by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Carnegie Foundation</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Columbia University</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">University of Chicago</b>, raising a $1 million <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">endowment fund</b> to ensure <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">quality
faculty</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite laying a firm
foundation for Fisk’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">accreditation</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">future success</b> McKenzie’s on-campus
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">authoritarian management </b>alienated
students and much of the faculty resulting in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protests </b>that led to his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">forced
resignation</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
1930, Fisk was the first African-American institution to gain <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">accreditation </b>by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Southern Association of Colleges and
Schools</b> (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SACS</b>). Accreditations
for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">specialized programs</b> soon
followed.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGajjrzTLjcb4Y_kQ0ABrHmHTtIwKAwzE6IPtO-l0kWmUDThtq8eAJKQt8fmL7T38tXJpz5A_rGuQljY0qBRrTpsHQYFahuhtPt7FV775w1xjyYl-AWbOLFRX6zqtQfHsxMFWFMUY62OuHLq9Sv7HUoalqRv_4gIW6ACz7zhX6bdMPAkN-2PnHoaSFvxZp/s300/Fisk%20University--First%20Black%20President.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="237" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGajjrzTLjcb4Y_kQ0ABrHmHTtIwKAwzE6IPtO-l0kWmUDThtq8eAJKQt8fmL7T38tXJpz5A_rGuQljY0qBRrTpsHQYFahuhtPt7FV775w1xjyYl-AWbOLFRX6zqtQfHsxMFWFMUY62OuHLq9Sv7HUoalqRv_4gIW6ACz7zhX6bdMPAkN-2PnHoaSFvxZp/w506-h640/Fisk%20University--First%20Black%20President.jpg" width="506" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span>Charles Spurgeon Johnson, Fisk's first Black President.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">But
it was not until 1947 that Fisk had a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black
President</b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Charles Spurgeon Johnson</b>,
an acclaimed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sociologist</b> and scholar
who had also been the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">editor</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Opportunity</i></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">magazine</b>, a noted <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">periodical </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Harlem Renaissance</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
1952 Fisk became the first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">predominantly
Black college</b> to earn a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Phi Beta
Kappa</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">charter</b> and honored its
first student members on April 4, 1953.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In 1960
students from Fisk and from including <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John
Lewis</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Dianne Nash</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> James Bevel</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">C</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">T</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Vivian </b>organized the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nashville
Sit-ins </b>at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lunch counters </b>of
major <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dime stores </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">department stores </b>downtown.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">largest</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">most sustained</b>
such <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">non-violent civil disobedience </b>campaign
yet in the South which after a long, sustained effort led to the city becoming
the first Southern city to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">de-segregate public
accommodations</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lewis went on to be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chairman </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SNCC</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.)</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>He and the others became key figures in
the Southern <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Civil Rights Movement</b>,
most notably in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Selma campaign </b>for
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">voting rights</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzdfqKmxDK_EtJdUtBj5C8dxqUJZwp0O5R-Sya6P3H4msWj62cbiPQfCtwWb9vyHjzMUafLzAIyxPvBpMHtm587YzTosyEIvcOKnUPNyuihSeoPEO0l0NqqZA6sfPeHjjzfzibkFa2_CENVvD_Ob0o72Cpx-pmxv307vkSDNc4ucec23KqKvA2S4Qu8J-1/s540/Fisk%20University--Nashille%20sit-ins%20Diann%20Nash.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="540" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzdfqKmxDK_EtJdUtBj5C8dxqUJZwp0O5R-Sya6P3H4msWj62cbiPQfCtwWb9vyHjzMUafLzAIyxPvBpMHtm587YzTosyEIvcOKnUPNyuihSeoPEO0l0NqqZA6sfPeHjjzfzibkFa2_CENVvD_Ob0o72Cpx-pmxv307vkSDNc4ucec23KqKvA2S4Qu8J-1/w640-h480/Fisk%20University--Nashille%20sit-ins%20Diann%20Nash.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Civil Rights pioneer Dianne Nash, third from left, and other Fisk Students in one of the 1960 Nashville lunch counter sit-ins.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Despite
Fisk’s notable achievements in academics and as training ground for Black
leadership, the school has <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">struggled
financially</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">21st Century</b>
as opportunities for talented Afro-American students opened up at all of the
country’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elite </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prestigious universities</b> and as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">liberal arts colleges </b>in general <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fell out </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">favor</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">career-focused </b>educational programs. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">From
2004 to 2013, Fisk was directed by its 14th president, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hazel O</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Leary</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">former Secretary of Energy </b>under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President Bill Clinton</b> and just the second woman to serve lead the
university. Under her leadership Fisk successfully raised $4 million during the
2007-2008 fiscal ending nine years of budget deficits and qualified for a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mellon Foundation challenge grant</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-XNPb66vCuO8irzBbHGWXg5sbP6lpOQhWMpc9qZblScjOWzbj9IyZ9LZAgtz0EEl3rDhN046f5QsnATfufCb26UWSRFaBv1rRcHMNK-eDr8guhZqlrQNI2WTVRZ8uxqJTPG1WQ7pExGVRNsOZeo7lWTwiIokh2aqDwlxeOXNo2zccvcEGBagh7aqc_-K8/s2240/Fisk%20University%20graduates%202008..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1488" data-original-width="2240" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-XNPb66vCuO8irzBbHGWXg5sbP6lpOQhWMpc9qZblScjOWzbj9IyZ9LZAgtz0EEl3rDhN046f5QsnATfufCb26UWSRFaBv1rRcHMNK-eDr8guhZqlrQNI2WTVRZ8uxqJTPG1WQ7pExGVRNsOZeo7lWTwiIokh2aqDwlxeOXNo2zccvcEGBagh7aqc_-K8/w640-h426/Fisk%20University%20graduates%202008..jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fisk University graduates in 2008.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Despite
this respite the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wolf</b> was soon <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">at the door</b> again and a succession of
short term presidents failed to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">stem
the tide</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Trustees have warned
that the school may be in danger of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">closing</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With only 700 students, a significant decline
from peak attendance, the school has managed to maintain academic standards and
is still included in lists of both top <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">historically
Black </b>schools, and liberal arts colleges.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
2018 the <b>Southern Association of Colleges and Schools</b> placed the
institution on <b>probation</b>. The accreditor cited failings related to <b>financial
responsibility</b>, control of <b>research funds</b>, and Federal and state
responsibility. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fisk announced a
fundraising <b>record</b> and increased enrollment the following year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 2020, the school was taken off probation
and maintained its accreditation.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiikbWuksLabYffDijkxftb75HyywUeQMANpcdfIlDhj9wzl-qS81_Fnmmz8sdHKbX3w5GVSMhI-E27wm5cG1FUV4WPSQ4JI-nwVzKN0wFBqaLC1g7ChUiI12R3v9P7DG_dd7-UdMcovTxmTLtTBmQMlxJ07fzU1lfGPEVYIC8UK2wfA923vAWKPoH7IhY3/s275/Fisk--John%20Lewis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiikbWuksLabYffDijkxftb75HyywUeQMANpcdfIlDhj9wzl-qS81_Fnmmz8sdHKbX3w5GVSMhI-E27wm5cG1FUV4WPSQ4JI-nwVzKN0wFBqaLC1g7ChUiI12R3v9P7DG_dd7-UdMcovTxmTLtTBmQMlxJ07fzU1lfGPEVYIC8UK2wfA923vAWKPoH7IhY3/w640-h426/Fisk--John%20Lewis.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">In June of 2020 the University
announced that it was renaming its Institute for Social Justice in honor
of one of its most distinguished graduates, late Congressman John
Lewis.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Among
the many distinguished graduates of Fisk are <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lil Hardin Armstrong</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pianist</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">composer</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wife</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Louis Armstrong</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">;</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>former <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Washington</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
DC mayor Marion Barry</b>; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">William
Dawson </b>powerful <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chicago South Side
Congressman </b>from 1943 to 1970; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Repetitive
Charles Diggs </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Michigan </b>1955-1980;
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">W</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> E</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
B</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Du Bois, </b>leading Black intellectual and co-founder of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Association for Colored People </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">NAACP</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">)</span>; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">historian John Hope Franklin</b>; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">poet
Nikki Giovanni</b>; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Julius Lester</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">children</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
author</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> musician</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> photographer</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">professor</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">;</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Congressman and
senior Civil Rights figure John Lewis; Dianne Nash; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Hazel O’Leary; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ida B</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Wells</b>, civil rights
leader and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">writer</b> known for her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anti-lynching </b>campaigns and her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Suffrage </b>advocacy;
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">best-selling novelist Frank Yerby</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><br /> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-53892155270513970002024-02-25T02:00:00.001-06:002024-02-25T02:00:00.137-06:00Lighting 293 Candles on Washington’s Cake—Part IV First in Peace<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGpMt1L7UFFtt-MgWm6WjeyLGcrf12DQQgUthjrArXS-yq1fY15_W0bNAH2MqyM2epSrWfbAWN_g_c676dialKogL55ZRgnub51TQlqN2kdSfdzKPjF_yMxZPIejHcPFS4AbfMeVyRSTTB-rymFcqrdbTxBlYpBz_Vn91wuLspjQHBUq59J0c1NsVLC3EN/s1494/Washington--at%20Mt.%20Vernon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1027" data-original-width="1494" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGpMt1L7UFFtt-MgWm6WjeyLGcrf12DQQgUthjrArXS-yq1fY15_W0bNAH2MqyM2epSrWfbAWN_g_c676dialKogL55ZRgnub51TQlqN2kdSfdzKPjF_yMxZPIejHcPFS4AbfMeVyRSTTB-rymFcqrdbTxBlYpBz_Vn91wuLspjQHBUq59J0c1NsVLC3EN/w640-h440/Washington--at%20Mt.%20Vernon.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"> In retirement at Mt. Vernon Washington and Martha greet visiting French generals, just some of a steady stream of visitors.</span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Note—</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">We left George Washington resigning his commission
before Congress.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today the veteran comes
home.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">When
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">George Washington </b>rode up to his beloved
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mt</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Vernon </b>in May of 1783
he had not seen it in nearly eight years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After receiving his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> commission</b>
from the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Continental Congress </b>as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Commander in Chief </b>of the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Continental Army </b>in 1775 he had ridden
post haste<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cambridge</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Massachusetts </b>to take up his
duties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stayed </b>with his Army throughout the long war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike other senior officers, he never took a
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">furlough </b>and thanks to his amazingly
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">robust constitution</b> had never fallen<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> seriously ill</b> with any of the many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">camp malaise </b>that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">laid low </b>many<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>requiring <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">convalescent leave</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Nor, despite often exposing himself to
danger and being an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">easy-to-spot</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">target </b>with his commanding 6’2” frame on
his usual huge grey<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> charger</b>, was he ever
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">seriously wounded</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>After the disastrous <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Long Island </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York
City campaigns, </b>Martha would come up from Virginia to visit him in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">winter quarters</b>, but he had never dared
a<b> separation</b> from the Army.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">He
was luckier than many<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> returning veterans</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">home
plantation </b>had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">escaped </b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ravages </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">war</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Banastre
Tarleton</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s raiders</b> had never reached it in their
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rampages </b>across Virginia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Martha was not only a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">devoted wife</b>, but she was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">capable
estate manager</b> with the help of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">experienced
overseers </b>and many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">skilled slave
craftsmen</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">condition of the
property</b> was as good as could be imagined.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Of course, the war had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disrupted </b>the
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">markets </b>for his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> crops</b> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">other</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> products</b> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">economy </b>of Virginia was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wreck</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There would be many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">long rides</b> around the property and directing his slaves to make <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">repairs </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">improvements </b>up to his high standards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">There
was also <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">desk work </b>to attend to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>He
meticulously assembled<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>all of his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">expense records </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">submitted </b>them to Congress for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">re-imbursement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>You will recall that Washington’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pledge </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">serve at no pay</b> was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">key
point</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">winning the votes</b> to be
elected. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">expected</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">collect</b> about<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>$450,000.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If that does not seem out of line to modern
eyes for eight years away at war<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>it was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">jaw dropping figure </b>in the 18th Century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington’s accounts included receipts for
the most trivial purchases—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">quills </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ink</b>, for instance and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bootblack—</b>but were somewhat <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vague</b> on larger expenses including hauling
his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> extensive baggage</b> and the
expenses of Martha’s annual visits.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>He also picked up the expenses of his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">official family</b>—the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rotating cast </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">young pets</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> aides</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">staff officers </b>who <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shared </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">his </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mess </b>and usually <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">quarters</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>In a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pinch </b>the General had also <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">personally
assumed </b>some expenses for the Army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It added up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Congress swallowed
hard and eventually <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ponied up</b> mostly
in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bonds </b>and extensive <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">land grants</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Washington
also <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">entertained </b>a steady stream of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> old comrades</b>, admirers, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political connivers</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">speculators </b>offering<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> golden opportunities</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>He gently turned aside most of the
politicians but sometimes entered into some speculation or another in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Western land </b>or a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">favored scheme</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He treasured his contact with his former officers
