tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-51480481315021100892024-03-28T22:27:49.304-05:00Heretic, Rebel, a Thing to FloutAn Eclectic Journal of Opinion, History, Poetry and General BloviatingPatrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.comBlogger4599125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-92216728996123114802024-03-28T07:34:00.000-05:002024-03-28T07:34:47.532-05:00Katherine Lee Bates’s Vision of America from a Mountain Top<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9VZJ-Vc1hZep_BCGnswfbEo3xA7SPJaH2YMevwWhQdgN6ETUru2OebE2KhqQq5tgFHgkr_aUuxRZqdf86GH63Ps5vO_aSiAywDfnWunHnkqGZzvCkvMEV5OB9xtdeE8244M7yWCvaHtbNmwIv7l3Nm0FdMdAZybuJeY9ihLqNAOTkQVI8W2IWSlMZlQfI/s750/Katherine%20Lee%20Bates--young.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9VZJ-Vc1hZep_BCGnswfbEo3xA7SPJaH2YMevwWhQdgN6ETUru2OebE2KhqQq5tgFHgkr_aUuxRZqdf86GH63Ps5vO_aSiAywDfnWunHnkqGZzvCkvMEV5OB9xtdeE8244M7yWCvaHtbNmwIv7l3Nm0FdMdAZybuJeY9ihLqNAOTkQVI8W2IWSlMZlQfI/w512-h640/Katherine%20Lee%20Bates--young.jpg" width="512" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Katherine Lee Bates as a young academic and writer.</span></span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">America
the Beautiful</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">
with <b>lyrics </b>from a <b>poem </b>by <b>college professor </b>and <b>writer
Katherine Lee Bates </b>in 1893 is one of the <b>songs </b>often mentioned as a
possible <b>replacement</b> for the <b><i>Star Spangled Banner</i></b> as the <b>Untied
States national anthem</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b>flag
worshiping </b>anthem although popular with <b>traditionalists</b> is
considered too <b>hard </b>to <b>sing </b>by <b>many</b> and a <b>glorification
</b>of <b>war </b>by some.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Others in <b>contention</b>
for substitution include the <b>grade school ditty <i>My Country ‘tis of Thee</i></b>
which has the disadvantage of sharing a tune with <b><i>God Save the Queen</i></b>,
the anthem of the nation our <b>fledgling country</b> spent years in <b>bloody
rebellion</b> against; <b>Irving Berlin</b>’<b>s <i>God Bless America </i></b>which
is a favorite of many <b>Christians</b> but makes <b>defenders </b>of the <b>separation
</b>of <b>church </b>and <b>state </b>cringe; and <b>Woody Guthrie</b>’<b>s <i>This
Land is My Land</i></b> which is <b>disrespectful </b>of <b>authority </b>and
written by an actual <b>Red</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bates’s
<b>mountain top pean </b>might hold an edge for at least being made a <b>second
national song.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Australia </b>and a
handful of other nations have more than one official song depending on level of
<b>formality</b> and state <b>ritual</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bates
was on a <b>summer trip</b> to <b>Colorado </b>when she rode up <b>Pikes Peak </b>in
a <b>mule-drawn wagon</b> and <b>hiked </b>the final <b>climb </b>to the <b>summit</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was so awed by <b>vista </b>below her
that she quickly <b>jotted down</b> a <b>verse</b> when she returned to her <b>resort
hotel</b> and mailed it to <b><i>The Congregationalist</i></b>, a<b> magazine </b>which
had often <b>published</b> her work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
appeared in the <b>Fourth of July </b>1895 edition of the <b>church periodical</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Originally titled simply <b><i>America</i></b>
the poem immediately <b>attracted attention</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bates
was born on August 12, 1859 in <b>Falmouth</b>, <b>Massachusetts</b> to the <b>Congregational
minister William Bates </b>and his wife, the former <b>Cornelia Frances Lee</b>.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a solid New England family with <b>deep
</b>roots.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unfortunately, her father <b>died
</b>a few weeks after she was born, and she was <b>primarily</b> raised by her
mother and an <b>aunt</b> with a <b>literary</b> <b>bent</b>, both of whom had <b>graduated</b>
from the <b>all-woman Mount Holyoke Seminary</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was raised from the beginning in an <b>environment
</b>of <b>books</b>, a <b>broad liberal faith</b>, <b>reverence</b> for <b>academia</b>,
and the <b>nurturing influence</b> of <b>strong</b>, <b>independent women</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">She
attended <b>Needham High School</b>, now known as <b>Wellesley High School</b>,
in 1872 and then <b>Newton High School</b> until graduation in the <b>Centennial
Year</b>, 1876 when <b>patriotic fervor </b>was sweeping the nation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bates stayed close to home to enroll at
women’s <b>Wellesley College</b> as part of its second class the same year. She
graduated with a B.A. in 1880.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She almost
naturally became a teacher first at <b>Natick High School</b> in 1880–81 and then
at <b>Dana Hall School</b> from 1881 until 1885.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She had no <b>interest </b>in finding a <b>husband
</b>and <b>raising </b>a <b>family </b>which would <b>confine </b>here to the
near <b>cloister </b>of a late <b>19th Century middle class home</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">She
also began to <b>write </b>and submitted pieces to Congregational
denominational journals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In In 1889
Bates’s <b>young adult novel</b> <a name="_Hlk99437047"><b><i>Rose and Thorn</i></b>
</a>won a <b>prize</b> awarded by the <b>Congregational Sunday School and
Publishing Society</b>. It incorporated <b>poor</b> and <b>working class </b>women
as characters to teach readers about the <b>reform movements </b>inspired by
the <b>Social Gospel </b>in which she was passionately <b>engaged</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOcsyt4mImPyApqiWgJGOtiNvjsCMgZLFne-Z6y7-W5e3njwpC1Gn3ttXPBMuO4cQW5jlcjHiWmKl7zX0JcEmSHi8JH011offQSA0nGxSi4Oiczt-ebhc_jxJM8UlXmhzLtrH0yxt281hO67Lx6HHXSkqr5HX-JVSGaRkSKQPZJLJmQX4CNAXOFeZIzdp5/s328/Katherine%20Lee%20Bates--goody-claus.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="328" height="604" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOcsyt4mImPyApqiWgJGOtiNvjsCMgZLFne-Z6y7-W5e3njwpC1Gn3ttXPBMuO4cQW5jlcjHiWmKl7zX0JcEmSHi8JH011offQSA0nGxSi4Oiczt-ebhc_jxJM8UlXmhzLtrH0yxt281hO67Lx6HHXSkqr5HX-JVSGaRkSKQPZJLJmQX4CNAXOFeZIzdp5/w640-h604/Katherine%20Lee%20Bates--goody-claus.png" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Bates invented the character Mrs. Santa Clause in her poem <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">Goody Santa Claus on a Sleigh Ride </i>which was also a feminist declaration.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Also,
in 1889 Bates invented <b>Mrs</b>.<b> Santa Claus</b>, an audacious
introduction to the <b>polar household </b>of a <b>bishop </b>and <b>saint</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In her poem <b><i>Goody Santa Claus on a
Sleigh Ride</i></b> from the <b>collection</b> <b><i>Sunshine and other Verses
for Children</i></b> Santa’s <b>wife </b>has grown tired of <b>working year
round</b> to sustain<b> </b>and organize his <b>Christmas Eve</b> journey while
the old man grows <b>fat </b>on her <b>cookies</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She demands to <b>accompany</b> him on the
trip around the world and <b>chides</b> him for his <b>selfishness </b>in not
wanting to share the <b>pleasure</b> of <b>gift giving</b> and for ignoring <b>tattered
poor children</b> and <b>orphans</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">With
the prize money from <i>Rose and Thorn</i>, Bates was able to <b>afford</b> to travel
to <b>England </b>and study at <b>Oxford University</b> in 1890–91.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Upon her return she became an <b>associate</b>
professor at <a name="_Hlk99438892">Wellesley</a> in 1891, while she earned her
<b>master</b>’<b>s degree</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Soon
after she was named a full <b>professor</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpGGk0r1SaDrUjcuZQpQM1g2fsstrZTb5fwEij1U77AciLVdHKd88goVZ70qqz9J14thRNAcUV9Eeea-Z9WPHT-0Z6mbfPdz6d4fMHCwIE7G2Pk9VM2X1n33Oj2FJzESZT-u5GDgg8IVdFnD2xDAq3VF0Toxt_xODxvPSD8ICvfqulre_UF088jK20xLyj/s1023/Katherine%20Lee%20Bates--Pike's%20Peak%20Monument.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1023" data-original-width="682" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpGGk0r1SaDrUjcuZQpQM1g2fsstrZTb5fwEij1U77AciLVdHKd88goVZ70qqz9J14thRNAcUV9Eeea-Z9WPHT-0Z6mbfPdz6d4fMHCwIE7G2Pk9VM2X1n33Oj2FJzESZT-u5GDgg8IVdFnD2xDAq3VF0Toxt_xODxvPSD8ICvfqulre_UF088jK20xLyj/w426-h640/Katherine%20Lee%20Bates--Pike's%20Peak%20Monument.jpg" width="426" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span>This
monument was erected in 1993, 100 years after Bates ascended the peak,
as a
donation from Colorado Springs' businessman Costas Rombocos. Note the
addition of all of the patriotic iconography surrounding the verse. Bates was not a "my country right or wrong " kind. She would not have approved. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Shortly
after her return Bates took the opportunity of a summer teaching position at <b>Colorado
College</b> in <b>Colorado Springs</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Duties were not <b>taxing </b>and allowed plenty of time for her to
explore the <b>grandeur </b>of the <b>Rockies</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She would later <b>recall</b>:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">One day some of
the other teachers and I decided to go on a trip to 14,000-foot Pikes Peak. We
hired a prairie wagon. Near the top we had to leave the wagon and go the rest
of the way on mules. I was very tired. But when I saw the view, I felt great
joy. All the wonder of America seemed displayed there, with the sea-like
expanse.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bates
had personally experienced<b> sexist prejudice</b> and <b>discrimination</b>,
had <b>witnessed</b> the <b>ravages </b>of the <b>industrial revolution</b> in
both America and Britain, had seen firsthand <b>urban poverty</b> and <b>misery</b>,
and keenly wished for <b>equality</b>. Her <b>dream </b>of an <b>all-inclusive
egalitarian American community</b> also <b>reflected</b> the <b>severe economic
depression</b> of 1893.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">After
first appearing in <i>The Congregationalist</i> The poem reached a <b>wider
audience</b> when her <b>revised version</b> was printed in the <b><i>Boston
Evening Transcript</i></b> on November 19, 1904. Her <b>final expanded</b>
version appeared in her <b>collection</b> <b><i>America the Beautiful, and
Other Poems</i></b> in 1912).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTqhYvCqhdh1Rc-aI2X2V0Z_x9IDYmZwDHNsFv1WHTPpp9SKxxNQnMe7MmQKF8B0pHFEpFd2Fl0auOWqJOUcUicgBqYe1PkUFAJqdQKKLckxhccKM378eGB6BkGNNtDrC1nuzdgS3VcmQL8AfXEQ76uUhyY2k0MDQlZhwV2bC3dnRo8LEHhfKnv_-ovOtr/s300/Katherine%20Lee%20Bates--Samuel%20%20A.%20Ward.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTqhYvCqhdh1Rc-aI2X2V0Z_x9IDYmZwDHNsFv1WHTPpp9SKxxNQnMe7MmQKF8B0pHFEpFd2Fl0auOWqJOUcUicgBqYe1PkUFAJqdQKKLckxhccKM378eGB6BkGNNtDrC1nuzdgS3VcmQL8AfXEQ76uUhyY2k0MDQlZhwV2bC3dnRo8LEHhfKnv_-ovOtr/w427-h640/Katherine%20Lee%20Bates--Samuel%20%20A.%20Ward.jpg" width="427" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Bates's poem was finally married to the melody written years earlier by Samuel A. Ward.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
poem was set to various <b>melodies </b>until <b>Samuel A</b>.<b> Ward</b>, an <b>Episcopal
church organist </b>and <b>choir master </b>married Bate’s slightly adapted
words to a <b>hymn </b>he had composed in 1883,<b><i> O Mother Dear, Jerusalem,</i></b>
which was published ten years later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
adapted his old hymn to the new lyrics and together they were published in 1910
under the new title <i>America the Beautiful</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It became an instant hit not only for church
choirs but on the <b>vaudeville stage</b> and in early <b>recordings</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It has since been recorded hundreds of times
and has made it to the <b>record charts </b>often.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>It is now frequently paired with the <i>Star
Spangled Banner </i>at many American <b>sports events</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXHTTFLs9ejKPGNF8lSVHhN1EeMRVXnl9loL8Ry-9M4Q03n98vDAzREfo_jpP4g-2FivbzI5YhNX1RvxXX9nW9Ze1KRrGnseWCKvopQuXqai1PFixpBNAqY0hBrPV8RadFIdZG0IsDmJIXSDsC8SIjqHq9DQSffkp5aY87OfnQoU0FNRiRgUatgkHYPEkL/s722/Katherine%20Lee%20Bates--Wellesley_College_1881.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="669" data-original-width="722" height="594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXHTTFLs9ejKPGNF8lSVHhN1EeMRVXnl9loL8Ry-9M4Q03n98vDAzREfo_jpP4g-2FivbzI5YhNX1RvxXX9nW9Ze1KRrGnseWCKvopQuXqai1PFixpBNAqY0hBrPV8RadFIdZG0IsDmJIXSDsC8SIjqHq9DQSffkp5aY87OfnQoU0FNRiRgUatgkHYPEkL/w640-h594/Katherine%20Lee%20Bates--Wellesley_College_1881.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bates's happy academic home, Wellesley College.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Meanwhile,
Bates returned to her happy and fulfilling life at Wellesley<b> </b>while
continuing to publish widely and advocate for social reforms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As professor she revised and expanded the
study of literature from the <b>Greek</b> and <b>Latin classics </b>plus <b>Chaucer
</b>and <b>Shakespeare </b>to include more contemporary British and American
work including poetry and <b>popular novels</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was one of the first to teach and study <b>the
social context </b>of her selections.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bates
especially <b>reveled </b>in the supportive atmosphere of the all-women’s
school and inspired by several deep and <b>abiding relationships</b> between
faculty members she found there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She met
<b>Katharine Coman</b> while still an <b>undergraduate</b> and engaged her in
passionate correspondence in <b>surviving letters</b> while studying in
Oxford.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Coman taught <b>history</b>, <b>economics</b>,
and <b>statistics </b>eventually becoming <b>Dean</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was enormously influential for framing <b>sociological
insights</b> with social justice. She <b>escorted</b> her students on field
trips to <b>Boston</b>’<b>s tenement houses</b>, <b>labor union meetings</b>, <b>factories</b>,
and <b>sweatshops</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1885, at the
age of 28, she became professor of history and economics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She inspired Bates on a personal and
professional level and as a <b>public advocate</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrmuPBy9MNaccbfVx1qTTJfngXkKL_AoPDgLeLWhGlarTZJ_6e-pJXAar6AeZQmKjt1Niy3CvT6KpNFiLKNK3ecH27CsPWcit1cBjPT6gTVMJ4_IGJbtSvolF1pijWhPk82vW7YcfgnhIk1CGwKm8VC_XQrGaGVSFFQh1VjLdRJ9Oe50BxIXG26BHvfFmq/s279/Katherine%20Lee%20Bate--Katharine%20Coman.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="220" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrmuPBy9MNaccbfVx1qTTJfngXkKL_AoPDgLeLWhGlarTZJ_6e-pJXAar6AeZQmKjt1Niy3CvT6KpNFiLKNK3ecH27CsPWcit1cBjPT6gTVMJ4_IGJbtSvolF1pijWhPk82vW7YcfgnhIk1CGwKm8VC_XQrGaGVSFFQh1VjLdRJ9Oe50BxIXG26BHvfFmq/w505-h640/Katherine%20Lee%20Bate--Katharine%20Coman.JPG" width="505" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Fellow Wellesley professor Katherine Corman was Bates's life partner.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Most
historians agree that the pair were in a <b>long-term lesbian relationship</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Others believe that it was a “<b>Boston
Marriage</b>”—a household arrangement of two <b>single women</b> living <b>respectably
</b>together.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such arrangements were
common at Wellesley and among educated and wealthy women in New England.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These relationships may or may not have been <b>sexual</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
1906 Bates and her brother built a new home in Falmouth to accommodate her
surviving family and tenants.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Corman
officially <b>moved</b> into an <b>attic apartment</b> later moving to a <b>downstairs
bedroom</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The pair remained together