and kept up a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">voluminous correspondence </b>with
many including <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alexander Hamilton</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Henry Knox</b>, and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Marquis de
Lafayette </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">France</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">His
ties with his officers led to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">establishment</b>
of an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">enduring</b> and from the
beginning <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">controversial organization</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv_o9nbszo4usG_2WlPyjssMP4NTi2l965va9BFG9cK_l99wq3PPcG4KBt5TuNeayZ_VNPrpfbeFWycFB7E4QyTj_RYyxrRfeJcBPT-GzhbF0HEGbJZdswTVxL9ECTRGVWeRTS3WoujXdgXclf2om_N0P0rNb0ny9cMjhbsba6FIebObgROUcQkVXJ_hPw/s500/Washington--Cincinatus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="500" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv_o9nbszo4usG_2WlPyjssMP4NTi2l965va9BFG9cK_l99wq3PPcG4KBt5TuNeayZ_VNPrpfbeFWycFB7E4QyTj_RYyxrRfeJcBPT-GzhbF0HEGbJZdswTVxL9ECTRGVWeRTS3WoujXdgXclf2om_N0P0rNb0ny9cMjhbsba6FIebObgROUcQkVXJ_hPw/w640-h492/Washington--Cincinatus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Semi-legendary Roman Republic hero Cincinnatus was called from his plow
to be Consul and dictator to meet a crisis and retired back to his farm
when the emergency passed.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">From
the moment that he told his brother officers that he was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">retiring</b> from the Army and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">public
service</b> in his <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">famous</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Farewell </b>at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Frauncis Tavern</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">classical allusion </b>loving<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>educated<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> elite </b>who made up many of those officers began comparing him to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus</b>, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">patrician farmer </b>of the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">early</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Roman Republic </b>who <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gave up </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">his</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> plow</b> to accept <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dictatorial
powers </b>as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Consul</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Magister
Populi</i></b> to meet an <b>emergency</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After leading Rome to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">victory </b>over
an aggressor, he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">voluntarily gave up
power</b> and returned to the farm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">humble act</b> was even in<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> antiquity </b>so<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> unusual</b> that the name of Cincinnatus was remembered and revered
long after the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">details </b>of the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> crisis</b> he met were but <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">foggy memories</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Even
before the emotional meeting at the Fraunces Tavern<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Henry Knox, the former <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boston
bookseller</b>, connected Cincinnatus with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">society </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of Revolutionary
officers</span> that would honor Washington’s example of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">humble</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">selfless service</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A dinner meeting was called in May at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mount Gulian,</b> also known as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Verplanck House</b> chaired by another
Washington favorite, Hamilton.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
dinner is often cited as the founding meeting of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Society of the Cincinnati.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Continental
officers, but not<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Militia </b>or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Volunteers</b>, with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">three years</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> service</b> in the war or who were on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">active service</b> at war’s end<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eligible </b>for<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> membership.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Also eligible were senior officers of
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">French Army</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Navy</b> who had been involved in the
Yorktown campaign and naval actions <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">off
the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> coast</b> and in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Caribbean</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">controversially</b>,
membership could be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">passed on</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eldest sons </b>by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">traditional feudal rule</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">primogenitor</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many critics felt that <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">smacked of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> aristocracy </b>and some feared it opened the gate to the creation of
an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American hereditary nobility</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">But
the idea was a success and by the end of 1783 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">functioning chapters</b> were up and running in all thirteen states and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">King Louis XVI </b>ordained the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> French Society of the Cincinnati</b>,
which was organized on July 4, 1784.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Almost half of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eligible </b>5,000
men had enrolled in chapters by year’s end.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Members proudly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wore </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">displayed </b>an Order <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">medal</b> featuring an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eagle </b>on
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">blue</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">white</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">buff ribbon</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmByJektbYPMcGUMCxA8zCvGZozSAK4yWg1WXvFdZSuctUS7-LvYRMd8ITodlr8VvDGiMfzQON78MuqqN7k5Ekw-t-tkxLPDMNHh_10X0Mh8lbgvJsZfOBfxsUnvy6YHW10uF2Xw5KLDPB9uCUiKqs9BE1D5Mb0xEkU2Lq97fQMUaddJRlpPX3swLnKtjL/s415/Washington--Order%20of%20Cincinatus%20Diamond%20medal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="415" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmByJektbYPMcGUMCxA8zCvGZozSAK4yWg1WXvFdZSuctUS7-LvYRMd8ITodlr8VvDGiMfzQON78MuqqN7k5Ekw-t-tkxLPDMNHh_10X0Mh8lbgvJsZfOBfxsUnvy6YHW10uF2Xw5KLDPB9uCUiKqs9BE1D5Mb0xEkU2Lq97fQMUaddJRlpPX3swLnKtjL/w640-h474/Washington--Order%20of%20Cincinatus%20Diamond%20medal.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Diamond Eagle of the Society of the Cincinnati was the gift of
French naval officers to George Washington in 1784 and has been the
official insignia of the Society's president general ever since.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Washington
initially has some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reservations</b>
about the organization, especially when some officers did seem to feel that
membership should make them<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> eligible</b>
for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">special privileges</b> from the
State governments and feeble <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">central<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>government </b>under the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Articles of Confederation</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>He
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">discouraged </b>such talk pointing out
that Cincinnatus was a model of selfless service and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">simple republican virtue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Finally,
however, he concluded that even with hereditary membership, it was not an order
of nobility since no <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">title</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">privileges</b>, or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">property</b> were granted by any state for membership.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In December he allowed himself to be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elected</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President General of the Society</b> and he served in that<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> largely ceremonial position</b> until his
death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington almost always wore his
Society medal pinned to his coat including his entire time as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Controversy
over the Order and Washington’s part in it would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">erupt </b>again during his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">second
term </b>when<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> radical Republican clubs </b>which
supported the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">French Revolution </b>again
leveled charges of aristocracy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The
Order of the Cincinnati <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">continues to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> exist</b> to this day and is open to one <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lineal descendent </b>at a time of the
originally eligible officers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
members frankly consider themselves an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elite</b>
but the Order keeps a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">low profile </b>and
is not involved<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>in any<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> political activity</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">One
of Washington’s prime <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">post-war concerns</b>
was his vast western land holdings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
had received <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">grants </b>for his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">service </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">French and Indian Wars</b> from both the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">British </b>and from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginia </b>which
claimed western lands stretching from today’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">western Pennsylvania</b> all the way to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mississippi River</b> and theoretically to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Western Ocean</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">On
paper he was easily the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">largest landowner
</b>in the new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">United States.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>But he was having a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hard time </b>turning vast <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">potential
wealth </b>into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reliable income.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Part of the problem was that continuing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Indian warfare</b> on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frontier</b> prevented <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">settlement</b> of much of his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ohio
Valley claims</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But a bigger problem
was a combination of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">squatters </b>who
would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">not pay rent </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">settlers </b>on the land with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">conflicting claims</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Washington’s
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vision </b>was for a kind of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">feudal empire</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He did not want to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> sell</b> the land he claimed instead he wanted to offer it to settlers
on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">999 year leases</b> with a relatively<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> moderate annual rent </b>that would
provide Washington and his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heirs </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">steady </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> reliable income </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">generations</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">So,
one fine morning Washington packed his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
saddle bags</b>, mounted his big horse<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">,</b>
and rode out<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>of Mt. Vernon to visit
the area he had last seen at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Braddock</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
Retreat </b>back in 1755<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>In
the years since the mostly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trackless
wilderness</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Native hunting
grounds </b>around the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">headwaters </b>of
the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Ohio</b> had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">settled</b>, more or less, by frontier <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">farmers</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">smoke
</b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> chimney fires </b>rose from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stump clearings</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">forest </b>and spread over <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">valleys </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hollows </b>of the hilly country<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The old General would ride up to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cabin</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">surprise </b>the astonished<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> farm
family</b>, often sitting down to supper with them<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and stretching out his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">long
frame</b> on a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">palett </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fire
</b>for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">night</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>He was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">friendly</b>, but <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">firm</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The settlers he saw as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">squatters </b>on his land would have to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">agree </b>to his offer of a 99 year lease
or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vacate </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">property </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">move on</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixflD8e0Wmc5Nubbd2kRH0eSipK0q9AHH1BbQ_-OBdFXMW5SBiu4HwnFttgdYbjmtdcqYo_a_2DbYLvPvt3N41gbilK-Y3CNnDIKBCUMLa7s59Gcc_jqstzaXWVVIVg0Y04aRthpDVdchqw71WyTTP57Hc6PNWSVBfoql7CdyAJQ2dreh7Ph0nEfKB-kaW/s1133/Washington--Western%20claims.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1133" data-original-width="900" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixflD8e0Wmc5Nubbd2kRH0eSipK0q9AHH1BbQ_-OBdFXMW5SBiu4HwnFttgdYbjmtdcqYo_a_2DbYLvPvt3N41gbilK-Y3CNnDIKBCUMLa7s59Gcc_jqstzaXWVVIVg0Y04aRthpDVdchqw71WyTTP57Hc6PNWSVBfoql7CdyAJQ2dreh7Ph0nEfKB-kaW/w508-h640/Washington--Western%20claims.png" width="508" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">After years of dispute most of Washington's western land holdings ended
up in Pennsylvania, not Virginia. The area included Ft. Pitt and the
newly created Washington County were his claims against squatters was
heard.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Of
course, the settlers saw things differently.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Many thought they had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">earned </b>the
land<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">virtue </b>of their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sweat </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">labor </b>and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">improvements </b>they had made.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Some had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">blazed</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">surveyed </b>their land, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">filing claims </b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">local courts</b> either <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unaware </b>of
Washington’s claims <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">or</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> believing </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">them to be</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> unenforceable</b>
yet others had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">grant papers</b> from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pennsylvania </b>which along with Virginia
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York</b> all claimed<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>the area.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>None were willing to pay rent or vacate.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Washington
rode home without <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">satisfaction </b>but
he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hired lawyers </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">file suit </b>in recently created <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Washington County</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Pennsylvania </b>against <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">David Reed </b>and
other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dissenting Presbyterians </b>known
as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Seceders</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">back rent </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">possession </b>of the land<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>In 1786 with an eastern Pennsylvania <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Supreme Court Justice </b>presiding on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">circuit</b>—an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">establishment type</b> bound to be sympathetic to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gentleman </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">property </b>and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Great Man </b>of his era—ruled in
Washington’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">favor</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The General <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">waived</b> the back rent if the settlers would sign the long
leases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most declined, lost their land
and investments, and moved on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
Washington was no more successful in getting anyone else to accept the deal and
other squatters remained on other plots.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Western visit would sour the feelings between Washington and the western
settlers whether or not they were on his land.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Washington now regarded them as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lawless
rabble </b>and they in turn viewed him no longer as the hero of the Revolution,
but as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oppressor </b>just like the
British.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These attitude would come to a
head<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>years later in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Whiskey Rebellion </b>and explain