until Cormans death in 1915 at the age of 57.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwAxtE9XgCiD4C9eLZUMPr8cnenQqK_v6E0tM6B29nYgwxhgWNGnBLhDW2NnOH5fcX5x-e-4lNyBKDzbTuxtVP7VxzCDTsBi6g0lG_omJa3abqylzWt4n3CTFeCmMaRoAMnvcSr39BfZ27sjktAWwipYUUrEZxKp8USFfVp1RlvbEowGmbztD9yxiFA6bP/s3872/Katherine%20Lee%20Bates--House%20Falmouth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2592" data-original-width="3872" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwAxtE9XgCiD4C9eLZUMPr8cnenQqK_v6E0tM6B29nYgwxhgWNGnBLhDW2NnOH5fcX5x-e-4lNyBKDzbTuxtVP7VxzCDTsBi6g0lG_omJa3abqylzWt4n3CTFeCmMaRoAMnvcSr39BfZ27sjktAWwipYUUrEZxKp8USFfVp1RlvbEowGmbztD9yxiFA6bP/w640-h428/Katherine%20Lee%20Bates--House%20Falmouth.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Bates's Fallmouth home Scarab House--named for the Egyptian beetle--which she shared with Corman is now a historical landmark.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As a
writer, Bates continued to be active and moderately well known.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Near the end of the <b>Spanish American War</b>,<b>
</b>she became a <b>special correspondent </b>for <b><i>The New York Times</i></b>
and, always a <b>champion</b> of the <b>underdog</b>, tried to reduce <b>widely-circulating
negative stereotypes</b> about <b>Spaniards</b>. She contributed regularly to
periodicals, sometimes under the <b><i>nom de plume </i>James Lincoln</b>,
including <b><i>The Atlantic Monthly</i></b>, <i>The Congregationalist</i>, <b><i>Boston
Evening Transcript</i></b>, <b><i>Christian Century</i></b>, <b><i>Contemporary
Verse</i></b>, <b><i>Lippincott</i></b><i>’<b>s</b></i>, and <b><i>The
Delineator</i></b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bates
was also a social activist interested in the struggles of women, <b>workers</b>,
<b>people of color</b>, <b>tenement residents</b>, <b>immigrants</b>, and <b>poor
people</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She helped <b>organize </b>the
<b>Denison House</b>, a <b>settlement house</b>, with other women friends and
colleagues in 1892.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She wrote and spoke
extensively about the need for social reform and was an avid advocate for the <b>global
peace movement</b> that <b>emerged</b> after <b>World War I</b>, especially to
establish the <b>League of Nations</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Long
an <b>active Republican</b>, Bates broke with the party to <b>endorse
Democratic presidential candidate John W</b>.<b> Davis </b>in 1924 because of
Republican <b>opposition</b> to American <b>participation </b>in the League. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She declared herself a <b>global citizen</b>
and <b>decried</b> the American <b>policy</b> of <b>isolationism</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi70LqEfPqfL0C8SNPpXz1sfwRB9Vqkb1tUbgn-pZ5qC7VlRQQ5GJKsLF361AF1kSijTZj83smLv70Q33RazHhLch5czKewlyz9ThwTSnpRvY2LE5VHNtLe2nQFAwhpSSvSjbiAmdsFAhKbs_aWW9Dg1p77vekDCIY8UWEhBdYR2Q0KeShmuya9iQcP0qX3/s1000/Katherine%20Lee%20Bates--statue%20Falmouth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1000" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi70LqEfPqfL0C8SNPpXz1sfwRB9Vqkb1tUbgn-pZ5qC7VlRQQ5GJKsLF361AF1kSijTZj83smLv70Q33RazHhLch5czKewlyz9ThwTSnpRvY2LE5VHNtLe2nQFAwhpSSvSjbiAmdsFAhKbs_aWW9Dg1p77vekDCIY8UWEhBdYR2Q0KeShmuya9iQcP0qX3/w640-h480/Katherine%20Lee%20Bates--statue%20Falmouth.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">This statue of Bates stand before the Falmouth Public Library.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bates
died in Wellesley on March 28, 1929, while <b>listening</b> to a friend read
poetry to her. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She is buried in <b>Oak
Grove Cemetery</b> at Falmouth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most of
her <b>papers</b> are housed at the <b>Wellesley College Archives</b>.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></span></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-27419666659136065942024-03-27T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-27T02:00:00.137-05:00The Clouded Birthday and Origin of Zoroaster—Avatar of Proto-Monotheism<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7eFCTKzmBcPYZoMELJGNJ_lh5Rucba3woActN-3hTJuoyApC1xXL0oiVgdTeLDkX2bzZvqLGf-KRNgj_UF7WWfiYSC0TaS2-a7Th2CjfyM1UY0_Xj43JQ03spwsGr1AJyCsh9IKgsMUk3KkgrWS3qmGPp1ql4JGFl-erBaWCOIhFGQ9jc1g7yMZoPS-KL/s570/Zoroaster.1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="456" data-original-width="570" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7eFCTKzmBcPYZoMELJGNJ_lh5Rucba3woActN-3hTJuoyApC1xXL0oiVgdTeLDkX2bzZvqLGf-KRNgj_UF7WWfiYSC0TaS2-a7Th2CjfyM1UY0_Xj43JQ03spwsGr1AJyCsh9IKgsMUk3KkgrWS3qmGPp1ql4JGFl-erBaWCOIhFGQ9jc1g7yMZoPS-KL/w640-h512/Zoroaster.1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">A contemporary Zoroastrian print depicting the sect's founder, prophet, and avatar.</span></span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yesterday,
March 26, was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Khordad Sal</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">celebrated</b> as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">birthday </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Zoroaster</b> also known as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Greater Noruz </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>which is marked six days after <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Noruz</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vernal equinox</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">All <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">founders</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">great religions </b>need
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">feast day </b>to be celebrated by
their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">followers</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Most often the feast<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>is identified with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">birthday</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">death date</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">transformation </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">godhood</b>, or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ascension </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">immortality</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Zoroaster</b>, the founder of an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ancient
proto-monotheistic religion </b>which <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">blossomed
</b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Persia </b>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Iran</b>) and became the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">state
religion</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vast empires</b>, the
feast is a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">traditional birthday</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But not only is his real birthday<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> not known</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scholars </b>have trouble<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> identifying
</b>the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> era </b>in which he<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> lived</b> by margins of hundreds of years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At least <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">modern
ones</b> do better than the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Greek
historian </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> philosophy <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Diogenes</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and the <b>Roman
Plutarch </b>who <b>misdated</b> him by <b>several millennia</b> at around </span>6,000
BCE<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYguHHlcCllx2w8qI0R9do0LvNgTvyBsPXDryj_DFPNT9Bm84YUSP6Fqq9qyxCBXmrfWYWra7gCaiGgl4breWUkX2XcIYPJDqIaBlhcknTKP56tS-qd_px6US2-OaPb53mF4wJXE-kHAlH_OxdyQfo3cb60grlkeQ7D2WsgP52BtS_s6S2jbqy_9QJNGPw/s363/Zoroaster%20symbol.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="139" data-original-width="363" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYguHHlcCllx2w8qI0R9do0LvNgTvyBsPXDryj_DFPNT9Bm84YUSP6Fqq9qyxCBXmrfWYWra7gCaiGgl4breWUkX2XcIYPJDqIaBlhcknTKP56tS-qd_px6US2-OaPb53mF4wJXE-kHAlH_OxdyQfo3cb60grlkeQ7D2WsgP52BtS_s6S2jbqy_9QJNGPw/w640-h246/Zoroaster%20symbol.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="justify"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>The Fravashi are spirit angels whose traditional depictions are often considered a major symbol of Zoroasterism. <i><b>History Channel </b></i>pseudo science bunk peddlers would have you<b> </b>that they are representations of aliens in their space craft.</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
problem with dating Zoroaster is largely a problem of <b>jibing</b> <b>linguistic
development </b>with <b>known historical events</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All stories<b> agree</b> that Zoroaster was a
<b>priest</b> of an already <b>ancient </b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and<b>
long established</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <b>polytheistic
religion</b> who </span>developed<b> new ideas</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> elevating the <b>deity </b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ahura
Mazda</b> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of <b>wisdom</b>, <b>truth</b>,
and <b>pure goodness </b></span>to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">status</b>
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Supreme Being</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Creator</b>, while <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">demoting </b>various other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">deities
</b>to <b>Fravashi</b>, roughly analogous to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">angels</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spirit saints</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">demons</b> under a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Satan-like</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Angra Mainy</b> who introduces the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">destructive
mentality</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lie</b> into the
world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Works of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Holy Scriptures </b>are <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">attributed
</b>to him—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gathas</i></b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yasna</i></b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vendidad</i></b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Visperad</i></b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yashts</i></b>—which
are included in an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">overarching Scripture</b>
that includes <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ritual practices</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prayers</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fragments of other texts</b> not attributed to him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The problem is that the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oldest </b>of his texts are in an early
form of an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Aryan tongue</b> known as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Avestan</b> of which the texts are the only<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> surviving documentation</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That would seem to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">date these writings,</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">17
poems</b> of the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gathas</i>, to sometime before 2,000
BCE.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But later writings, including
supposed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">autobiographical accounts </b>of
his life were written in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Persian </b>dialects
from around 600 BCE.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The great age of
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gathas</i> is what <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">convinced</b> the Greeks and Romans that
Zororaster’s origins were very early.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Scholars now date the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> historic Zoroaster</b> to somewhere in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">200 to 300 year range </b>centering on 600
BCE. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That would indicate that he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">adapted </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">as his own</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>far more<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ancient teachings</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">popularized</b> them.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then there is the problem of just where
the hell Zoroaster was from.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A lot of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> claimants </b>for this<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> honor</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The earliest texts
identify him as coming from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Airyanem Vaejah</i> </b>meaning roughly the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Expanse of the Aryans </b>a/k/a the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Iranians</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It may <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reference
</b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fast flowing river</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">valley</b>, perhaps in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">southern central Asian plateau </b>or in the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> north </b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> modern Afghanistan</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
same texts fail to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">mention any of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> well-known tribes</b> of western Iran—the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Medes</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Persians</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Parthians</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaeg58nGPQxsiO1Kg1i4kkpHqlGMi74yrlb3xo6jZtZGjrNV-jTP3ExGTk78lhindZ0YOBB8hI_dh9szddyqNBfkbRLAYKDElx62zbEvtpidPTczq8aclGfS8a30ayqKW1D9z7lclIvymr1dQ9OnrV8Xdp6x91n9xIWtZt7A3DVGNMDwLbwQvtheDMEPHN/s448/Zoroaster%20laughed%20at%20birth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="448" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaeg58nGPQxsiO1Kg1i4kkpHqlGMi74yrlb3xo6jZtZGjrNV-jTP3ExGTk78lhindZ0YOBB8hI_dh9szddyqNBfkbRLAYKDElx62zbEvtpidPTczq8aclGfS8a30ayqKW1D9z7lclIvymr1dQ9OnrV8Xdp6x91n9xIWtZt7A3DVGNMDwLbwQvtheDMEPHN/w640-h640/Zoroaster%20laughed%20at%20birth.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Like Buddhism and Christianity a
miracle birth story developed around Zoroaster/Zarathustra as
illustrated in this children's book. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Later texts, however, place him in
western Iran and identify his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">priestly
cast</b> was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Magi </b>of the Medes
and Persians.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Modern scholars tend to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> dismiss </b>the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> possibility</b> of him being from western Iran and argue between
themselves over points of origin from central and eastern Iran, Afghanistan, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Baluchistan </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">western modern</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pakistan</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Bactria </b>on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plateau</b> north of
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hindu-Kush Mountains</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Turkmenistan</b>, and the vast <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">steppes </b>west
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Volga</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Put your money down<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and take your pick.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although Zoroaster’s original <b>autobiographical</b>
writings were thought destroyed in when <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alexander
the Great</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Army </b>captured <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Persepolis</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> capital </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Achaemenid Empire </b>centered in Persia and burned the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">royal library</b> there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Some scholars dismiss this and say that the original texts, if they
existed were lost long before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At any
rate later <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">summaries </b>of the lost
texts provide a fairly<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> detailed biography</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zoroaster was born into a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bronze Age </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Aryan culture</span> in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">priestly
line</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Spitamids</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">father
</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mother </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">were identified by
name</span>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Poroschasp </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dughdova</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>He followed the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">family trade</b> but was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">increasingly
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dissatisfied</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ritual practices</b> that included <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">animal sacrifice</b> and the corrupt use of
religion by a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> governing caste </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">princelings </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">soldiers </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oppress </b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mass </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">common people</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He took a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wife</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Huvovi </b>and together they had three sons
and three daughters.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At age 30 Z<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oroaster </b>was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">illuminated </b>by
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ahura Mazda</b> and began <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">preaching </b>his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> revised worship </b>of the elevated deity<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">philosophy </b>of a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> struggle </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">between</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">forces </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>pure truth </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">goodness </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> those </b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> lies </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> evil</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eliminated </b>animal sacrifice, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">simplified ritual</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">argued against excessive religious taxes </b>diverted
to the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> caste </b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> worldly rulers</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">developed</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">system</b> which, for its
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">time </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> place</b>, was relatively <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">light
</b>on<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> miracles </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> magic</b> and developed an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">advanced ethical philosophy</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Huvovi and his children were his <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">first </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">converts</b> and his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sons </b>became
his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> priests</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At least one daughter was said to have made a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> strategic marriage </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> local ruler</b> that helped <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">spread</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> adoption</b> of the new religion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zoroaster faced many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">obstacles</b> in his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">preaching</b>,
including the fierce<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> opposition </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">traditional priests</b> and of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nobility</b> who felt<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> undermined</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shunned </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> outcast</b> in his own mother’s hometown.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet eventually truth and goodness—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aša</i></b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">triumphed</b> over <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">druj</i></b>—the lie and much of
Zoroaster’s homeland, wherever it was, was brought to the faith.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOC5N4IkI8hmP9yGaqXW-GKjPznABeza10wGA9XPcrFwDn7L0GRqqkDyQ6D6_7TPGT7FcSCI6tgmNh9i3W78mUeem8TJK3lrG7-WIvaFZyuoK4T2m3R-TiO4Vt_6yEc3NZDsSTOOTUORSgTrz1ZvCS1lHh9oLsj2nwJEHOn828GQhTmt9bfxaElaqTxgSm/s604/Zoroaster%20preachig%20to%20king%20Vistapa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="604" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOC5N4IkI8hmP9yGaqXW-GKjPznABeza10wGA9XPcrFwDn7L0GRqqkDyQ6D6_7TPGT7FcSCI6tgmNh9i3W78mUeem8TJK3lrG7-WIvaFZyuoK4T2m3R-TiO4Vt_6yEc3NZDsSTOOTUORSgTrz1ZvCS1lHh9oLsj2nwJEHOn828GQhTmt9bfxaElaqTxgSm/w640-h380/Zoroaster%20preachig%20to%20king%20Vistapa.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Zoroaster preaches to legendary Vishtaspa--Hystaspes to the Greeks--a
king and/or Mag sage who became one of his earliest supporters and a
major figure in scripture.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No mention</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> was made of how the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Master
</b>died, but <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">later traditions</b> have
him <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">murdered </b>at his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">altar </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Balkh </b>located in Afghanistan during a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Holy War</b> between <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Turans—</b>an
Iranian tribe—and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Persian Empire</b>
in 583 BCE.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This tale undoubtedly owes
more to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">politico/religious</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">struggles </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">legitimacy </b>within the Persian Empire and its successors than any <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">historical truth</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We do know that by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reign</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cyrus the Great</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span>about
560-530 BCE, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Zoroastrianism </b>was
wide-spread in his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">newly unified </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Persian Achaemenid Empire</span>, although not
yet a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> state religion</b>. Through their
enemies the Persians, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Greeks </b>learned
about Zoroaster and his teachings, which later became <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">influential </b>in their<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
emerging</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">philosophy </b>though the
work of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Plato </b>and others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Likewise the empire brought it to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jews </b>who were also influenced,
especially by Zoroastrian <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">duality</b>
which shows up in the concepts of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">struggle
</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">between</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">light </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">darkness </b>of
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Essenes </b>as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">evidence</b>d in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dead Sea
Scrolls</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Through both the Greeks and
the Jews it influenced <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Christianity </b>and
later <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Islam</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>which <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">conquered </b>the Zoroastrian<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> heartland</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSghOGPyinibgW4X3_D2oQOb3abOCBgBK5zgr7jPsUHP2a6TDCmdURALZpfODvrXz89NgIO1bx7HgQhvCkZDTYGM0RYimJU-xfudnH1qncUymneytA4KNThGfrhpU8k9GTkNBHDuGGUhnZ_oGsa5hujiuzt_p4SijhyI8VkIglBrJPxrspkkCr9K2TKSNN/s1094/Zoroaster--Raphael%20the%20School%20of%20Athens.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1094" data-original-width="930" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSghOGPyinibgW4X3_D2oQOb3abOCBgBK5zgr7jPsUHP2a6TDCmdURALZpfODvrXz89NgIO1bx7HgQhvCkZDTYGM0RYimJU-xfudnH1qncUymneytA4KNThGfrhpU8k9GTkNBHDuGGUhnZ_oGsa5hujiuzt_p4SijhyI8VkIglBrJPxrspkkCr9K2TKSNN/w544-h640/Zoroaster--Raphael%20the%20School%20of%20Athens.jpg" width="544" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Zoroaster influenced Greek philosophers as well religions like Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, In his famous painting <i style="font-weight: bold;">The School of Athens </i>Renaissance master Raphael depicted Zoroaster--the bearded figure holding the crystal globe--among the sages in the agora.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The name Zoroaster is, in fact, the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Greek form </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the name</span> which has become <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">generally
used in the West</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Persian the
name is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Zarathustra</b>, which <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Friedrich Nietzsche adopted</b> for his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">philosophical novel</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Also
sprach Zarathustra</i></b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thus Spoke Zarathustra—</i></b>in which he put
his own thoughts on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">death </b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> God</b> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Übermensch</i></b> into the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">old prophet</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s mouth</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisAuOb9WgJM5B4fb69Sbu1KzBAIl0whFBM6ULzsnyNk7LjMPJrg5rTx5C6-8CDT34ZG6pW7d0HH4afvmOpto8DXuLMz3C62TrLvhJj2Tb2y6_lyRgpeLTVITfxkzvoxT1-wYZDe-uSoojH_lHbvrTFh6kwcKAteioBWBQDOGFGcbLf3g-sUhLK8MHDgvxu/s640/Zoroaster--Darius%20the%20Great.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="450" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisAuOb9WgJM5B4fb69Sbu1KzBAIl0whFBM6ULzsnyNk7LjMPJrg5rTx5C6-8CDT34ZG6pW7d0HH4afvmOpto8DXuLMz3C62TrLvhJj2Tb2y6_lyRgpeLTVITfxkzvoxT1-wYZDe-uSoojH_lHbvrTFh6kwcKAteioBWBQDOGFGcbLf3g-sUhLK8MHDgvxu/w450-h640/Zoroaster--Darius%20the%20Great.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><br /><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Darius the Great of the Persian</span> <span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span>Achaemenid Empire was a personal devotee of Zoroaster and after his death Zoroasterism became the State religion of the empire.</span></span></span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Darius I </b>came to the Achaemenid <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">throne </b>in 522 BCE he was known to be a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">personal devotee of Ahura Mazda</b>, but at the time that did not
necessarily mean he was a Zoroastrian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He could still have <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recognized </b>the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ancient</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pantheon </b>but simply dedicated himself to that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">divinity</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the other hand,
he may have been.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not long after Darius
died, after <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">extending </b>the empire
from<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Egypt </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Levant</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Trace </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Macedonia </b>in the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Balkans</b>—after
failing to conquer <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sparta</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Athens</b>, and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Greeks—</b>east into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">India</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span>Zoroastrianism became the state
religion, although <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">other cults </b>were
generally<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> permitted</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Achaemenids <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fell </b>to Alexander, but when his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heirs</b> could not <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">maintain </b>his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> eastern empire</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Parthians</b> arose and established an
Empire from eastern <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Asia Minor</b> down