Washington’s use of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">massive army </b>to
enforce <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">taxation </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">locally produced whiskey.</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Back
home Washington tried to stay out of politics, but it was not easy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The weakness of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Articles of Confederation </b>presented him with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">practical problems, </b>especially the attempt of Pennsylvania and
other states to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">levy internal tariffs </b>on
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">products </b>from<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> other states</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This made it <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">difficult </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">expensive </b>for him to market his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wheat</b> and other crops there or in nearby <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Maryland</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protégé </b>Hamilton had his ear with his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">complaints</b> that the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">war debts</b> of the Confederation and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">several states</b> were crippling <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">commerce</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> trade</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">development</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>And he was concerned that the
Confederation was so <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">militarily weak—</b>the
Continental Army had been dissolved and the equivalent of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">single regiment </b>was spread uselessly to
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">small frontier garrisons</b>—that it was
unable to protect settlers in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Trans-Allegheny
west</b> from continuing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Indian warfare</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
fellow Virginian<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">, </b>young <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">James Madison </b>working in concert with
Hamilton proposed a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">conference </b>of
states in 1786 to meet at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Annapolis </b>to
hash out some common problems—a dispute between Maryland and Virginia over <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">navigation rights </b>on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Potomac</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rhode Island</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s </b>levy of an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">impost </b>on all traffic on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Post
Road</b> that was the only <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recognized
route</b> connecting the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Southern states</b>
with Philadelphia, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boston</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In addition, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Shays</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Rebellion </b>broke out in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Massachusetts</b>
just before the conference convened <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scaring
</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hell </b>out of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">propertied
classes </b>in all of the states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
lack of Federal armed forces meant it took weeks for Massachusetts to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mobilize </b>its Militia to quash the
rebellion.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Five
states clustered around the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mid-Atlantic</b>
convened for the meeting but determined that the problems could not be
addressed without <b>changes</b> to the Articles of Confederation which severely
restricted <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">effective central government</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At Madison’s urging they sent out a call for
a new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Convention </b>of the states to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">amend </b>the Articles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Madison and Hamilton persuaded a reluctant
Washington to attend as a Virginia delegate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">presence</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prestige</b> were essential in persuading
other states to have the confidence to send delegations.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9XUMT6zq8_4YIAzWRI_5vMVBVE5l7z_J_r8MmWZRpx-gOsGzlH3Hhy5bdwluTrjftjuqefvMxHNWPclcQqyyS6UQ5yP4Ofp7HYDowa8ojVzxh-ysjNx8JbRhX1ffBxBFjf-IS_g709qLmqJgSv2X3xrvwNWVwvhkKKZ9cDngbdkq4dN-5L5xoz72mqGKS/s1280/Washington--Signing%20the%20Constitution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="825" data-original-width="1280" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9XUMT6zq8_4YIAzWRI_5vMVBVE5l7z_J_r8MmWZRpx-gOsGzlH3Hhy5bdwluTrjftjuqefvMxHNWPclcQqyyS6UQ5yP4Ofp7HYDowa8ojVzxh-ysjNx8JbRhX1ffBxBFjf-IS_g709qLmqJgSv2X3xrvwNWVwvhkKKZ9cDngbdkq4dN-5L5xoz72mqGKS/w640-h412/Washington--Signing%20the%20Constitution.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">As President of the Convention, Washington presided over the signing of
the Constitution. All of the delegates present were represented in this
painting. At the foot of the platform are critical actors Alexander
Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, and James Madison.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Convention convened in Philadelphia in May 1787 as delegations dribbled
in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It officially opened on May 25 and
Washington, in whom everyone had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">confidence</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unanimously elected President </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Convention</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>He
took a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">high-backed chair </b>with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sun carved </b>on the back<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>to assume his duties <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pennsylvania State House </b>also known as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Independence Hall</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>He <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">presided</b>
with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">even-handed probity </b>through the
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">long deliberations</b> that summer in
the very room where he had accepted his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">commission</b>
as Commander in Chief of the Continental Army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Madison
and other members of the Virginia delegation had no intention of simply <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">modifying </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the </span>Articles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead at
the outset of the convention he presented the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginia Plan </b>for a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">whole
new government</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That plan would
become the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">basis </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">discussions</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Since
the Convention almost immediately<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
exceeded </b>the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> authority </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of its</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> call</b> and there was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">general
fear</b> that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">public demonstrations</b>
would make calm <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">deliberations impossible</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The proceeding would be held in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">strictest secrecy</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stoic </b>Washington was not sanguine as deliberations
dragged on through the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sweltering heat</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>He <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">confided
</b>to Hamilton, “I almost despair of seeing a favorable issue to the
proceedings of our convention and do therefore repent having had any agency in
the business.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He seldom interjected
himself<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>into the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">proceedings</b> but when a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stubborn minority</b> was putting up a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fierce resistance</b> to the powers of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">proposed </b>new<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Federation</b> he privately met with arch <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anti-Federalist Patrick Henry</b>, the former Revolutionary firebrand
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">governor </b>of Virginia<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>arguing that the only alternative to
the new government would be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anarchy</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">When
all of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">complex compromises </b>were
reached however and the proposed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Constitution
</b>came before each <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">state delegation</b>
for a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vote</b>, the always proper
Washington <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">declined </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to cast his</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> vote</b> in the Virginia delegation because everyone knew that the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">enumerated powers</b> of the new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Presidency</b> were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tailored </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">universal
expectation</b> that he himself would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exercise
</b>them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">After
much <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wrangling </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">draft</b> of the Constitution was approved
and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">signing ceremony</b> was set for September
17.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several delegates were unhappy with
the product and left<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>before the
signing</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">and
three of those remaining refused to sign—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Edmund
Randolph</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">George Mason</b> of
Virginia, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Elbridge Gerry</b> of
Massachusetts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They demanded a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bill of Rights</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Other delegate accepted Madison’s
assurance that a Bill of Rights could be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">added
</b>as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">amendments </b>after the adoption
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">basic structure</b> of the
government.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Then
there was one last<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> glitch</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nathaniel Gorham </b>of Massachusetts
suddenly proposed an amendment to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lower
the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> size </b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Congressional Districts</b> from 40,000 to
30,000 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">citizens</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington, who had refrained from
participating in debates, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spoke </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
favor</b> mostly to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">move things along</b>
and it <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">carried </b>without further
debate.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Then
the final vote was taken.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rhode Island </b>had never even sent
delegates and three of the four members of the New York Delegation had gone
home, Washington announced the results—the document <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">carried</b> by “eleven states, and Colonel Hamilton.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As presiding officer, he then was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">first to sign</span> the document followed by
other who were present.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Still others added
their names later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Washington
returned once again to Mt. Vernon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
was known that he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">approved </b>of the
product<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>but since he was expected to
be elected President, he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">abstained </b>from
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ratification debates </b>that raged
in the states leaving it to Hamilton and Madison to defend the new Constitution
with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John Jay </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Federalist
Papers</i></b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">After
ratification was finally complete the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">old
soldier</b> prepared for his new service.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Next—</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: ""serif"",serif;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">We will have to keep entries on
Washington's presidency and final years--at least three more chapters, for
another time.</span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></b></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-74539983825748266142024-02-24T02:00:00.002-06:002024-02-24T02:00:00.140-06:00Lighting 293 Candles on Washington’s Cake—Part III The Long War and Keeping a Republic<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN9k33YRPq-418VSFpX8asnsvPiS69tF_mT_3P0h-hJR-8pT4Ue5uEt9uXXrnQTdCKEAEQIoMjoTj7P2-rSjfck5_InBODpoivcB1mHDmP47pYhZpvCuv2rj9TbfNoJS7wgtGahPSqausrn1wRKTSnWEGpzjDVRjMECsY4WmhjzbiqQ-R2Grir5znQJsGY/s600/Washington--Yorktown%20Surrender.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="600" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN9k33YRPq-418VSFpX8asnsvPiS69tF_mT_3P0h-hJR-8pT4Ue5uEt9uXXrnQTdCKEAEQIoMjoTj7P2-rSjfck5_InBODpoivcB1mHDmP47pYhZpvCuv2rj9TbfNoJS7wgtGahPSqausrn1wRKTSnWEGpzjDVRjMECsY4WmhjzbiqQ-R2Grir5znQJsGY/w640-h462/Washington--Yorktown%20Surrender.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">As Washington looks on General Benjamin Lincoln accepts the sword of
surrender offered by British General Charles O'Hara on behalf of Lord
Cornwallis at Yorktown ending major combat between armies in North
America during the Revolution--but not ending the war itself.</span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Note</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">—</span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Yesterday we left George
Washington in winter quarters in January 1777 at the end of a little more than
a year and a half of eventful active command of the Continental Army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">British musicians</b> had it right when
they played <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The World Turned Upside Down</i></b> on October 19, 1781.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On that day British forces commanded by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lieutenant General </b></span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Lord Cornwallis </span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">marched out of their <b>fortifications</b> at <b>Yorktown, Virginia</b>
between ranks of <b>Continental Army </b>and <b>French</b> troops. Cornwallis, <b>feigning
illness</b>, dispatched <b>Irish</b> born </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Brigadier General Charles O</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Hara</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">to do the distasteful<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> duty</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O’Hara attempted to
offer the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sword </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">surrender</b> to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">senior
French officer</b>, the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Comte de Rochambeau</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> who <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">declined</b> pointing to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General George Washington</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">irked </b>at Cornwallis’s breach of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
decorum</b>, likewise refused to accept the sword from an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inferior officer</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He chose
his subordinate, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General Benjamin
Lincoln</b>, who had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">humiliated</b>
at the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">surrender of</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Savannah</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Georgia</b>, to accept
the sword.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,087 British and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">German mercenary </b>officers and enlisted
men and 840 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sailors</b> from the British
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fleet</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">York River</b> lay down their<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
arms</b>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Modern<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> historians</b> accurately
emphasize that the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">victory </b>at
Yorktown would have been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">impossible</b>
except for the large French Army under Rochambeau and the presence of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">French</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fleet</b> under the <b>Comte de Grasse </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">at sea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the <b>patriotic
hagiography</b> of Washington in the <b>19th Century</b>, it has become f<b>ashionable</b>
to <b>decry</b> the Continental commander’s<b> generalship</b>, particularly in
light of his <b>long </b>string of<b> battlefield losses</b> to the
British—especially the disastrous<b> Long Island campaign</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But Washington was masterfully in<b> command</b>
of the <b>operation</b> from the time the <b>allies </b></span>reached <b>agreement
</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in <b>Newport</b></span>,<b> Rhode
Island</b>.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Since the <b>moral boosting </b>but small
victories at <b>Trenton </b>and <b>Princeton</b>, Washington’s <b>main
achievement </b>had been just </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">keeping his army
in the<b> field </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">against a far<b>
superior force</b> through terrible <b>deprivation </b>and brutal <b>winters </b>at
<b>Valley Forge </b>and <b>Morristown</b>, with poor <b>material support </b>from
a <b>Congress </b>with <b>no power </b>to <b>levy taxes </b>in to pay for the
war.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">On the battlefield in <b>personal command</b>,
Washington’s <b>record </b>was at best mixed.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>In 1777 he lost the <b>Battle of
Brandywine </b>allowing <b>Major General Lord William Howe</b>, <b>Commander in
Chief </b>of <b>His Majesty</b></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">’<b>s Forces </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in <b>North America</b>, </span>to<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> capture <b>Philadelphia </b>and also lost an
attempt to go on the <b>offensive</b> at <b>Germantown</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was able to deter the always slow and
timid Howe from marching his army up the <b>Hudson</b> to join up with <b>Gentleman