through both sides of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Persian Gulf </b>and
east through Afghanistan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This empire
lasted from 247 BCE to 224 AD when it disintegrated after a long series of wars
with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Roman Empire </b>and the rise
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sasanians</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>This empire would also make
Zoroastrianism <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a</span> state religion
alongside the ancient gods of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Babylonians</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Zoroastrians<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>had a last, long run as an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">imperial
</b>religion with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sasanian Empire</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>which was the chief rival of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Byzantines
</b>to the east, between 224 and 651 when it finally fell to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Islamic invasion</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Islamic Caliphate </b>not only absorbed the entire Sasanian Empire, it
quickly expanded to cover roughly the same territory as the old Achaemenid
Empire and then some.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Despite the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">conquest,</b> under the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Umayyad
Caliphate</b> there was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">little pressure</b>
put upon the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">local populations</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">abandon </b>their traditional religions so
long as they were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">monotheistic</b>,
their <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">activities did not </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disrupt </b>or<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> insult Islam</b>, and adherents <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">paid
a tax</b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jizya</i></b> which was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">leveled </b>on
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">non-Muslims</b> living in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">realm</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Over time, however, the tax <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">grew</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> repressive</b> and barriers to advancement
in the Caliphate encouraged many, especially among the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elite</b> and in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">major
cities</b>, to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">convert</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the beginning of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Crusades </b>there was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">general backlash</b> against all <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">religious minorities</b> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">more </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oppressive steps </b>were taken, including <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">local rioting</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">massacres </b>were
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">allowed </b>to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> transpire </b>by<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> authorities</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">During the Caliphate the
Zoroastrians had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">adopted </b>a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> stance</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">non-prostilazation</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">convince
</b>their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">overloads </b>that unlike<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Christians</b> they would not try to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">covert</b> Muslims.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only those <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">born </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">into the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> religion </b>were<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> accepted </b>as<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> members</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">long
run</b>, as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pressure continued </b>on
their populations, this <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">custom</b>,
along with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">traditionally low</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">birth rate</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">continued abandonment </b>of the faith for
Islam, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">contributed</b> to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">steady decline </b>in<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> numbers</b> over the ages until only a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tiny minority remained</b> in the old Iranian and Afghan strongholds.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> period </b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> particularly
brutal repression</b> many adherents <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fled
to India</b> where they <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">established
communities </b>on the southern west coast beginning in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">9th Century</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That community today represents the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> largest concentration </b>of Zoroastrians
in the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Known locally as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Parsis</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> less than 70,000 were counted in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2001 Indian</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">census</b>,
mostly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">concentrated </b>around <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mumbai</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT9rCb4qaazoqtR0KAthacQTBEnI6_7XVCbUSyQBkuiyUlauIQJCGRLdIb9OZRG45kBlV9B_V6dkL9ky3Ko-8UlSRH6Tv1PvWXOQHe5kwO4c9s5FGcaCz3BXKTV1EorAQifakrZpKRRUFd6n-YiY3eR6XmLxozAo0cz1_qhFGoEWqFJYKG4DIP9S2PTq6C/s673/Zoroaster--Modern%20priests.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="673" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT9rCb4qaazoqtR0KAthacQTBEnI6_7XVCbUSyQBkuiyUlauIQJCGRLdIb9OZRG45kBlV9B_V6dkL9ky3Ko-8UlSRH6Tv1PvWXOQHe5kwO4c9s5FGcaCz3BXKTV1EorAQifakrZpKRRUFd6n-YiY3eR6XmLxozAo0cz1_qhFGoEWqFJYKG4DIP9S2PTq6C/w640-h388/Zoroaster--Modern%20priests.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Modern Zoroastrian priests perform the Afrinagar ceremony. They wear
masks so that their sputum will not accidentally corrupt the pure flame
of sacred fire in it's chalice-like cauldron. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Their long <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">isolation </b>from their<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
ancestral roots</b> has resulted in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">customs
</b>that are sometimes<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">at </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">variance </b>with traditional Zoroastrianism and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mirror</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hindu </b>communities
in which they <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dwell</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This includes a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">modification </b>of the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ban </b>on
accepting those not born into the religion by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">accepting </b>the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> children </b>of
marriages to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">non-Zoroastrians.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>That has not, however, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prevented </b>a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> general population decline</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hastened
</b>by<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> emigration</b> to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">United States </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Canada </b>where there are <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">now </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">small communities</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pressure in the traditional
heartland has only gotten <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">worse</b>. The
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Shi’a </b>in Iran and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Taliban Sunni </b>in Afghanistan, as well
as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Islamists </b>in the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> southern</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Caucuses </b>have been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">equally
zealous </b>in their<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> persecutions </b>making
many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">refugees</b> who have to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disguise </b>their<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> identities</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hard numbers</b> in these circumstances are
hard to come by.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Less than 200,000 are
thought to be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scattered </b>over a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> broad region </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">overlapping several</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> borders</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Today, probably <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">fewer than one million Zoroastrians</span>
are left <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">world-wide </b>to celebrate
their Master’s birthday. </span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-14052666386912014132024-03-26T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-26T02:00:00.139-05:00The Vietnam War Memorial and Architect Almost No One Wanted<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho5RtK6Y-ppgcD4JNVpNTMzlfgWT6sjiGFsM_g9dcA2_l4Wi5c25ImZ-MWqZG26CWk2NP8vDQd9WlYjX2BmUS0qY-cXSan8WcQDMbAnp_l3i_YoBKBENUH_1oXt5QibYBNX3o7WO4ffNQ9D8vWbUwM9boFWJMvoKryQLvrQgYFMJ9AWJhGw7V4Sdnjg2_z/s750/vietnam%20memorial--evening.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="507" data-original-width="750" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho5RtK6Y-ppgcD4JNVpNTMzlfgWT6sjiGFsM_g9dcA2_l4Wi5c25ImZ-MWqZG26CWk2NP8vDQd9WlYjX2BmUS0qY-cXSan8WcQDMbAnp_l3i_YoBKBENUH_1oXt5QibYBNX3o7WO4ffNQ9D8vWbUwM9boFWJMvoKryQLvrQgYFMJ9AWJhGw7V4Sdnjg2_z/w640-h432/vietnam%20memorial--evening.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Wall of the Vietnam War Memorial in the gloaming with flags, photos, and mementos left daily by visitors.</span></span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">On
March 26, 1982 a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">groundbreaking ceremony
</b>was held for the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">hugely controversial</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Vietnam War Memorial </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Washington</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> D</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">C</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Less than eight months later on November
13 it <b>opened </b>with <b>recriminations</b> still swirling around it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
idea for a memorial sprang from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jan
Scruggs</b>, who had served as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">corporal</b>
in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">199th Light Infantry Brigade</b>
and was attending <b>college</b> in Washington studying <b>counseling </b>and
hoping to help the notoriously <b>troubled veterans</b> of an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unpopular war</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He felt that a national memorial honor the
Vietnam War dead would help with the <b>healing</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Scruggs conceived of the <b>project</b> as
one that would <b>inscribe</b> the <b>names</b> of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">all the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> American dead</b> in <b>conflicts</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Southeast Asia</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZO5LMWoWXO5gXVl4Dd5h_lauobhPSQty7Ngo_zNrHdncLfRbUewcEaeUZecm1R_9J5RUihgcPvRoFumLsPZh2yzbSdYMZ7HZyVE3eua0KNDFrbNKa169FRkoa0BOHKxhFxCqnbLDal6n5J4-LBQ4N_nMm_cyW9C9DS2Rw9ouDkI9oJ0rLbiNv6IXe13Hx/s1434/Vietnam%20Memorial--Scrugs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1434" data-original-width="1000" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZO5LMWoWXO5gXVl4Dd5h_lauobhPSQty7Ngo_zNrHdncLfRbUewcEaeUZecm1R_9J5RUihgcPvRoFumLsPZh2yzbSdYMZ7HZyVE3eua0KNDFrbNKa169FRkoa0BOHKxhFxCqnbLDal6n5J4-LBQ4N_nMm_cyW9C9DS2Rw9ouDkI9oJ0rLbiNv6IXe13Hx/w446-h640/Vietnam%20Memorial--Scrugs.jpg" width="446" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>The memorial was the brain child of Jan Scruggs who served as a corporal
in the war and was a student studying to help veterans when he began
his campaign to make it a reality.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Congress </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">refused to <b>fund</b>
the project because it would “clutter up the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Mall</b>,” and because there were no similar monuments to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">World War II</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Korean </b>veterans—both of which have since been built.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anti-war</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Democrats</b> opposed “<b>glorifying</b>”
the conflict, while some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">conservatives</b>
were loath to honor “the first American soldiers to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lose a war.”</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Undeterred,
with $2,800 of his <b>own money</b> Scruggs began <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">raising funds</b> for the project. His effort touched a <b>national
nerve</b> and with astonishing speed more than $8,000,000 was raised, almost
all of it from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">private donors</b>, many
from veterans themselves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He <b>overcame
objections</b> and received <b>permission</b> from Congress to build a memorial
in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Constitution Gardens</b>, just off
the National Mall near the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lincoln
Memorial.</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
the money began to pour in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">competition
</b>was held for the <b>design</b> of the monument.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The conditions were that it have room for the
names of all of the war dead and that it have a low <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unobtrusive profile</b>—a nod to a group of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">voracious opponents</b> of the project—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">preservationists </b>who loudly complained that it would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">destroy </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">esthetics </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the Mall</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of the most distinguished <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sculptors</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">architects</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">artists </b>in the country submitted
drawings.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcvWuMCrO74t9x8TvMbfxeYjwWroMPaeMZf3mZBFK51j6-jAS401KeOazPOfA54kcRY1agWPNYeMKPcocxgCGSV5n1ZCqiQtqsP1BCBbtOvhb6lrN8-htK6HhSv9WrQ54LYMfY3r6doVOfxCU_HAEyKboUKx3IK-DwWfw3xkTo_AfDIhuiK-AP-xFLq8k5/s1200/Vietnam%20Memorial--Maya%20Lin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="959" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcvWuMCrO74t9x8TvMbfxeYjwWroMPaeMZf3mZBFK51j6-jAS401KeOazPOfA54kcRY1agWPNYeMKPcocxgCGSV5n1ZCqiQtqsP1BCBbtOvhb6lrN8-htK6HhSv9WrQ54LYMfY3r6doVOfxCU_HAEyKboUKx3IK-DwWfw3xkTo_AfDIhuiK-AP-xFLq8k5/w512-h640/Vietnam%20Memorial--Maya%20Lin.jpg" width="512" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>21 year old Maya Lyn, seen at the dedication of the memorial, was
surprise and controversial winner of the design competition for the
wall--much of which was backlash that an Asian--or Gook--was selected.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">To
almost everyone’s <b>surprise</b> the <b>winner</b> of the competition was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Maya Lin</b>, then a 21 year old <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">undergraduate</b> at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Yale</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Her
conception was <b>stunning</b> in its<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
simplicity</b>—and in its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dramatic
rejection</b> of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">t</span>he<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> conventional forms</b> of a monument or
memorial.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She envisioned a “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gash in the earth</b>” to represent the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wound </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">loss</b> of all of those
soldiers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The entire monument was to be <b>below
ground level</b>—an <b>elongated shallow</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> v</b> made up of two <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">black
granite walls</b> tapering from 10.1 feet high where they <b>meet</b> to eight
inches at their ends.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One end would represent
the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> beginning</b> of the conflict and
first deaths in 1959 and the other end the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">last
</b>of the combat deaths in <b>Southeast Asia</b>—the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Marines</b> who died in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rescue</b>
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">SS <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Mayaguez</span></i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> from the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Khmer Rouge</b> in 1975.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two
walls would meet at the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> deepest point</b>
of the war, which turned out to be May of 1968 when casualties were at their<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> peak</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Names without <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rank</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">service</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hometown</b>, or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">any other
identifier</b> would be inscribed in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">chronological
order</b> along the two walls.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFkyug7tFLMHKil5_YG5p_sGCJoI70F0ERu4KOyLbsRXcwI7FjpTQ4ARHAEwPZD8GPvDOneUXjWwaoykYvwuZnp-BFrL_GrYmnuJTLLZsOjFbzEkkFz1UuJg_3wGFiAzS0woWJhXOHAS6iLeHv9b_pUeyjpp5PTOBWnqTkE8wzyjtThvplKXUAHzxFAfV_/s768/Vietnam%20Memorial--A%20wound%20to%20heal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="562" data-original-width="768" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFkyug7tFLMHKil5_YG5p_sGCJoI70F0ERu4KOyLbsRXcwI7FjpTQ4ARHAEwPZD8GPvDOneUXjWwaoykYvwuZnp-BFrL_GrYmnuJTLLZsOjFbzEkkFz1UuJg_3wGFiAzS0woWJhXOHAS6iLeHv9b_pUeyjpp5PTOBWnqTkE8wzyjtThvplKXUAHzxFAfV_/w640-h468/Vietnam%20Memorial--A%20wound%20to%20heal.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">The below ground level "gash" represented the national wound in need of healing.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Although praised by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">art </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">architecture critics</b>,
the design created a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">firestorm </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
bitter opposition</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Veterans</b>’<b>
groups</b> were incensed<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>calling it
a</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">black
gash of shame</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">H</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Ross Perot</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Texas millionaire </b>and
the future <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginia Senator Jim Webb</b>,
then a highly regarded <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Assistant
Secretary of Defense </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reagan
Administration</b>, both early public supporters of the project, now <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">denounced </b>it and tried to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prevent </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> construction</b> as
envisioned by Lin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perot openly voiced <b>contemp</b>t
for Lin because she was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Asian </b>and
many veterans did not want anything to do with, “that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gook</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span>”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Congress held <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hearings </b>where Lin had to <b>defend</b> herself under very <b>hostile
questioning</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Secretary of the Interior</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">James
Watt</b> tried to <b>derail </b>the project by <b>withholding</b> the necessary
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">construction permits</b>.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy1n4Bdp4u3wuKbPyygEPH0YQ7qdLVYogwQPX8mWMK2IN3Rz7l_IVAyshAS5CTN0TNQnT_o_vdfrj127iEdjRISOJkec1W3cqG-Vt35gGrcG4VqkYuRm3zuwctdKxC98fAYsoqVnOBgOYYxG6vD4p-3jCpYH_BIxLO1MA97X4gscW6YeeXSIKplS-7RNbF/s550/Vietnam%20memorial--nurses.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="412" data-original-width="550" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy1n4Bdp4u3wuKbPyygEPH0YQ7qdLVYogwQPX8mWMK2IN3Rz7l_IVAyshAS5CTN0TNQnT_o_vdfrj127iEdjRISOJkec1W3cqG-Vt35gGrcG4VqkYuRm3zuwctdKxC98fAYsoqVnOBgOYYxG6vD4p-3jCpYH_BIxLO1MA97X4gscW6YeeXSIKplS-7RNbF/w640-h480/Vietnam%20memorial--nurses.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>A second representational sculpture
was added near the wall--the Vietnam Women's Memorial showed nurses
attending a wounded soldier. It was the first memorial for women from
any war.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Organizers of the project, however, <b>stood by</b>
Lin and her vision.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a <b>compromise</b>
they did agree to add a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">representational
statue</b> and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">flagpole</b> to one
side of the monument.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The bronze <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>Three Soldiers</i></b> by sculptor </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Frederick Hart </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">was installed in 1985, three years after
Lin’s memorial opened.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1993 another
representational statue of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">two female
figures</b> tending a wounded soldier by sculptor <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Glenna Goodacre </b>was added nearby as the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Vietnam Women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Memorial</b>—the first war memorial for
women from any war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">When
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Wall</b>, as the Monument came to be
known, opened it had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">58,175</b> entries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since then, more than 200 more names have
been added.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>About thirty names turned
out to belong to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> still living soldiers</b>,
a mistake attributed to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">clerical error</b>
at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Department of Defense</b>, which
provided the names of the war dead.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn9BJrHJDOhZcwfTovl-uhTx1hPzcZJ8xnWK13W3mLZkgbYQPmx1Lx6x9D8dxtSup9-N-WdBQ13Jm02sXshyWhckE7gv_D6cYnonLWz9D2d0CwNMZ6byBi2egtkHwFwucLUXE4_ac8OyxF8QyLtcWlzBvt4TIAW6PTUxV5Ijct2PtcuSfzzOAugnr0DYue/s537/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial_Crowd_at_Dedication.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="537" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn9BJrHJDOhZcwfTovl-uhTx1hPzcZJ8xnWK13W3mLZkgbYQPmx1Lx6x9D8dxtSup9-N-WdBQ13Jm02sXshyWhckE7gv_D6cYnonLWz9D2d0CwNMZ6byBi2egtkHwFwucLUXE4_ac8OyxF8QyLtcWlzBvt4TIAW6PTUxV5Ijct2PtcuSfzzOAugnr0DYue/w640-h418/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial_Crowd_at_Dedication.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">A huge crowd made up mostly of veterans and their families attended the Memorial dedication ceremony.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Thousands
of veterans <b>marched </b>to the site of the Memorial on the day of its
dedication.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the <b>ceremonies</b>,
they were as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">awed</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">moved </b>as almost everyone else who has
ever seen it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The controversy over the
design was soon <b>washed away</b> with the tears of veterans and their <b>loved
ones</b>, who found an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">emotional
connection</b> that almost no one anticipated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Spontaneously,
people began to make <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rubbings</b> of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the names of their loved ones</span> and to leave
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gifts</b> for the dead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These items ranged from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">photographs</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">packs </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
cigarettes</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bottles </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
beer</b>, each representing something.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>At first the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Park
Service </b>was unsure of how to deal with these <b>offerings</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eventually they were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gathered <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">daily</span></b> and <b>stored</b>
in an enormous<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> warehouse</b>. The items
are now <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">preserved</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cataloged </b>by date.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Exhibitions
</b>display samples from the collection.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">More
than two million visitors view the Wall annually, making it one of the most
popular attractions in Washington.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
2007 it was ranked tenth on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">List of
America</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Favorite Architecture</b> by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American
Institute of Architects</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Several
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">quarter-size cardboard models</b> of the
Wall tour the country continuously bringing something of the experience to
those who cannot get to the Capital.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivBCCs93Ue0FqEr1b9UMNWfpSrJ6Ayc3t7TbaFLhIBp0gnT-uz-v-flQh7SgnmPDhU7b-cUOM447ehyphenhyphenvc3jwBq3-3uH26FRTciZJac3IvU1EcrMHsp444Fod1ws43pudmTjya5NfPpzorup8GIZU296ihKqjItQyP959Mn29EtTuiRPS6sR0bTkb6m6QFY/s600/Vietnam%20Memorial--Medal%20of%20Freedom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivBCCs93Ue0FqEr1b9UMNWfpSrJ6Ayc3t7TbaFLhIBp0gnT-uz-v-flQh7SgnmPDhU7b-cUOM447ehyphenhyphenvc3jwBq3-3uH26FRTciZJac3IvU1EcrMHsp444Fod1ws43pudmTjya5NfPpzorup8GIZU296ihKqjItQyP959Mn29EtTuiRPS6sR0bTkb6m6QFY/w640-h426/Vietnam%20Memorial--Medal%20of%20Freedom.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Maya Lyn received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Barack Obama in
2016 in honor of her body of work including the Vietnam Memorial and
the United States Civil Rights Museum.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lyn
has gone on to become a famous architect and designer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her many honors include the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Presidential Medal of Freedom</b> awarded
by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Barack Obama </b>in 2016.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Among
her other projects are the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">United States
Civil Rights Museum</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Montgomery</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Alabama</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">; </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Museum for African Art </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York City</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">; the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Langston Hughes Library</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> in </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Clinton</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tennessee</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">; several instillations for the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Confluence Project </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">following
the path of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lewis and Clark </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">along the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Columbia River </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Washington</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Oregon</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">; and </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>Under the Laurentide</i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