Johnny Burgoyne</b></span>’<b>s invasion force </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">from <b>Canada</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A <b>northern
Army</b> under <b>Horatio Gates </b>with the notable assistance of <b>Benedict
Arnold</b> was able to destroy Burgoyne’s army in battles around <b>Saratoga</b>—a
<b>turning point </b></span>in the war<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
which encouraged the </span>French <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to </span>enter
the conflict<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But because he was not on the scene,
Washington would get <b>scant credit</b> in his role as over-all <b>Commander
in Chief</b>.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv8ZBVdjhD2CCdenjhznSJscG66V0qvRX5L8OJ_7GrdSkTjh0fh6ifSy1iuL7CK1uXrWVHn6eoFNaICBz3RSbyCHi1qFVjMwAJK7sErTHxfU3VnW1_cIsCyo1s2Q9pD9Jyp-_V8gSu1omcTHLqsRo8d-a0rWZRYc2KKVWyvdPOqqFoVdvnPBqI0xoZy2x4/s822/washington--charles%20lee.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="822" data-original-width="645" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv8ZBVdjhD2CCdenjhznSJscG66V0qvRX5L8OJ_7GrdSkTjh0fh6ifSy1iuL7CK1uXrWVHn6eoFNaICBz3RSbyCHi1qFVjMwAJK7sErTHxfU3VnW1_cIsCyo1s2Q9pD9Jyp-_V8gSu1omcTHLqsRo8d-a0rWZRYc2KKVWyvdPOqqFoVdvnPBqI0xoZy2x4/w502-h640/washington--charles%20lee.jpg" width="502" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Washington reams General Charles Lee a new one and dismisses him on the
spot before rallying his fleeing troops at the Battle of Monmouth--a
tactical stalemate that none-the-less turned the British back to New York.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The <b>Battle of Monmouth </b>in June of 1778,
one of the largest<b> field battles</b> of the war, ended up at <b>tactical tie</b>
after the early stages of the Continental attack against an army under new
British commander <b>Sir Henry Clinton </b>were <b>bungled </b>by Washington’s <b>old
rival </b>for command, <b>General Charles Lee </b>who he <b>angrily relieved</b>
in the field.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington <b>rallied</b>
his fleeing troops and snatched a<b> stalemate </b>from the <b>jaws </b></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">of<b> defeat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Despite not being beaten in the field,
however, Clinton was <b>discouraged </b>and retreated to New York achieving
Washington’s more important <b>strategic mission—</b>keeping the Continental
Army in <b>intact</b> to fight another day.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">In 1779 Clinton moved up the Hudson but was <b>checked
</b>by a <b>counter-offensive </b>by outnumbered Continental units under <b>General
Mad Anthony Wayne</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Skirmishes</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Verplanck</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Point</b> and at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stony Point</b> showed that the Continental <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">infantry</b> had become <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">formidable</b>
and were an enormous boost to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> morale</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>With the Continental also still in possession
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">key fortifications</b> on the Hudson,
Clinton was forced to turn back again.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">While Washington
went into another brutal winter encampment a Morristown, New Jersey, Clinton
and much of his Army <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sailed south</b>
where they took Savannah<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>from troops
under General Benjamin Lincoln.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As much
of the fighting shifted south, Washington’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">influence </b>in Congress was at its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">low point</b> and he could not get his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> choice </b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Nathaniel Greene</b>
to take command there approved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead,
they appointed the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">official victor</b>
of Saratoga, Horatio Gates, who had been involved in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plots</b> to replace Washington in over-all command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gates <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">failed
</b>badly and was finally replaced by Green who initiated a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fabian strategy </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hit-and-run attacks</b> and engaging in bloody battles which the
British <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">technically won</b> but
sustained <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heavy losses</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The British, now under Cornwallis after
Clinton returned to New York, were forced to retreat north into Virginia where
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Marquis de Lafayette</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>Washington’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">young favorite</b>, was
playing <b>cat</b> and <b>mouse</b> with British <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">raiders</b> under Tory <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Col. Banastre
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Tarleton</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">turncoat
</b>Benedict Arnold.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The winter of
1780-81 instead of concentrating the army in one encampment as in the past,
Washington <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dispersed </b>his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> regiments</b> to towns around New York,
New Jersey, and Pennsylvania in order to supplement<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> inadequate rations</b> from Congress with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">foraging opportunities</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Year</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Day</b>, 1781 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">veteran troops</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pennsylvania Line</b>, some of the finest
troops in the Army under the command of Anthony Wayne, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mutinied</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>They
had not been paid by Pennsylvania since enlistment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, the only money most had ever seen was
a paltry $20 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">enlistment bonus</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>far less than that paid by other states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They had enlisted for “three years or the <b>duration</b> of the war”
and figured that their enlistments expired on the First.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They resolved to march on Philadelphia to
demand <b>back pay</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One officer was
killed trying to prevent it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">committee of sergeants</b> was elected to present
their<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> petition </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">negotiate</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>They organized themselves into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">units</b> and set off on an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">orderly march</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJVwTv4P1R8XeFGkK45TBsHeNNbHAAxnPd206FKrb3SIYFRnBAbRy77QXs1sq-G2AxcRIIF6-EAtbHaquD7gw-9_22uR6Axrq0ZtZ1J3ZlNwm2zCabjOifUQQv6k6xOa01w6LEJZAW7i4Fne4adNK7vrq9N6A3Um7X4TrbKOTqRwhtubWxJP2u5hRJ8Pv/s760/Washington--Mutiny_of_the_Pennsylvania_Line.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="729" data-original-width="760" height="614" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJVwTv4P1R8XeFGkK45TBsHeNNbHAAxnPd206FKrb3SIYFRnBAbRy77QXs1sq-G2AxcRIIF6-EAtbHaquD7gw-9_22uR6Axrq0ZtZ1J3ZlNwm2zCabjOifUQQv6k6xOa01w6LEJZAW7i4Fne4adNK7vrq9N6A3Um7X4TrbKOTqRwhtubWxJP2u5hRJ8Pv/w640-h614/Washington--Mutiny_of_the_Pennsylvania_Line.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line on New Year's Day 1781 was more
orderly than this illustration. One officer was shot trying to prevent
the men from leaving camp, but most marched away peacefully and in good
order.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">When Clinton heard
of the mutiny, he offered the men <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">immunity</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">parole</b> plus <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">enrolment bonuses</b> and standard <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Regular
Army pay</b> if they would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">switch
sides.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>But the men refused and
declared their loyalty to the new nation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Washington and Wayne were sympathetic to the men and wrote in their
behalf to both Congress and the government of Pennsylvania.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eventually the crisis was averted due to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">loans </b>arranged by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">financier Robert Morris.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Pennsylvanian
agreed to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">discharge</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">three year men</b> who did not accept a
new, more generous, re-enlistment bonus.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>Approximately 1,250 infantrymen and 67 artillerymen were discharged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some later returned to the service for new
bonuses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only 1,050 remained on the
rolls.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some regiments were disbanded and
their remaining officers and men <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">transferred</b>
to other units.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Almost everyone was
given a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">furlough </b>to go home with
instructions to assemble with their new regiments which were each posted to
different towns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Almost all came
back.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spring </b>Wayne<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>was able to
take command and march his men out for another campaign season.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">close thing</b>, which had sent Congress
into a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> panic</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> was indicative of Washington’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">struggle </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">keeping his army
together and effective.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The years of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">effective </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stalemate </b>between Washington’s main army and Clinton in New York
was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">background </b>when </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Rochambeau arrived at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Newport</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Rhode Island </b>along with a formidable French fleet under </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Admiral François Joseph Paul de Grasse</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">and $20,000 in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">coin</b> for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cash strapped</b>
Continental Army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Together Washington
and the French hashed out the plan to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">move
swiftly </b>to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> trap </b>Cornwallis’s
army in Virginia before Clinton could re-enforce it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">audacious
details </b>of moving two entire armies—4,000 Continentals and 5,000 French—by
a combination of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">forced march </b>and
sail all the way from Newport to Virginia were mostly the work of Washington
himself.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The result was that
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trap </b>was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">successfully sprung</b>, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">text
book siege </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gallant final assault</b>,
plus the French fleet fighting off the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Royal</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Navy</b> and preventing
re-enforcements.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The world was indeed
turned upside down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the war was not<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> over</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Clinton still had a large Army in New York and fighting on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">western Frontier</b> continued with ever
greater <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cruelty </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">brutality </b>on both sides.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">But the American Revolution
was now another<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> world war</b>, an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">extension </b>of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">long series</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">European </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">colonial conflicts</b> between the
British and the French.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">interests</b> of both nations in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Caribbean</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Africa</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">India </b>were now
in play in addition to the fate of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American
Independence</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">treasuries </b>of both countries were being
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bled dry</b> and their military and
naval forces<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> stretched </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to the limit</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Paris</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Benjamin Franklin</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John Adams</b> now had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">leverage</b> to open <b>negotiations</b> to end the war with <b>recognition</b>
of U.S. <b>Independence</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the process
would take time.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Under the
circumstances neither Washington nor Clinton wanted to risk their armies
wastefully.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They went into a long period
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wary</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> watchful waiting</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">But the Continental Army was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">idle </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hungry</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An idle, hungry army
is a very <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dangerous thing</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">aftermath</b> of other revolutions won by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rebel armies</b> after <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protracted
wars</b> would come to similar<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> cross
roads</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It almost never<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ended well</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Usually the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">victorious</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General </b>would
place himself at the head of his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">troops</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">overthrow</b> what <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">civil revolutionary authority </b>there was,
declaring himself <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President, Dictator</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Monarch </b>and consolidating his
power by lavishing the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> spoils of war</b>
on his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">officers</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">men</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Other times revolutions <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">devolved</b>
into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bitter</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">civil war</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Almost never did
it end with<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> civil government intact</b>
and hardly a shot fired in anger.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">One man, General Washington
himself, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prevented calamity</b> in one
of the most <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">important acts</b> of his
distinguished career and one that is little remembered today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is what happened.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The bulk of the Army had been
encamped at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Newburgh</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
New York </b>to keep the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">British Army </b>under
close <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">surveillance</b> and bottled up in
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York City </b>since March of
1782.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As another winter approached, all
eyes turned to Congress where proposals to provide <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pensions </b>when the Army was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inevitably
disbanded</b> were being debated. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">In 1780, to squelch earlier
discontent among the troops, Congress had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pledged</b>
to, on the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">model of the British</span>,
put all officers on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">half-pay </b>for the
rest of their lives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">treasury</b>, such as it was, was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">empty</b> and with no power to compel the states<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fund</b> the government under the new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Articles of Confederation</b>, there was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">no way to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> make good</b> on
that promise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Worse, in January <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris </b>announced
that the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">coffers</b> were empty and that
he was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suspending paying</b> the Army.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Previously Morris, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">financier </b>and one of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wealthiest men </b>in the new nation, had
met such emergencies by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">personally
guaranteeing notes</b>—and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">buying </b>many
of them himself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That he refused to do
so at this juncture was part a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plan </b>of
a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> faction </b>of Congress known as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nationalists </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">put pressure</b> on the new government to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">assert </b>limited powers of taxation, notably the ability to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">levy </b>an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">import duty </b>or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">impost</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>This was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bitterly opposed</b> by a larger block of Congress and many states had passed<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> instructions</b> to their delegates <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">forbidding</b> them to vote in favor of
payments of pensions fearing that it would force the adoption of taxation.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The Nationalists, who included
Morris, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gouverneur Morris</b> of New
York, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">James Madison, </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alexander Hamilton </b>who had left the
Army to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">take a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> seat</b> in Congress from New York, backed
the impost plan not only to meet obligations to the Army, but to pay the many<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> debts </b>Congress<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> amassed </b>during the Revolution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They hoped that a possible crisis involving the Army might force
Congress to move.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were in more or
less<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> confidential communication </b>with
officers in the Army, including some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">senior
commanders</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Among those was one of
Washington’s favorite officers, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General
Henry Knox</b> who was encouraged to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">draft</b>
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">memorial </b>to Congress<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>signed by other senior officers of
such<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> impressive stature</b> that they
could not be<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> dismissed </b>as mere<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> malcontents</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After expressing dissatisfaction with the
suspension of pay, the memorial offered a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
compromise </b>on the pension issue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Instead of half pay for a life time, they indicated the Army would be
satisfied with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lump sum </b>payment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It concluded with a not very<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> veiled threat</b> that “that any further
experiments on their [the army’s] patience may have fatal effects.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Private messages were also sent to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Secretary of War Benjamin Lincoln</b>,
himself recently out of the Army and the officer delegated by Washington to
receive the surrender of the British at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Yorktown</b>,
that made clear the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dangerous state </b>of
moral in the Army.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The memorial was delivered to
Congress by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General Alexander McDougall</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Colonels John Brooks</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Matthias Ogden</b> in late December 1782.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>McDougall and Brooks lingered in Philadelphia
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lobby</b> Congress and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">monitor </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the situation</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They met
with a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> special committee</b> in early
January to explain the seriousness of the situation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That committee reported to the whole body on
January 22 at which time Robert Morris shocked Congress by announcing his <b>resignation</b>
in despair of the body acting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
nationalists twice tried to pass legislation calling for pensions at full pay
to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">end on a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> specific date</b> as an alternative to the original lifetime half pay
or the Army’s immediate lump sum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On
February 4 Congress rejected the proposal for the second time.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4XFTb_PPRBM-Df6rY3dABTnfj923SlZQmp5B9BDBMJinwRHfyjrEsRd8w0Bb1wZGK6dHWGKOBaBKfQ98DEFaV61tJ4yyamoz21h_kjOc3RqGJwVeAh5f9VyVJ9CAdjgNq_oNoIU0t00rSoUdJss8hdahEamK5al40wrlKO4G63N0MSGCVfRJ-zNVhL2r9/s888/Washington--Horatio%20Gates%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="856" data-original-width="888" height="616" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4XFTb_PPRBM-Df6rY3dABTnfj923SlZQmp5B9BDBMJinwRHfyjrEsRd8w0Bb1wZGK6dHWGKOBaBKfQ98DEFaV61tJ4yyamoz21h_kjOc3RqGJwVeAh5f9VyVJ9CAdjgNq_oNoIU0t00rSoUdJss8hdahEamK5al40wrlKO4G63N0MSGCVfRJ-zNVhL2r9/w640-h616/Washington--Horatio%20Gates%20(2).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">General Horatio Gates, the victor in the Saratoga campaign with the
significant assistance of Benedict Arnold, was the second senior officer
in the Army but was involved with the Newburgh conspirators and was not
trusted by Washington. He sat helplessly at the meeting of officer who
Washington masterfully won over with a dramatic gesture.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Brooks hastened back to
Newburgh to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rally </b>the officer<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> corps</b> for mor<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">e decisive action</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>McDougall
wrote Knox under the significant <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pseudonym</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Brutus </b>suggested that the Army <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">refuse </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disband </b>when peace
was announced until their demands were met.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>That action would be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">virtual</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mutiny </b>in the face of an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">order </b>from Congress to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> demobilize</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Knox was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sympathetic
</b>but<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> non-committal</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Meanwhile other dissenting
forces in the Army became involved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That
included the staff of Washington’s chief rival General Horatio Gates, the
victor at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Saratoga</b> and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">clique </b>of younger officers long
dissatisfied with Washington’s leadership and outside the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">thrall</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cult</b> of <b>personal
loyalty</b> to him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nationalists in
Congress may have believed that these officers might be the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">core </b>of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">coup d’état </i></b>should it
become necessary.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">By mid-February <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rumors </b>that a peace treaty was at hand
swirled around both the capital in Philadelphia and the camp in Newburgh, bring
the situation closer to crisis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hamilton
wrote privately to Washington, his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">patron
</b>in the Army and who was said to regard him, like the Marquis de Lafayette
as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">son.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Taking advantage of the relationship,
Hamilton warned the General of the dangers in his camp and urged him to “take
the direction”<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>of the army’s anger—in
other words be ready to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>assume
command of a coup against Congress.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Shocked</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">, Washington wrote back that he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sympathized </b>with the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> plights</b>
of both the Army and of Congress but flatly said that he would be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">no part </b>of a plan to use the Army as a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> threat </b>to the civil government<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">contradiction</b> to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">republican
principles </b>on which the war had been conducted.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">On February 21 Knox <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dashed the hopes</span> of Congressional
Nationalists that he would lend his prestige to a threat not to disband the
Army undoubtedly after <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">consultation</b>
with Washington.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In letters he expressed
again sympathy for the Army’s plight but declared he would not participate in
any mutiny or revolt and expressed the hope that the Army would only be used
“against the Enemies of the Liberties in America.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Without the support of
Washington and Knox—indeed with their declared opposition—the Nationalists
turned their attention to Gates as their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">best
bet</b> for a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">man on a white horse.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They sent Gates a signal of their support
should he decide to move with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pennsylvania
Colonel Walter Stewart</b>, returning to duty after an illness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He arrived in camp on March 8 and met with
Gates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rumors</b> about an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">impending
demonstration </b>of some kind swirled through the camp.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">On March 10 an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unsigned letter</b>, later attributed to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Major John Armstrong</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jr</b>. who was an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">aide</b> to Gates, began circulating in camp calling for a meeting of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">field grade officers</b> the next day,
March 11 at 11 am.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">As soon as Washington got wind
of it he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">denounced</b> the
“disorderly... and irregular nature” of the anonymously called meeting in his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">general orders </b>of the day on the
morning of the 11th.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Without explicitly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">banning</b> the meeting, he proposed his
own meeting of officers on March 15.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
letter was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">carefully worded </b>to give
the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> impression</b> that Washington
himself would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">not attend</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead, he directed the meeting to be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">chaired</b> by the “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">senior officer present</b>” knowing full well that would be Gates.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The next day a second
anonymous letter appeared claiming that Washington’s endorsement of a meeting
on the 15th was a signal the General would support a threat in force to
Congress.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">furious</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">For the next three days the
camp was awash in rumors and whispered plot.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">On the appointed time on
Saturday, March 15 the officers assembled in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Building</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Temple</b>
which had just been constructed and was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">largest facility </b>in camp capable of hold such a meeting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As expected, Gates took the chair.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shortly after he called the meeting to order,
Washington suddenly and unexpectedly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">appeared
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">asked permission </b>to address
the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> assembly</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">His sudden appearance caused
quite a stir—and for one of the few times in his experience in the Army the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">greeting </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">was not</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> unanimously
adulatory</b>. Younger officers and those who had not personally served close
to him <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hooted</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">jeered</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Gates must have been none to glad to see
his commander, but had<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> no choice </b>but
to allow him to speak.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Washington came to the front
of the room and turned to face his officers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He gave a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">short speech</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unusual heat</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">passion</b>, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">departure </b>from
his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">carefully cultivated image </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lofty probity</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had carefully drafted the statement, but
gave it without <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">notes</b> as if <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">extemporaneously</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He called upon the assembly to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oppose </b>anyone “who wickedly attempts to
open the floodgates of civil discord and deluge our rising empire in blood.”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3mvPFEO_U_o7v1RMKoV1xSe-lPbF_zFgM9936pZrNjWjAhppvX7Qb3pWh7Xs8_nNXA_NyUSj5jtfDbcfvXOQomcLDN6f-s6aOMN6o79i2yX8cwKXKu4IyR0AzZX1Mp8hy9f1V49xyP3txfrxhPFlLo8Th3ERlfb-DtZeumKVpS7mQNC3KKhi6m5kRQ3bz/s1190/Washington%20Newberg--sketch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="839" data-original-width="1190" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3mvPFEO_U_o7v1RMKoV1xSe-lPbF_zFgM9936pZrNjWjAhppvX7Qb3pWh7Xs8_nNXA_NyUSj5jtfDbcfvXOQomcLDN6f-s6aOMN6o79i2yX8cwKXKu4IyR0AzZX1Mp8hy9f1V49xyP3txfrxhPFlLo8Th3ERlfb-DtZeumKVpS7mQNC3KKhi6m5kRQ3bz/w640-h452/Washington%20Newberg--sketch.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">"I have grown not only gray, but nearly blind in the service of my
country" Washington told his brother officers at Newburgh bringing many
to tears and diffusing a potential mutiny or coup against Congress.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Then he drew<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> sheets of paper</b> folded in half
length-wise from inside his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">coat</b>. It
was a letter from a member of Congress, he said.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fumbled
</b>with the paper and seemed to have<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
difficulty </b>reading it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He then drew
from another pocket a new<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pair of</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spectacles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Almost no one
except his closest aides had yet seen him wear them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He slowly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unfolded </b>them and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">perched
them unsteadily on his nose</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">“Gentlemen, you will permit me
to put on my spectacles, for I have not only grown gray but almost blind in the
service of my country.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of the
officers <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wept</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sympathy
</b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> sentiment</b> of the room swung
immediately to Washington.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After reading
the letter, which really added little to the issue at hand, the General <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bowed</b> and left the building without waiting
for a response.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He didn’t have to
wait.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The conspiracy or potential coup
or whatever had been afoot <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">collapsed</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">A <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">motion </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">was made to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> denounce </b>the anonymous letters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It passed virtually unanimously with only <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Colonel Timothy Pickering </b>protesting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other motions <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">affirmed </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> loyalty </b>of the Army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A committee consisting of General Knox and
Colonel Brooks was appointed to draft a final resolution which expressed the “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">utmost confidence</b>” of the Army in
Congress and the “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disdain and abhorrence</b>”
for the irregular proposals circulated earlier.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">How much of the proceedings
that morning were carefully <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stage-managed</b>
in advance by Washington and Knox and how much was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">happy accident</b> is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hotly
debated</b> by historians.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I am in the
camp that recognizes Washington as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">brilliant
tactician</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">old fox </b>knew exactly what he was doing.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4zc-Kf5h8AhaQC3eVViC3UmgO5DH6_6B7olPx1waTOlW91KOLPcOOxhRLCaNeQLErGeuxMXSIX329_4q5knVPpE2uz2j0HWMc3wH2_fb6AETRFlM53pa3Kmv2PA1mgaZxN0ny-d8o77Z-g0pljA_WEUQLc8ualo87wA7FP5ZKszExFVW1cEevfOCfGdDo/s350/Washington--Trumbull.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="280" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4zc-Kf5h8AhaQC3eVViC3UmgO5DH6_6B7olPx1waTOlW91KOLPcOOxhRLCaNeQLErGeuxMXSIX329_4q5knVPpE2uz2j0HWMc3wH2_fb6AETRFlM53pa3Kmv2PA1mgaZxN0ny-d8o77Z-g0pljA_WEUQLc8ualo87wA7FP5ZKszExFVW1cEevfOCfGdDo/w512-h640/Washington--Trumbull.jpg" width="512" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">General
Washington accompanied by his slave is pictured with the rolled up
speech delivered before his officers at Newburgh. Painting by John
Trumbull.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The speech went down in
history as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Newburgh Address</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>but it was a bit of stage business that<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
carried </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> day</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Meanwhile Washington sent
copies of both the anonymous letters and his address to Congress which was
debating, yet again, the pension issue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Even steadfast opponents now realized how narrowly disaster had been<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> averted</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Nationalist now saw an opportunity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They advised the creation of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">committee</b> to study the intelligence and
come up with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">solution</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shrewdly, they <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stacked </b>the committee with steadfast opponents of any pension
plan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But presented with mounting
evidence of deep dissatisfaction in the Army and the prospect that in the
future Washington might not be able to so deftly turn aside open rebellion, one
anti-pension delegate, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eliphalet Dyer</b>
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Connecticut</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span>now came forward with a proposal for
a lump-sum payment, including <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arrears
pay</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">As finally approved, the
pension plan called for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">half-pay for
five years</b>, mirroring the solution proposed by Knox and twice rejected
before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The payment was not in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cash</b>, but in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">government bonds</b>, highly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">speculative