at </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Brown University</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-88440406289198052432024-03-25T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-25T02:00:00.155-05:00World’s First Rail Passengers Rolled on the Good Swansea and Mumbles Railway <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDtbVqdn7_fKjifSgJBld64SZscH-YBg5irW2NAXBQ-taAVGr_GESxV4P1Yq1hwNROmsI7mXDQyNLfiUQV7Xw3zNFxsTc_S6E6PvyEDaDEDd-qCZiboDoFMNU8S91y0Q77p-df2Ab7CXDBNG4IMsMWupVJauYcqCMeLaBSmnyQNZ3NL0zQT5Jy8InbciWx/s562/Swansea%20and%20Mumbles--horse%20car%20photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="562" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDtbVqdn7_fKjifSgJBld64SZscH-YBg5irW2NAXBQ-taAVGr_GESxV4P1Yq1hwNROmsI7mXDQyNLfiUQV7Xw3zNFxsTc_S6E6PvyEDaDEDd-qCZiboDoFMNU8S91y0Q77p-df2Ab7CXDBNG4IMsMWupVJauYcqCMeLaBSmnyQNZ3NL0zQT5Jy8InbciWx/w640-h416/Swansea%20and%20Mumbles--horse%20car%20photo.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">An early photo of open car horse drawn service on the Swansea and
Mumbles Railway. Probably a vary pleasant hour or so on a lovely spring
day, but undoubtedly miserable in Wales's snowy winters.</span><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Over the years this <b>blog </b>has covered many <b>firsts </b>relating
to <b>railway history</b></span>.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">That’s because I am <b>fascinated </b>with <b>transportation
history </b>in general and rail history in particular.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maybe it comes from <b>growing up </b>in a<b>
railroad town</b> like <b>Cheyenne</b></span>,<b> Wyoming</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, playing with <b>electric trains</b>, or listening
all of my life to all of those <b>songs</b> about <b>lonesome</b> <b>whistles</b>,
<b>getting</b></span>’<b> on down the line</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, and <b>hobos</b></span>.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">But somehow I missed the <b>very first</b> <b>rail
passenger service </b></span>in the<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <b>world</b>,
which was <b>inaugurated </b>way back on March 25, 1807 on the <b>Swansea and
Mumbles Railway </b>in <b>Wales</b></span>.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I know, it sounds like a
line <b>made up </b>by <b>J</b></span>.<b>K</b>.<b> Rowling</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> for some <b>fantastic adventure</b></span>.<b></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">It started out, as most railroads did, as <b>freight service</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Specifically it was charted in 1804 by <b>Parliament
</b>as the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Committee of the
Company of Proprietors of the Oystermouth Railway or Tramroad Company </b>for
the purpose of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hauling limestone </b>from
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">quarries </b>by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Swansea Canal </b>a little more than 7 miles to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fishing village </b>called Oystermouth, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">harbor</b> at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mouth </b>of
the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> River Tawe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Mumbles was the end station in Oysterouth,
and the line was thus called the Swansea and Mumbles Railway, or just called
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mumbles Train </b>by the suitably<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> rustic locals</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">Construction on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">roadbed</b> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">laying </b>of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">rude </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">iron-strap rails</b> was completed in
1806.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Freight operations <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">commenced </span>with <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">no</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> dedication</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ceremony</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>None-the-less, it quickly <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">boosted the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> economy</b> of both of its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">terminals</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the addition of a mile-long <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spur</b> from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Blackpill</b> up the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Clyne
Valley</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ynys Gate</b> it also facilitated
the development of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">coal pits </b>at
Blackpill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Limestone, coal, and other
freight was all carried in <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">single</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> open carts</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">horse drawn </b>over the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rugged
course</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Speed </b>was not a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">priority</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">There being no <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">road </b>between the termini other than a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rude foot path</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>the Proprietors soon decided that since
the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>damn<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">railway</span> was just
sitting there anyway, they might as well add passenger service. One of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">original proprietors</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Benjamin French</b>, offered to pay the
company the 20£ for the right to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">haul</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> paying customers</b> for a year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suitably <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">uncomfortable
open coaches </b>thus began making regular trips on this date in 1807 <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">without need</span> of much <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">further</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> investment</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Mount </b>at Swansea became the world first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">railway station</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Actually anyone
could do what Mr. French did.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arcane terms</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">original charter</b> the railroad was just
that—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the roadbed—</b>and operated like a
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">turnpike </b>or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">canal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Anyone could use the
rails for a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fee</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">toll</b> as long as they provided their own
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">compatible equipment</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>It is unclear who or how many exercised
that option. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">Eventually seven stations including
the termini were built which became the center of small <b>hamlets</b> and
served the narrow <b>valley</b> running through the Welsh hills.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">In the 1820’s a turnpike was built
parallel to the rail line that cut into passenger traffic so that the only
operator of cars at that time, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Simon
Llewelyn</b>, suspended operations in 1827.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4Led7tswpB8D37fHSwcAYBR7xh5ygBK1HGCWHfwnD9rJ0sV0AESK-sVRH_SCyCABs02n7GI6p5WMMD_U610VC11r49NFPWRLufCtL6udi5dWoZXjKykLSiv-Lwh1mE9m3UTSwsAy9bEI3iZb4PrRUdneW2wxOqCcnQkVUGX0b9HqvEglXlz-0v0H01yXy/s564/Swansea%20and%20Mumbles--1886%20horse%20car.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="564" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4Led7tswpB8D37fHSwcAYBR7xh5ygBK1HGCWHfwnD9rJ0sV0AESK-sVRH_SCyCABs02n7GI6p5WMMD_U610VC11r49NFPWRLufCtL6udi5dWoZXjKykLSiv-Lwh1mE9m3UTSwsAy9bEI3iZb4PrRUdneW2wxOqCcnQkVUGX0b9HqvEglXlz-0v0H01yXy/w640-h394/Swansea%20and%20Mumbles--1886%20horse%20car.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">The re-introduction of passenger service in 1866 brought these more comfortable cars.</span><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">Over the next couple of decades the
roadbed was re-laid and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">standard gauge
flanged rails </b>were used.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">George Byng Morris</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">son</b> of one of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">original proprietors</b> and a local developer of coal pits, took
control of the line, made more improvements, and re-introduced horse-drawn
passenger service in 1866, when most British rail had already <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">converted </b>to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> steam</b>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">The first steam service on the line
began in 1877 when <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Henry Hughes</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">patent tramway locomotives </b>owned by
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Swansea Improvements & Tramways
Company</b> began to use part of the line.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But because of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">archaic
charter </b>and various disputes, the owner of the rail line, then a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John Dickinson</b> had to continue to use
horse cars for some services.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was
a complicated web of companies owning all or parts of the line over time and/or
operating on it.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">It wasn’t until 1896 that the last
horse car left service.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>About that time
a new company, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mumbles Railway &
Pier Company</b> extended the line in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Oystermouth
</b>to a new <b>pier</b> they built in the harbor and established and new
terminal station, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mumbles Head</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Trains operated over both lines and
occasionally during <b>business disputes</b> passengers were forced to change
trains at the old Mumbles station.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKp5fS0sKcFMGHSIt6sGT652nH-43Flfru2C6fYlkVhMWjxs-ZJd3XjL8sY7Js58lxhRmz6Fo5AqCH5Lu29T21B7vek7wURV087n8-0PE55ebVutA3rS-BhPBvXSM_-ZUvEE10A8Av14PlGGIrnXsXzKh77YchmWb98prtPYsT-B19X3Y1aQQjfAoi4k0g/s2522/Swansea%20and%20Mumbles--tank%20engine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1393" data-original-width="2522" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKp5fS0sKcFMGHSIt6sGT652nH-43Flfru2C6fYlkVhMWjxs-ZJd3XjL8sY7Js58lxhRmz6Fo5AqCH5Lu29T21B7vek7wURV087n8-0PE55ebVutA3rS-BhPBvXSM_-ZUvEE10A8Av14PlGGIrnXsXzKh77YchmWb98prtPYsT-B19X3Y1aQQjfAoi4k0g/w640-h354/Swansea%20and%20Mumbles--tank%20engine.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">A tank steam locomotive drawing double-deck cars arrives in Oystermouth Station in the early 20th Century.</span><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">By the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">turn </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> 20th Century </b>the tram engines had gone
the way of the horse cars and a motley assemblage of small <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">conventional tank locomotives</b> were in use.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One early experiment with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">battery powered electric engines </b>had
already failed.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">In 1904 to celebrate the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">centennial </b>of the railway charter, the
line finally got the ceremonial attention it never got in the beginning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">King
Edward VII</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Queen Alexandra</b>
visited Swansea for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ceremonial
cutting </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> first sod</b> of the new <b>King</b>’<b>s
Dock</b> in July.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They rode in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gutted </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> re-fitted battery electric car</b> suitably <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">fancied up</span> and drawn by a steam engine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The line received a second <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Royal visit </b>in 1920 when <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">King George V </b>officiated at the opening
of the new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Queen</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
Dock</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">In 1928 the line was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">electrified </b>and converted to an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">overhead wire tram</b> style for the
passenger service making it one of the few services in the world to have
employed horse drawn, steam, and electric service.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">double-decker
cars</b> built by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Brush Electrical
Company of Loughborough</b>, in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Leicestershire</b>—the
largest<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ever built for service</span> in Britain—were used.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each could seat 106 passengers and were
frequently <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">operated in</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> pairs</b> with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">seating capacity</b> of 212 per train. That is a hint of the
surprisingly heavy usage of the short run line.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZpuuuw8lRqfTWXwDc8_ZkOvdKnIxlbw8IyBXv7uDpT7Z3HTExl7oJGcqlIvwqwnicpqNCnRT0xNoSkokwont9tRr187ntLsCERdp8SmPWVHz-lRfI_UmDX0ataHKMam1aIMhD3L16ri0mqGT-ekRo6TcahRJYAvYvbj8z4bw2PGtrC-vroT4nBmflEK0h/s640/Swansea%20and%20Mumbles--electric%20tram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="640" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZpuuuw8lRqfTWXwDc8_ZkOvdKnIxlbw8IyBXv7uDpT7Z3HTExl7oJGcqlIvwqwnicpqNCnRT0xNoSkokwont9tRr187ntLsCERdp8SmPWVHz-lRfI_UmDX0ataHKMam1aIMhD3L16ri0mqGT-ekRo6TcahRJYAvYvbj8z4bw2PGtrC-vroT4nBmflEK0h/w640-h466/Swansea%20and%20Mumbles--electric%20tram.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">These handsome and striking red double-deck overhead tram cars serviced
the line for decades. This one is approaching the Mumbles Pier in the
last days of the line.</span><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">Freight service, which diminished
with the closing of several coal pits and the short branch lines built to serve
them, was handled for a while with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gasoline
powered engines </b>which proved <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">under-powered</b>
and finally with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">diesel locomotives</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">The railroad got national attention
in Britain once again when it celebrated its 150th Anniversary in 1954.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A replica of an early horse drawn passenger