securities</b> many thought would be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">worthless</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many officers sold their bonds to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">speculators </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pennies </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">on the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> dollar</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>But those who <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">held onto </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the bonds</span>
were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">made whole</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thanks to the adoption of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Constitution</b>, the new ability of the
nation to levy import duties and all of the taxes, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Secretary of the Treasury </b>Alexander Hamilton’s determination to
fully pay off<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Revolutionary War debt</b>,
the bonds were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">redeemed </b>by the
government at<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> full value</b> in 1790.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">But Congress was not yet out
of the woods.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Discontent spread to the still
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">uncompensated</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">non-commissioned officers</b> and there was some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">minor rioting </b>in camp and talk of marching on Philadelphia to claim
their back pay.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once again the specter
of the Army refusing to disband was raised.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">On April 19, eight years to
the day since the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Battles of Lexington </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Concord</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>with news of a final <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Peace Treaty confirmed</b>, Washington <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">declared </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the war over</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Congress
quickly ordered him to disband the Army and voted each <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">enlisted man</b> and non-commissioned officer <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">three months</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> pay</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Since there were still no funds in the treasury, Robert Morris stepped
up $800,000 in notes on his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> personal
accounts</b> to the troops.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many
soldiers, in need of cash just to get home, sold their notes to speculators at
deep discounts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The notes, whether
retained by the soldiers or by the speculators were also paid off by Hamilton.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Soldiers left camp over the
next few months either on a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">furlough </b>from
which they never expected to be <b>recalled</b> or outright discharged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The notes were given them upon their
separation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This caused difficulties
when a Pennsylvania regiment<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>was
swept by rumors that they would be discharged before getting their notes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They departed camp and marched on
Philadelphia in June, sending Congress scurrying to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Princeton</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Jersey</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is evidence that some supporters of the
Newburgh plot also had a hand in this dangerous<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> mini-uprising</b> including Walter Stewart, John Armstrong, and
Gouverneur Morris.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">crisis passed</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Army was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">formally disbanded</b> in November except
for small <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">garrisons</b> at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">West Point </b>and on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frontier</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">But Washington had one last
appearance before his officers which was also critical in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">staving off</b> the hopes of some that they could become a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hereditary class </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American aristocrats</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv7SPOflhm3FMue_dyzBExa6_-1pC0d3gVljjNKlQOYHhqYNEplezYKsFSPtAcAmc51ST6tfJxCt8pNdxCT1BeLGO-qTTVntYZ-bkM1azNRCJz9gcFLIrCcChoo4HCUvdG-Q7laywdve03IIPRN3S6JRpJlQ4eqxe1A4kZ49EkUdAQ7f647kjuT3FRbJuo/s480/washington--entering-new-york.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="480" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv7SPOflhm3FMue_dyzBExa6_-1pC0d3gVljjNKlQOYHhqYNEplezYKsFSPtAcAmc51ST6tfJxCt8pNdxCT1BeLGO-qTTVntYZ-bkM1azNRCJz9gcFLIrCcChoo4HCUvdG-Q7laywdve03IIPRN3S6JRpJlQ4eqxe1A4kZ49EkUdAQ7f647kjuT3FRbJuo/w640-h470/washington--entering-new-york.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Washington entered New York City to wild cheers after seeing the signal that the last British ship had taken sail in 1783.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> <br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">It was only nine days after
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">English </b>under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sir Guy Carlson</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Commander-in-Chief of all
British Forces in North America</b>, sailed out of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York Harbor</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the way
out an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">enraged gunner</b> on one of the
ships let go one<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> final round</b> on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Patriot </b>crowds jeering on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Staten Island.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The ball plunked pitifully in the water
well short of its target.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Barring some
skirmishing by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Native allies </b>on the
frontier that was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">last shot</b> of
the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>American Revolution<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>was
essentially over and to the world’s surprise the upstart Colonies were the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">victors</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Washington was hovering
outside the city with many of his staff officers and top commanders waiting to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">take control </b>of the last bastion of
British power in the fledgling states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Although Carlson had received
orders from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">London </b>to evacuate in
August, he informed the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Congress</b> in a letter that it would take weeks to complete the task because
he would also be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">taking </b>with him all
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tory refugees </b>who could reach
the city—eventually 29,000 of them—and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slaves
</b>who had<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> escaped</b> into British
lines after they were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">promised freedom</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the treaty ending the war, the slaves
were supposed to be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">returned </b>to
their “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rightful owners</b>” but despite
the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> objections</b> of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Southern members of Congress, the new
government was eager enough to see the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Red
Coat </b>army gone that they were willing to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> wink</b> at this <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">breach </b>of
the treaty.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">With the refugees and former
slaves safely aboard, Carlton finally loaded his garrisons and set sail on
November 27.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Washington refused to enter
the city until his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scouts </b>confirmed
that all the troops were gon<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">e</b> and an
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">English ensign flying</b> from a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">high pole</b> on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Battery</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Park</b> was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hauled down</b> and replaced by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American colors</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hard</b>
because the British had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">greased </b>the
pole. Numerous attempts were made before the flag was finally hauled down and
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stars and Stripes </b>were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nailed</b> to the pole<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Immediately upon spying the
new flag, Washington entered the city at the head of his troops and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">paraded</b> down <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Broadway</b> to the Battery.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Washington did not plan to
stay long in New York after <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">securing the
city</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like all soldiers, he was
eager to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">return home</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But he had a few <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">loose ends </b>to wrap up first.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">In the more than two years
since the last major battle, the defeat of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cornwallis</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
</b>army at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Yorktown</b>, Washington had
to keep his army together and in the field until a treaty could be concluded
and the British left.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But with the
immediate military threat removed, Congress had been even more reluctant than
usual to support the troops with supplies, provisions, and pay.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With victory at hand actual privation stalked
the Army as it had in the bleakest days of the war.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Moral not only suffered, but
mutiny brewed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although many veterans
had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mustered out</b>, fresh levies
had taken their place.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A band of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pennsylvania </b>troops stationed at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lancaster</b> moved to march on the capital
at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Philadelphia</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>They entered the city unobstructed and
were joined by members of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">local
garrison</b> who <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trapped Congress</b> in
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">State House</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Although the mutiny was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">quelled</b> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">emergency passed</b>, Washington was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mortified</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was also
concerned by similar sentiments being voiced even among his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">closest</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">circle </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">brother officers</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many wanted their beloved commander to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">seize </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> government </b>and rule
as either a dictator—or even a king—who would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dispense favors</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">honors</b>
among them.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Virtually<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> unique </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in all</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> history</b>, Washington, the victorious
commander, would have none of it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
sincerely believed in civilian government and civilian authority over the
military, even though it caused him no end of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> vexations</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">He decided to call his
officers together for a “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">final farewell</b>”
before departing the city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He chose the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Frauncis Tavern</b>, one of the few<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> meeting places </b>with food and drink in
the city large enough for the gathering.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The tavern on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pearl Street</b>
had been built as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elegant mansion</b>
for a wealthy merchant but had been a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">popular
gathering point</b> since before the Revolution. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8xaqjpubqS0F81UgjYrQPd9lDfhnD28e96vLddkAVaEqOvPb4STaukVm9NKwqMj9eblw29HUe08Kx7mIXCcxFeqlNk6T4UzQpwWUECMG5HhzQTxl2rJtp9zzzSHTqFqxjJt1WmioFBcs5DbIo1ieW4iBFSPyxd-cNhaj162wVRuYFKEXs5ozQfIpFNt1d/s650/Washington--Farewell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="534" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8xaqjpubqS0F81UgjYrQPd9lDfhnD28e96vLddkAVaEqOvPb4STaukVm9NKwqMj9eblw29HUe08Kx7mIXCcxFeqlNk6T4UzQpwWUECMG5HhzQTxl2rJtp9zzzSHTqFqxjJt1WmioFBcs5DbIo1ieW4iBFSPyxd-cNhaj162wVRuYFKEXs5ozQfIpFNt1d/w526-h640/Washington--Farewell.jpg" width="526" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span> Washington's Farewell to his officers set an example of modest retirement.</span><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">At noon on December 4, 1782,
the day designated by Congress for the disbandment of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Continental Army</b>, General Washington entered the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Long Room</b> of the tavern where 80 of his
officers, including most of those to whom he was personally connected, were
assembled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was an emotional
scene.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was described in 1830 in a memoir
by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Colonel Benjamin Tallmadge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Although some historians <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">doubt </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> accuracy </b>of such
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officers repaired to Fraunces Tavern in Pearl Street where General Washington
had appointed to meet them and to take his final leave of them. We had been
assembled but a few moments when his excellence entered the room. His emotions
were too strong to be concealed which seemed to be reciprocated by every
officer present. After partaking of a slight refreshment in almost breathless
silence the General filled his glass with wine and turning to the officers
said, “With a heart full of love and gratitude I now take leave of you. I most
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">After the officers
had taken a glass of wine General Washington said “I cannot come to each of you
but shall feel obliged if each of you will come and take me by the hand.”
General Knox being nearest to him turned to the Commander-in-chief who,
suffused in tears, was incapable of utterance but grasped his hand when they
embraced each other in silence. In the same affectionate manner every officer
in the room marched up and parted with his general in chief. Such a scene of
sorrow and weeping I had never before witnessed and fondly hope I may never be
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: 427.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Then, without much further<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ceremony</b> or the need for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pointed commentary</b>, the offers rose to
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that took him to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Jersey</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From there he rode to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Annapolis</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Maryland</b> where Congress was sitting
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dictatorship<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">, </b>no new<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>American royalty and aristocracy.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: 427.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">It was an act <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">more profound</b> in many ways than any
battlefield victory.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: 427.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Tomorrow</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">—First in Peace.</span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></i></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> </span></b></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-12936730689057150142024-02-23T02:00:00.000-06:002024-02-23T02:00:00.142-06:00Lighting 293 Candles on Washington’s Cake—Part II First in War<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm5AtvlduADAHiV5EFOkgcPlBapqimq9RWXaj-JZ_llsvHCxn5rfUuNpB8oUvoVGnTmAWY4qMJpOGck0PUYFVdBtI-JEP_xxjBH3flFlmeU7Yq45PmTDkxmngG8inMLrprRxsZBTlXLCmMU1yuUWUMGEgl_puStaVyHuuTm1P45okh44q0fNSanWlX_3rP/s640/Washington--commander-in-chief-currier-and-ives-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="514" data-original-width="640" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm5AtvlduADAHiV5EFOkgcPlBapqimq9RWXaj-JZ_llsvHCxn5rfUuNpB8oUvoVGnTmAWY4qMJpOGck0PUYFVdBtI-JEP_xxjBH3flFlmeU7Yq45PmTDkxmngG8inMLrprRxsZBTlXLCmMU1yuUWUMGEgl_puStaVyHuuTm1P45okh44q0fNSanWlX_3rP/w640-h514/Washington--commander-in-chief-currier-and-ives-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "times new roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">There is a lot wrong with this Currier
and Ives American Centennial print of Washington accept command from the
Continental Congress in 1776. Washington in this is a much older man than
accepted the job, the image based on Gilbert Stuart's famous standing portrait
of him as President. He is also shown wearing a Continental Army uniform,
not the blue and red of his old Virginia Regiment.</span></span><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Note:
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In</span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Part II of a series we
look at George Washington in his first year as the Continental Army Commander
in Chief in the American Revolution.</span></i></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">On June
15, 1775 the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Continental Congress </b>appointed
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">George Washington </b>as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Commanding General </b>of the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Continental Army</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>With<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Massachusetts</b> and other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New
England militia units</b> already <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">besieging</b>
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">British Army </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boston</b>, Congress created a new Continental
Army as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">signal </b>to the enemy that
it was facing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">united Colonies</b>, not
just crazy, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disgruntled</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Yankees</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">A <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unified command</b> was essential, as was
the arrival on the scene at the earliest possible moment of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">troops</b> from the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Middle </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Southern </b>colonies.
The choice for the Commander was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">subject
</b>of some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">intrigue</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">other candidates</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Most
noteworthy was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">retired British</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Regular Army Lt. Colonel Charles Lee</b>
who had served as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">junior officer</b>
with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">44th Foot Regiment</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">French and Indian Wars.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Although he was away from the unit for
the </span><strong><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Battle of
the Monongahela, </span></strong><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Lee
did serve at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Siege of</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Louisbourg</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">failed attempt</b> to capture <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ft</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Ticonderoga</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>the capture of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ft</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Niagara</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and the failed attack on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Montreal</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>After returning to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">England</b> and rising in the ranks, he became a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mercenary</b> serving with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Portuguese
</b>against a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Spanish invasion</b> and
in the service of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">King Stanislaus II </b>of
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Poland </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Russo-Turkish War</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>After
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">retiring</b> from the British Army, he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">expressed sympathy</b> for the Colonial
cause and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">immigrated</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginia</b> where he purchased an<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> estate</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lee was by far the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">most</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> experienced </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">officer </span>available and had many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">supporters</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Thomas
Mifflin</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">,<b> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a “<b>fighting</b> <b>Quaker</b>” from <b>Pennsylvania</b>
was put forward by that colony’s <b>delegates</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Artemus Ward</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></b><span style="color: black;">already<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> commanding</b> the troops in front of
Boston, was naturally a candidate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among
other names mentioned was another former British Regular officer, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Richard Montgomery</b> originally of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dublin</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">veteran soldier</b>
with strong<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> political links</b> to
British <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Whigs</b> and married into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s </b>powerful <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Livingston family</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Each of these men had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">regional</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political support</b> in Congress.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginia delegate</b> Colonel
George Washington was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">officially
uninterested</b> in the position.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But he
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">showed up</b> in Congress wearing his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">full uniform</b> as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Colonel</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginia Regiment—</b>the
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginia Blues</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At a sturdy 6’2” the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gentlemanly</b> Washington cut quite a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> martial figure</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His mere <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">presence</b> inspired<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>the members, especially in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">contrast
</b>to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slovenly</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">crude</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eccentric</b>
Lee.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Like other candidates,
Washington had served in the French and Indian Wars—in fact he <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">started the war</span> with his attack on a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">French scouting party</b> near </span><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Fort Duquesne. </span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">He <b>established</b> <b>Ft</b></span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">.<b> Necessity</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> nearby but was soon driven out by French <b>reinforcements</b></span></span><span style="color: black;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He served as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General Braddock</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">aide-de-camp</b> on his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">doomed
expedition</b> and was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">noted </b>for his
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">coolness under</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> fire</b> and getting as many men as
possible out of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ambush</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">As commanding officer of the Virginia
Blues he had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">established</b> a series of
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frontier outposts</b> for protection
against<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Indian raids</b> and conducted
years of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">low grade warfare</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">West</b>. </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Massachusetts </span></b><span style="color: black;">delegate
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John Adams</b> quickly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recognized </b>Washington as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">best candidate</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He knew that a Virginia officer was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">essential</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rallyin</b>g the rest of the colonies to the rescue of his state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adams <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">distrusted</b>
Lee because of his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">British roots</b> and
was offended by his uncouth manners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
used all of his considerable<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> legislative
skill</b> to line up a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">majority </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elect</b> Washington.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">In the end, however, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">choice</b> might have come down to a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">matter of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> pay</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lee insisted<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>on the pay of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">British Major General</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Washington promised to serve “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">without
pay</b>” only for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">expenses.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frugal
</b>Congress, which had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">no power </b>to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> raise revenues</b>, liked that.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">accepted</b> the appointment with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">appropriate</b>,
if <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">feigned</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">modesty</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a letter home he
wrote:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="color: black; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I assure you, in the most solemn manner, that, so
far from seeking this appointment, I have used every endeavor in my power to
avoid it, not only from my unwillingness to part with you and the family, but
from a consciousness of its being a trust too great for my capacity, and that I
should enjoy more happiness in one month with you at home than I have the most
distant prospect of finding abroad.</span></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ailing</b> General Ward
was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">confirmed</b> as official <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">second in command</b>, Lee made <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">senior Major General</b>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Montgomery a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Brigadier</b>, and Mifflin <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rode
north</b> with Washington as his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aide-de-camp</i></b> and was soon to rise to
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Quarter Master General</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEBm1vd124Hfjs_GQgP8Y37nKgyuWKMWZoVm7LNMGnPpve0GalWcRBuKopMOZUVT6Kh6U3rlMNjhVDKmaMLJy2Gff_QijhDkswkR5jP4M2km-pDje25InztR-cffqa3GXg3EJIEnadOLyMtIiGGOq_e5m_YuU_A41waj5e47Co95Sm3E46M4pwKLZcJ0C6/s1200/Washington%20--takes%20command..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="964" data-original-width="1200" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEBm1vd124Hfjs_GQgP8Y37nKgyuWKMWZoVm7LNMGnPpve0GalWcRBuKopMOZUVT6Kh6U3rlMNjhVDKmaMLJy2Gff_QijhDkswkR5jP4M2km-pDje25InztR-cffqa3GXg3EJIEnadOLyMtIiGGOq_e5m_YuU_A41waj5e47Co95Sm3E46M4pwKLZcJ0C6/w640-h514/Washington%20--takes%20command..jpg" width="640" /></a></b></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Another Currier and Ives print gets it wrong Washington assuming Command
in Massachusetts for the Siege of Boston. Few of the mostly Militia
units and volunteers had uniforms, let alone the later Continental
uniforms shown.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Washington</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> was in <b>New York City </b>on his way to assume command of
the siege when he received an account of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Battle of Bunker Hill</b> from the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Massachusetts
Committee on Safety</b>. The report exaggerated <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">British losses</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">papered
over </b>the difficulties </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Connecticut General Israel Putnam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> experienced trying to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
assert command</b>, but it <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heartened</b>
the new commander. He arrived on July 2 to find the army in some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disarray</b> and a general <b>stalemate </b>between
the two sides. He spent the next months gaining the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> confidence</b> of his new command and its officers, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reorganizing</b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">basically creating</b>—the <b>Continental Line </b>while trying to keep
his Militia and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">volunteers</b> on
duty. There were a few <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">indecisive</b>
<b>skirmishes </b>and both sides <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suffered
</b>near <b>starvation</b> and <b>smallpox </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">outbreaks </span>over an exceptionally<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> harsh winter</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But that same snowy winter allowed the <b>rotund </b>young
former <b>bookseller Col</b>.<b> Henry Knox</b> to drag the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> heavy cannons</b> captured at <b>Fort Ticonderoga </b>overland.
Some of the cannon, under Knox’s command were able to begin <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shelling </b>Boston on March 2, 1776.
On March 5 Washington moved more cannon to the commanding <b>Dorchester Heights
</b>in an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">overnight surprise operation</b>.
That placed the British <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fleet</b>, as
well as the city under<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Continental guns</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An astonished British <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General
William Howe</b> is said to have proclaimed, “</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My God, these fellows have done more
work in one night than I could make my army do in three months.” It was <b>checkmate
</b>and <b>game over</b>.<b> </b>After <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">delays </b>because of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
unfavorable winds</b>, British boarded <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ships
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sailed</b> from the city on
March 17. American troops, all handpicked for earlier exposure to and
survival of smallpox, led by <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ward
entered the city on March 20.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Washington had forged an army<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>from a disorganized<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> rabble </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in arms</span>, liberated the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cradle
</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Revolution</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">notched</b>
the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">first</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> significant victory </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the
war</span>—significant enough to embolden those in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Continental Congress </b>led by John Adams who were pushing for a full <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">declaration of independence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The Commanding General’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prestige </b>could not have been
greater.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, things would take a turn for
the worse.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With Boston secured, Washington moved his army to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">defend </b>New York, the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">key </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mid-Atlantic port </b>where the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hudson
River </b>flowing north and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lake
Champlain </b>provided an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">invasion route</b>
to or from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Upper Canada</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Quebec</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Control over the port and river also prevented <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New England </b>from being <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cut
off</b> from the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">capitol </b>at
Philadelphia, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">breadbasket</b>
Colonies of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pennsylvania</b>, Virginia,
and the South.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The city was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prime target</b> for the British and
Washington knew they had an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">intact army </b>in
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nova Scotia </b>and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">powerful fleet</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Subordinates Generals Charles Lee and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nathaniel Greene</b> began construction of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fortifications</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Manhattan</b>
and on Brooklyn Heights<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>before
Washington and his 18,000 troops arrived from Boston.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Neither believed that the city could be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">held </b>against a full scale British<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> attack</b> and wanted to position
artillery under Knox to do the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">greatest
damage </b>to an<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> invasion force </b>possible
before <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">retreating </b>and taking up <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">defensive positions</b> up the Hudson and
in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Jersey</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDDqvdYcFQ2eS15d2WAslE8RAQ9jPlaRUAtJzzlrYXfqoZAZuN6aJggMRg276sEapgoU6fsC3JbGkSufYhKYF0SBdN28TLENkMA_eyPwVLGHp4qsPrkiQ_syCmWocpe0Vcy4rdyPxdEhs2l12IB1ngw9rzWV4YfBuyKV78IuUKcd03hOuFaW_4CK9Hr10d/s789/Washington--Pulling%20Down%20King%20George%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="618" data-original-width="789" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDDqvdYcFQ2eS15d2WAslE8RAQ9jPlaRUAtJzzlrYXfqoZAZuN6aJggMRg276sEapgoU6fsC3JbGkSufYhKYF0SBdN28TLENkMA_eyPwVLGHp4qsPrkiQ_syCmWocpe0Vcy4rdyPxdEhs2l12IB1ngw9rzWV4YfBuyKV78IuUKcd03hOuFaW_4CK9Hr10d/w640-h502/Washington--Pulling%20Down%20King%20George%20(2).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Washington is seen as observing New Yorkers topple the Statue of George
III in New York after the reading of the Declaration of Independence.
The General did not approve of the disorder or vandalism, but came to
appreciate the musket balls molded from the melted statue. When the
British took the city and held it through the rest of the war, they were
not amused. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aggressive</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">overconfident,</b>
Washington wanted to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lure</b> the
British into a full <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">set-piece battle</b>
hoping to crush the invasion bring a quick end to the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had not yet conducted a full scale battle
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">overestimated</b> his still rudely
trained troops.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ft</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Washington </b>on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tip of Manhattan </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ft</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Lee </b>opposite it across the Hudson were hastily erected.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The British fleet commanded by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Admiral Richard Howe </b>began arriving and anchoring off of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Staten Island </b>in late June.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Troops under his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">brother William</b> landed on the Island on July 2, quickly dispersing
a small Continental garrison there while the Staten Island Militia simply <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">switched sides</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Couriers</b>
from Philadelphia arrived on July 5 and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Declaration of Independence </b>was read to the troops and public in
the city on that day.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In late August, the British transported about 22,000 men
including 9,000 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hessians</b> from Staten
Island to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Long Island</b>. In the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Battle of Long Island</b> on August 27,
1776, the British <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">outflanked</b> the
American positions, driving the Americans back to their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Brooklyn Heights fortifications</b>. It was a humiliating defeat marked
by the rapid <b>collapse</b> of the Militia units that made up most of
Washington’s command. General Howe then began to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lay siege</b> to the works but Washington skillfully executed a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nighttime retreat</b> through his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unguarded rear</b> across the East <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">River</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Manhattan</b>. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhORr7ev3RXI2SIkVlWPn20BnYi-F9LfTMHfVMlzHzmAVTzjz-grIqGRtVH7JCdnkuMsh5w0cmJIPK1BWwUT-1ckgMza8ZH34IV49tNIxd7RGqYA_kS7MQYFJJN2Tt98p9mDBr-gbAX1yPZTWugOmeMLdsw-mT1Q4h67AcWVpNBXrppddhoGo9Yv8NsiYfD/s1600/Washington--Battle%20of%20Brooklyn%20House.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1234" data-original-width="1600" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhORr7ev3RXI2SIkVlWPn20BnYi-F9LfTMHfVMlzHzmAVTzjz-grIqGRtVH7JCdnkuMsh5w0cmJIPK1BWwUT-1ckgMza8ZH34IV49tNIxd7RGqYA_kS7MQYFJJN2Tt98p9mDBr-gbAX1yPZTWugOmeMLdsw-mT1Q4h67AcWVpNBXrppddhoGo9Yv8NsiYfD/w640-h494/Washington--Battle%20of%20Brooklyn%20House.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">The sacrifice of the Maryland 400 in its rear guard action in the Battle
of Long Island allowed most of the surviving army to Join Washington on
Brooklyn Heights and eventually escape from the island.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Howe Brothers attempted to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">negotiate </b>a Colonial <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">surrender</b>
and an end to the war with rejected <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">overtures</b>
to Washington and the fruitless <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Staten
Island Peace Conference</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John
Adams</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Benjamin Franklin</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Edward Rutledge</b> on September 11.