coach was constructed and ceremonially run on the line with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">newsreel </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BBC coverage.</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">But it was almost a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">swan song</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>In 1958 the railroad’s<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> greatest competitor</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> The South Wales Transport Company, </b>which
was the principal operator of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bus
services</b> in the Swansea area, bought out the two operating companies and
the underlying but<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> dormant </b>road bed
company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since the railroad had never
been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">integrated</b> into the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nationalized rail system </b>and still
operated under the arcane 1804 charter, the bus company <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">petitioned Parliament</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">permission
</b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">abandon </b>the line<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Conservative government </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Prime Minister Harold McMillan </b>was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">glad to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> oblige</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">Under the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">South Wales Transport Act 1959</b> despite the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">voracious protests </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">objection
</b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">local residents </b>the Swansea
and Mumbles Railway was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">closed down </b>in<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">two</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> stages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The last ceremonial run was driven by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Frank Duncan</b>, who had worked on the
railway since 1907, on January 5, 1960.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Work began immediately to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tear
down </b>some stations to make way for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bus
terminals</b>, tear up the track for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scrap</b>,
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dismantle</b> most of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rolling stock</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">What was then the oldest railway in
the world with continuous service was no more.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif6J2B0t-6vjRyuJdPycnZTPqUlWbJnzMIRGD_Yga9IYqwUcdF7m94BgITH-7-6CeftfOVM0ue6h7qhD7HJ7rAcMZ26Uws9TWvw3tXsuuZ67-9G7V1NBfwqyeKtr6IRmqPq0lJxlWuQWeR6iC832zN7OImLr0mC1XyqHQNtAvCGimtktlgDZ1V7hE2yuRd/s1600/Swansea%20and%20Mumbles--abandoned%20car.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1035" data-original-width="1600" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif6J2B0t-6vjRyuJdPycnZTPqUlWbJnzMIRGD_Yga9IYqwUcdF7m94BgITH-7-6CeftfOVM0ue6h7qhD7HJ7rAcMZ26Uws9TWvw3tXsuuZ67-9G7V1NBfwqyeKtr6IRmqPq0lJxlWuQWeR6iC832zN7OImLr0mC1XyqHQNtAvCGimtktlgDZ1V7hE2yuRd/w640-h414/Swansea%20and%20Mumbles--abandoned%20car.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">The last intact car sat for years awaiting restoration but deteriorating
on a Leeds siding. Seen in 1966, it was destroyed by fire soon after.</span><br /> <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">One car was saved for<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> preservation</b> by members of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Leeds University</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Yorkshire</b> and was stored awaiting work
at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Middleton Railway</b> in Lees but
it was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heavily vandalized</b> and
eventually <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">destroyed </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">by</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
fire</b>. The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">front end</b> of car no. 7
was also saved for preservation at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Swansea
Museum</b> and was initially restored in the early 1970s by members of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Railway Club of Wales</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is now on display in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tram Shed</b> by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Waterfront Museum</b> in Swansea’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Maritime Quarter</b>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">But there was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dim hope </b>of a restoration of service.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 2009 the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">City and County of Swansea</b> began a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">long process</b> of looking at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">feasibility</b>
of tram service for the Swansea bay area again perhaps using the old
roadbed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b>Environment</b>, <b>Regeneration
and Culture Overview Board</b> created by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Council </b>to conduct the survey began a process of setting up a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">private charitable corporation</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But with many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">obstacles </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> overcome</b> no cars are yet running.</p>
<p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-29740764992426944662024-03-24T02:00:00.022-05:002024-03-24T02:00:00.131-05:00Lawrence Ferlinghetti—American Poet and God Father to the Beats<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoCYr3UvncWImPZCOfTruR89uNqRdHyjupNwvWHfm5Lk_iHnldmRjUdZvDKqH35KkWAtN2NQImEH5GAHGA-n9ocGM3GS4EZHC3ES_BuuS7pkOx0SXXpEAlzs-sQw9mdXjGw_l3ZeYxK3awvNi2G9liHQnTCwC_CRkLU7_9FALhvfyV8vauBNXuY1O0zqGo/s1761/Ferlinghetti--color..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1165" data-original-width="1761" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoCYr3UvncWImPZCOfTruR89uNqRdHyjupNwvWHfm5Lk_iHnldmRjUdZvDKqH35KkWAtN2NQImEH5GAHGA-n9ocGM3GS4EZHC3ES_BuuS7pkOx0SXXpEAlzs-sQw9mdXjGw_l3ZeYxK3awvNi2G9liHQnTCwC_CRkLU7_9FALhvfyV8vauBNXuY1O0zqGo/w640-h424/Ferlinghetti--color..jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Lawrence Ferlinghetti at City Lights Bookstore in North Beach.</span></span><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lawrence Ferlinghetti</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> died on February 23, 2021 in the
<b>apartment</b> over <b>City Lights Book Store</b> where he lived for
decades.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was just a month shy of his
102 birthday.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Somehow it seemed to many
of us that he might just go on forever like a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lord of the Rings <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">wizard</span></b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was active in the management of the book
store until just a few years ago and sometimes made it downstairs on a good days
even later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And he continued to <b>write</b>
including a <b>cutting piece</b> on <b>Donald Trump</b> that went.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His death was announced by the bookstore
which recently had been threatened with <b>closing</b> until <b>donors</b>
flooded a <b>GoFundMe campaign</b> with donations to keep the beloved
institution alive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The shop’s statement
pledged to continue the master’s work and legacy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The following was posted here in 2019 on his
100th birthday.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAD9UHLeETok3T0p0qJJveIvXHTddHFyyPck6rc423QWhBQJWAVCZwf3LncewBwR6aicGpsFEnESEm9oPU7NUNHmtzTSSji7bkSjkRQ220HHAEolgrEDx25z8myU3mrkx4XbcnA2z_8ILQlMtzzc34Ru8T5eNMVRea6-G-5ZsjoVn8r0RHlYyPIKPxnoxR/s1220/Ferlinghetti--At%20100%20Banner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="1220" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAD9UHLeETok3T0p0qJJveIvXHTddHFyyPck6rc423QWhBQJWAVCZwf3LncewBwR6aicGpsFEnESEm9oPU7NUNHmtzTSSji7bkSjkRQ220HHAEolgrEDx25z8myU3mrkx4XbcnA2z_8ILQlMtzzc34Ru8T5eNMVRea6-G-5ZsjoVn8r0RHlYyPIKPxnoxR/w640-h378/Ferlinghetti--At%20100%20Banner.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Ferlinghetti from the window of his apartment over the store.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Born on March 24, 1919 <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lawrence Ferlinghetti</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>celebrates his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">100th birthday</b> today, still active and apparently in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reasonably good health</b>. Can’t
keep a good <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">poet</b> down. And for
my money Ferlinghetti is the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">super-nova</b>
in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">constellation</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Beat </b>poets even including other bright
spots like <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alan Ginsberg</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kenneth Rexroth</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gary Snyder</b>—all of whom he befriended
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">published</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The poet was born in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Yonkers</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York. </b>His father was an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Italian </b>immigrant <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">auctioneer
</b>who had shortened the family name to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ferlin</b>.
Young Larry did not know his real family name until he entered the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Navy </b>in 1942. His mother was of
mixed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">French</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Portuguese</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sephardic
Jewish </b>extraction. He only began using the original family name for
his published work in 1955 when his first collection, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>Pictures of the Gone World </i></b>was published.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">His father died before he was born
and his mother when he was at an early age. He was raised largely by a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">French aunt</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Emily</b> who took her charge with her to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">France </b>while she worked as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">governess</b>
there for several years. French became his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first language</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Upon returning to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">United States</b> he was placed for a time
in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chappaqua</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York orphanage</b> until his aunt could find a new position.
She was hired as governess to the daughter of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Presley Eugene Bisland</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Anna
Lawrence Brisland</b>, in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bronxville</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York</b>. Anna was the
cultured daughter of the founder of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sarah
Lawrence Academy. </b>The couple took a shine to the bright boy and
eventually became <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">virtual parents</b> to
him. He stayed on their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">estate</b>
after Emily left.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Bislands paid for his tuition at
smart <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">day</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prep schools</b> and at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">University
of North Carolina </b>where the young man became interested in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">journalism</b> and wrote for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">college paper</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While on summer vacation in 1940 he
and two classmates lived on an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">island</b>
off the coast of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Maine</b> making a
living <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lobstering</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fishing</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">beach combing</b>. The experience cemented a lifelong love of the
sea and the seacoast.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8ZOs1Z7JLbC8G39AoYwmgIJAxCiApC5uC66gma9A7uKw3_9opv-kfSlCOooyae9KzgooJuqebgPzIOsiexXXgr-xtw6gntcWw7VebIyDyxfD6I919O5Iv8c9pT6OND2BiS6bnpgFHhyDM-zdeapJD8hKxbJpgiEvgfisSWsmCdcgW5WohY8l-ujZucVOA/s230/Ferlinghetti--Navy%20officer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="230" data-original-width="158" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8ZOs1Z7JLbC8G39AoYwmgIJAxCiApC5uC66gma9A7uKw3_9opv-kfSlCOooyae9KzgooJuqebgPzIOsiexXXgr-xtw6gntcWw7VebIyDyxfD6I919O5Iv8c9pT6OND2BiS6bnpgFHhyDM-zdeapJD8hKxbJpgiEvgfisSWsmCdcgW5WohY8l-ujZucVOA/w275-h400/Ferlinghetti--Navy%20officer.jpg" width="275" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span> </span>Ferlinghetti in the Navy as Captain of a sub chaser off the coast of Normandy.</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">World War II </b>broke out, Larry naturally enlisted in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Navy </b>and was educated as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Midshipman </b>and first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shipped out</b> as a very <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">junior officer</b> on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">J</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">P</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Morgan</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
former yacht</b> which had been fitted out for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anti-submarine patrol</b> along the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">East Coast</b> when those waters were among the most <b>dangerous</b>
in the world. He advanced and later served on three larger anti-sub
ships. He was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Captain</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sub chaser</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">USS SC1308</i></b> which served
in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">flee<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">t</span></b> protecting the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Normandy
</b>invasion. Later he transferred to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pacific </b>where he was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">navigator
</b>on a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">troop ship</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After his ship moored in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Japan </b>and transferred its troops to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">occupation duty</b>, the young officer took
time to visit devastated <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nagasaki</b>.