Realizing that Manhattan was probably <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">indefensible</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>despite Congressional orders to hold the city
at all costs, Washington took advantage of the lull in actions to position
5,000 troops in the New York City which then only occupied the lower portion of
Manhattan and took the rest of the army to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Harlem
Heights</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He now realized that his
troops fought best from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fortified
defensive positions</b> supported by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">artillery</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9-CYt18gc8hXUhvy_YwzzFl7s3HPDnveFIrRjksjSKNnx-Gy_MVjCL_Q4IKmEJJAIan1HbmL0yj-wPzMk_zsJtpM8K5OxEmRjuV-FlmRNDR0ESuypG-_wtasRnwx6xVgxuYOGIbV479cSXjt049a84sZjL_WDDVkLJsGGbqxHA8cpVvOJADtliuJIAy9q/s1300/Washington--retreat-long-island.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="922" data-original-width="1300" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9-CYt18gc8hXUhvy_YwzzFl7s3HPDnveFIrRjksjSKNnx-Gy_MVjCL_Q4IKmEJJAIan1HbmL0yj-wPzMk_zsJtpM8K5OxEmRjuV-FlmRNDR0ESuypG-_wtasRnwx6xVgxuYOGIbV479cSXjt049a84sZjL_WDDVkLJsGGbqxHA8cpVvOJADtliuJIAy9q/w640-h454/Washington--retreat-long-island.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Washington managed to evacuate thousands of troops and his precious artillery from the disaster on Long Island.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On September 15, General Howe landed about 12,000 men on
lower Manhattan, quickly taking control of New York City. The Americans
withdrew to Harlem, where they skirmished the next day, but held their ground.
Rather than attempting to dislodge Washington from his strong position a second
time, Howe <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">again</b> opted for a
flanking maneuver. Landing troops with some opposition in October in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Westchester County</b>, he sought once
again to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">encircle</b> Washington. To
defend against this move, Washington <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">withdrew
</b>most of his army to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">White Plains</b>,
where after a short battle on October 28 he retreated further north.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington’s forces got away under a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dense fog</b> which <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">concealed</b> their movement from the British—not the last time that
the General would use the weather to his advantage. But the remaining
Continental Army troops in upper Manhattan were left cut-off.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Howe returned to Manhattan and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">captured </b>Fort Washington in mid-November,
taking almost 3,000 prisoners. Four days later, November 20, Fort Lee across
the Hudson fell. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Washington moved most of his army across the Hudson into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Jersey</b> but was immediately forced
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">retreat</b> by the aggressive British
advance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The battered and demoralized
Continental forces were in danger of being <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">over-run</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">destroyed</b> laying the capital at
Philadelphia exposed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">winter </b>began
to set in, General Howe anticipated putting a quick end to the rebellion come
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spring campaign season.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>He expected his field forces in New
Jersey to go into camp for the winter and for Washington to do the same while losing
many if not most of his troops to the ends of their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">short enlistments</b> or by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">desertion</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nadir </b>of the war for Washington.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But the General had a daring and aggressive surprise up his sleeve—one
of the most <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">audacious attacks </b>in
history which not only surprised his enemy<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>but gave him a much needed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">victory </b>which
probably <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saved </b>his command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Washington and most his remaining army—90% of those who had
fought on Long Island were gone due to death, injury, capture, desertion, or
the expiration of short term Militia enlistment—were in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">desperate condition</b> and camped on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pennsylvania side</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Delaware
River</b> hoping desperately to block any British move against
Philadelphia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He received some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reinforcements</b>—2,000 troops under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General John Sullivan</b> and 800 from Ft.
Ticonderoga under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General Horatio Gates</b>
on December 20.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">About the same time a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spy</b>
in Washington’s elaborate <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">intelligence
operation</b> brought word that three <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">battalions</b>
of Hessians under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Col</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Johann Rall</b> were posted across the river at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Trenton</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> New Jersey </b>and that Rall had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">failed</b> to fortify his position
confident that any attack by the rag-tag Continentals could be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">repelled </b>at<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> bayonet point</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington
hatched a bold and desperate plan.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggLL3TTs6hMtKCxToniNR829b8BtWNvkaS3uOKxfCOTjxKWuvGS9H4oeru0v7PhYnIK-zXGQJHwV9mpnuqQ1L-rbZNBovO9pexMbUhDEqbkssw1pt3SO8VpcKBpKCpmaDxJpvU5zIcSph3qLpGbe1dwczQvkFAxsUplZPoyl6LyAGLKtiRuXYB5FmbqI8w/s1052/Washington--Crossing%20Deleware%20Leutze.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1052" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggLL3TTs6hMtKCxToniNR829b8BtWNvkaS3uOKxfCOTjxKWuvGS9H4oeru0v7PhYnIK-zXGQJHwV9mpnuqQ1L-rbZNBovO9pexMbUhDEqbkssw1pt3SO8VpcKBpKCpmaDxJpvU5zIcSph3qLpGbe1dwczQvkFAxsUplZPoyl6LyAGLKtiRuXYB5FmbqI8w/w640-h366/Washington--Crossing%20Deleware%20Leutze.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><span class="irc_su" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Emanuel G Leutze 's <i><b>George Washington Crossing the Delaware River</b></i>, painted in 1851 was wildly romantic and inaccurate but became American icon anyway.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He knew that the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Christmas
loving Germans </b>would be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">celebrating</b>
on December 25 and would probably not be in either <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">great shape</b> or on the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
lookout </b>for an<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> attack</b> the next
morning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the other hand, Christmas
was not a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> major holiday</b> for most of
his own troops.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And they had nothing in
camp with which to celebrate anyway.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Washington planned a surprise <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">crossing
</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Delaware </b>under <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">cover of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> night </b>after which he would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">split </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">his</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> main force</b> into two
columns under Generals Sullivan and Greene who would attack Trenton from <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">both sides of the town at<b> dawn</b></span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Washington’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">friend</b>,
Philadelphia <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">physician Benjamin Rush </b>who
was with the army as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">volunteer surgeon</b>
reported seeing a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">note</b> scrawled by
the General that said “<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Victory or Death</span>”
which became the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">password</b> of the
operation</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To get the men across, the turned
once again to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Marblehead men</b>
under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Col. Glover</b> who had
masterfully executed the evacuation of Long Island with their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">boats</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Each man was issued 60 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rounds </b>of
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">musket balls</b> and powder and three
days <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ration</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Field
guns</b> were also to be taken across by the boats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were delays in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">assembling </b>and the weather turned <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">foul</b>—a pelting<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> sleet </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wind</b> resulting in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">choppy water </b>which was also partially <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">iced over</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite not being able to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">complete</b> the crossing before dawn, all troops
made it across without the loss of a single life despite some falling
overboard, as did the important cannon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Unlike the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">famous picture</b>,
Washington did not foolishly <b>stand up</b> in the boat that carried him and
his horse.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The men, many of them <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shoeless </b>with<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> rags </b>tied around their feet<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>marched rapidly south to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">road
junction </b>about two miles from Trenton where Green and Sullivan’s columns
split.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sullivan took the river road and
Green swung around to attack the town from the rear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each column sent a 40 advance guard
ahead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the march some curious <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">locals</b> enthusiastically grabbed their <b>hunting
muskets</b> and joined the troops.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the march Washington was surprised to encounter a local
Militia band of 50 men under <b>Adam Stephens</b> who <b>unaware </b>of the
planned attack, had just executed their own <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">surprise<b> hit and run raid </b></span>against an isolated Hessian <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">picket post</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Washington was furious that Stephens may
have inadvertently <b>alerted</b> Rall but it was too late to turn back.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stephens and his men fell in line with the
troops and continued the march.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For his
part, Rall thought the small raid was the attack that some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">local Tories</b> had warned him that the Continentals were
preparing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ease with which it was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">repelled </b>led him to conclude that the
threat had been exaggerated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He took no
action to put his post on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">alert</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Outposts</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> about a mile from Trenton were attacked about 8 am and
quickly routed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sullivan and Green’s
columns attacked the city itself as planned and Henry Knox brought his
artillery to bear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The surprise was
effective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Hessians, the finest
professional troops in Europe, tried to organize a defense but were quickly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">overwhelmed</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A detachment of British <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dragoons </b>was also quickly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scattered</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was sharp fighting and Rall <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rallied</b> his regiment outside of town
and organized a bayonet <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">counterattack</b>
on the town.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington, watching from
nearby heights led the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reserve</b> down
to meet the charge while Knox’s men recaptured cannon which had changed hands
turning it on the Hessians.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Taking
positions in the cover of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">houses</b>,
Green’s men <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">peppered</b> the Germans
from three sides.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rall was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mortally wounded </b>and forced to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">surrender</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another regiment tried to make a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">breakout</b> but was surrounded and
captured by Sullivan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The whole battle
was over in less than an hour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was an
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">overwhelming</b> American victory.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7lG2XVllDi53qkS_bAm-KCRYPoWlLGx6l20Pqtuylv1XiPJhPJIH7ht3FPovVxQZ-mREnpqHha5aNLb0Ek1RKYLkvTTxhMrMTzsGLIbTo9MbqiW83pOspU2w8DVanCfeET87TCtAiAHdKrnBGj1DXByhkOWslcWzM25hqqh_30bDO2thd0m10lklKIeN2/s3298/Washington--inspecting_the_captured_colors_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2874" data-original-width="3298" height="558" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7lG2XVllDi53qkS_bAm-KCRYPoWlLGx6l20Pqtuylv1XiPJhPJIH7ht3FPovVxQZ-mREnpqHha5aNLb0Ek1RKYLkvTTxhMrMTzsGLIbTo9MbqiW83pOspU2w8DVanCfeET87TCtAiAHdKrnBGj1DXByhkOWslcWzM25hqqh_30bDO2thd0m10lklKIeN2/w640-h558/Washington--inspecting_the_captured_colors_.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Washington inspects the Hessian colors after the victory at Trenton <span class="irc_su" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"> by Edward Percy Moran, circa 1914.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Continentals suffered only two
dead—both of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exposure </b>on the march
not enemy fire—and five <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wounded</b>
including the commanding general’s cousin <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Captain
William Washington </b>and a young <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lt.
James Monroe</b>, the future President.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Hessians lost 22 dead, including all four colonels, 83 wounded and
almost 900 captured.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition, the
Continentals came into possession of all of the enemy’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arms</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">munitions</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rations</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">critical supplies</b> like <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">boots
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">greatcoats</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Washington learned that a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">secondary attack </b>across the Delaware to
the north under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General John Cadwalader </b>and
Militia under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General James Ewing </b>had
been prevented from crossing by the bad weather and not having the experienced
Marblehead boatmen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their combined 2,800
men had been expected to join Washington at Trenton where a united army could
then push on against <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Princeton </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Brunswick</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That left Washington with only 2,400 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">effectuals </b>exposed to a possible counterattack
by Howe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He prudently decided to
withdraw back across the river with his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spoils
</b>and prisoners.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The victory after the drubbing in
New York re-assured Congress and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">buoyed morale</b>
in the army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Re-enlistments</b> increased, desertion decreased, and the colonies
were able to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recruit </b>fresh bodies
for the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Line regiments.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But Washington was not yet
done.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With his re-united army he
re-crossed the Delaware at Trenton on December 29.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After a sharp <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">skirmish </b>at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Assunpink Creek </b>on
January 2, he swung around an army under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cornwallis
</b>sent by Howe to find and punish him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The next day after Washington personally led the troops of fallen <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General Hugh Mercer</b> rallying them and
panicked Militia and driving two brigades of the British back on Cornwallis
near Trenton.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meanwhile Sullivan
captured the city and a sizable <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">detachment</b>
held up in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nassau Hall</b>, the main
building of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">College of New Jersey</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Washington then marched to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Morristown </b>and finally went into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">winter quarters</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stung by three defeats to the Continentals in
a few days and hectored by attacks on his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">supply
lines</b> and isolated outposts by the New Jersey Militia, Howe ordered
Cornwallis and most of the other troops to fall back to New York.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thus ended Washington’s first
campaign season, a mixed bag of triumph, disaster, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">redemption</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Everyone now
recognized it would be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a long war</b>
and Washington realized that above all he must <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">keep </b>an army in the field no matter what setbacks in hopes of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bleeding </b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Royal Treasury </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eroding
support</b> of the war in Parliament.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">concentrate </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">training</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">equipping </b>his troops and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
cultivating </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reliable </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> loyal officer corps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>He learned to distrust the Militia, which
had broken and run too often, and lean heavily on his Continental Line.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Six long, eventful years of war stretched
ahead.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tomorrow:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">War, More War, Intrigue, and the
World Turned Upside Down.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0