He was shocked, even <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">traumatized </b>by
what he saw only weeks after the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">atomic
bomb</b> was dropped on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">civilian
population</b>. He became a lifelong, committed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pacifist</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After the war he enrolled in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">graduate school</b> at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Columbia University</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New
York City </b>with the help of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">GI
Bill</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>He read widely and deeply in the
classics of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">English literature</b> and
was influenced by American poets like <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Walt
Whitman</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">T</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
S</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Eliot</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ezra Pound</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Carl Sandburg</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vachel Lindsay</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Marianne
Moore</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">E</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
E</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Cummings</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also devoured American novelists <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Thomas Wolfe</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ernest Hemingway</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John
Dos Passos</b>. He was searching for an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">authentically American</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">democratic
voice</b>. Instructors at Columbia included a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">who</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s who</b> of the New York <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">literati</b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Babette</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Deutsch, Lionel Trilling</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jacques Barzun</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mark Van Doren</b>. He earned his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">master’s degree</b> in 1947.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then it was off for further study at the <b>Sorbonne </b>in <b>Paris.
</b>He lived and studied in the <b>City of Lights </b>until getting his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">doctorate </b>with honors in 1951.
One of his two main <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">theses</b> was on
the city as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">symbolism</b> in poetry,
another <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recurring theme</b> in future
work.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In 1953 Ferlinghetti and his wife, <b>Selden
Kirby-Smith</b> who he had married after returning to the States from France,
settled in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">San Francisco</b>. He
taught and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tutored</b> French and spent
most of his time <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">painting </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">freelancing</b> as an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">art critic</b>. His first foray into poetry was as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">translator</b> of work in French published
by <b>Peter Martin </b>in his <b><i>City Lights</i> magazine</b>. It was
the beginning of a close collaboration that really blossomed when the two men
joined forces to open City Lights Bookstore<b> </b>in the heart of the <b>bohemian
North Beach </b>area. It was the first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">all-paperback bookstore </b>in the U.S. and specialized in poetry,
literary fiction, and a good supply of the latest European literature.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgceNf845wPJp52QQ6hnVCLWANtq4Wj4uNY32VsQI-idPJYqYj1c3xLFVGNP-naPuYDE5lhtwg4UGD6-LijlsW_iT3BycmZgJl2xn9CXKSDQzG7ZNNQ7CdZpMn8N2ZpxbaeiKfUyL71t4Bf39XlI2XlnNXiWv2bkdZoOaea02C0FfMA9zh6-fI3D08A0t7t/s400/Ferlinghetti--Pictures%20of%20the%20Gone%20World.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="315" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgceNf845wPJp52QQ6hnVCLWANtq4Wj4uNY32VsQI-idPJYqYj1c3xLFVGNP-naPuYDE5lhtwg4UGD6-LijlsW_iT3BycmZgJl2xn9CXKSDQzG7ZNNQ7CdZpMn8N2ZpxbaeiKfUyL71t4Bf39XlI2XlnNXiWv2bkdZoOaea02C0FfMA9zh6-fI3D08A0t7t/w504-h640/Ferlinghetti--Pictures%20of%20the%20Gone%20World.jpg" width="504" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ferlinghetti's first poetry collection Number One in City Light Books Pocket Poetry series.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Martin opted out of the partnership in 1955 and Ferlinghetti
expanded operations by launching its own <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">publishing
house</b>. The first volume in what would become the famous <b><i>Pocket
Poet </i></b>series was <i>Pictures of the Gone World. </i>It would be
followed by volumes by <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kenneth Rexroth<b>,
Kenneth Patchen</b></span>,<b> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Allen
Ginsberg<b>, Denise Levitov</b></span>,<b> William Carlos Williams</b>,<b> </b>and
<b>Gregory Corso</b>.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">City Lights was never intended to be exclusively a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Beat imprint</b>—it issued work by a
number of European writers and Williams who represented an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>avante garde</i></b> of an earlier era—but it became the most
important publisher of the movement. He also published prose by <b>Charles
Bukowski</b>, <b>Neil Cassady </b>and others and leftist essays by <b>Noam
Chomsky</b>, <b>Tom Hayden</b>, and <b>Howard Zinn</b>.<b> </b>Under
Ferlinghetti’s still active supervision, it continues to be an important source
of culturally cutting edge work.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ferlinghetti first heard New York based Alan Ginsburg read <b><i>Howl
</i></b>at the famous <b>Six Gallery Reading </b>in October 1956 which was the
formal introduction of the Beat movement to the San Francisco arts
community. The next day Ferlinghetti sent Ginsburg a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wire</b> that began, “I greet you at the beginning of an illustrious
career.” <i>Howl </i>became the fourth volume in the <i>Pocket Poet </i>series.
It also became a famous <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>cause célèbre</i></b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOn91bvVxDvbB7Ch1y-ThD41-YVlzzfCJAu11SAgz8n4SLd9k2xmPFlxPhEcaCXMfaxeG8lOPOsH8NE8zYQN5wKZXmG0TCbudFjHBX5-lEBunv28h6FBMntqY1ygaffYwa-0-Ta_DT226OgaqOHIy5NpKlYpOzIPm6ZnaEnTU32KDAiG6FJMkJvRXtRMNo/s578/Ferlinghetti--Howel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="460" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOn91bvVxDvbB7Ch1y-ThD41-YVlzzfCJAu11SAgz8n4SLd9k2xmPFlxPhEcaCXMfaxeG8lOPOsH8NE8zYQN5wKZXmG0TCbudFjHBX5-lEBunv28h6FBMntqY1ygaffYwa-0-Ta_DT226OgaqOHIy5NpKlYpOzIPm6ZnaEnTU32KDAiG6FJMkJvRXtRMNo/w510-h640/Ferlinghetti--Howel.jpg" width="510" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Ferlinghetti proudly and defiantly displaying copies of Alan Ginsberg's<b><i> Howl.</i></b> His obscenity trial for publishing and selling the book became a key case in ending censorship in literature.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ferlinghetti and his book store manager were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arrested</b> by San Francisco <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">police</b> and charged with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">obscenity</b> for publishing and selling
the book. The case against the manager was dropped, but the city
vigorously went after the publisher. It was a long trial and Ferlinghetti
was represented by an <b>American Civil Liberties Union</b> lawyer. Major
literary and academic figures testified about the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">artistic merit</b> of the book. In the end judge <b>Clayton Horn </b>acquitted
Ferlinghetti and ruled that <i>Howl </i>had significant artistic merit.
It was one of the cases that finally <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">broke
the</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">back </b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> censorship </b>of literature.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The book that cemented Ferlinghetti’s own reputation as a
poet was not published by City Lights. <b><i>A Coney Island of the
Mind</i></b> was issued by <b>New Directions</b>, a prestigious <b>New York publisher
</b>in 1958. It was both a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">critical
</b>and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">popular success</b>. In
a country that has largely rejected poetry as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">popular medium</b>, it has sold over a million copies over the last
sixty plus years and has never gone out of print.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ferlinghetti’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">masterpiece</b>,
one of my own favorite books of poetry, was unlike the work of most of the Beats.
It was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lyrical</b> and often told a
story. But then the poet often said he didn’t personally consider himself
a Beat, despite his fondness for them, but considered himself a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bohemian </b>in the tradition of Williams, E.E.
Cummings,<b> </b>and Ezra Pound.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFDGaoN6PZN3Q4hQ0qtzxkAHbvl11CmE2G7oUCtE0o92T1gJdsQH0z_XQrvRmRhljpupjd904IaTvo89wdPPmpmIW4skDDbk4RZpYhstEyZ4lKgZ81gXb_K6BskmTdI4uZSfujrFwxPNq6hEevpiYDbwUr_KOaAd1RB0sKCu8TDhyLirM04cLlhUE5aI-e/s629/Ferlinghetti--Coney%20Island%20of%20the%20Mind.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="629" data-original-width="428" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFDGaoN6PZN3Q4hQ0qtzxkAHbvl11CmE2G7oUCtE0o92T1gJdsQH0z_XQrvRmRhljpupjd904IaTvo89wdPPmpmIW4skDDbk4RZpYhstEyZ4lKgZ81gXb_K6BskmTdI4uZSfujrFwxPNq6hEevpiYDbwUr_KOaAd1RB0sKCu8TDhyLirM04cLlhUE5aI-e/w436-h640/Ferlinghetti--Coney%20Island%20of%20the%20Mind.jpg" width="436" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span> <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span>I nearly wore out my copy of Ferlinghetti's<b><i> Coney Island of the Mind.</i></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">50 Poems by Lawrence Ferlinghetti 50 Images by Armando
Milani </span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">was published<b><i> </i></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">in
2010. The following year Ferlinghetti contributed two of his poems to the
celebration of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">150th Anniversary of
Italian unification</b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Songs of the Third World War</i></b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Old
Italians Dying</i></b> inspired the artists of the exhibition <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence
Ferlinghetti and Italy 150</i></b> held in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Turin,
Italy<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span></i></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ferlinghetti always considered his art an extension of his
personal <b>anarcho-pacifist</b> philosophy and <b>socialist </b>politics.
He echoed one of his heroes, <b>Vachel Lyndsay</b> in his <b><i>Populist
Manifesto, “</i></b>Poets, come out of your closets, Open your windows, open
your doors, You have been holed up too long in your closed worlds…Poetry should
transport the public to higher places, than other wheels can carry it.”</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-2pYFxRMxW7oCy5FEQEZrFurTzIZqjCtATzFCTi6Ipk5wTFxLOYONZ0PPK4CPB_ngud9oWv9_fd2ZK4PLbZnBjOoAQJ_YaR1ny9IDBULJfc85suCTJL-_8Cdrm4be16S8GOrzXqrdyGv75iv42nC9keNswgeXOj7wYj9HUXldPQMisiGkZszPV6WWkEFk/s454/Ferlinghetti--Little%20Boy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="300" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-2pYFxRMxW7oCy5FEQEZrFurTzIZqjCtATzFCTi6Ipk5wTFxLOYONZ0PPK4CPB_ngud9oWv9_fd2ZK4PLbZnBjOoAQJ_YaR1ny9IDBULJfc85suCTJL-_8Cdrm4be16S8GOrzXqrdyGv75iv42nC9keNswgeXOj7wYj9HUXldPQMisiGkZszPV6WWkEFk/w422-h640/Ferlinghetti--Little%20Boy.jpg" width="422" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Ferlinghetti's 2019 novel/memoir.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meaning what he wrote, he has often brought his poetry to the
forefront of the struggle for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">peace</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disarmament</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">civil rights</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">justice</b>. Most recently Ferlinghetti has published <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I
Greet You At The Beginning Of A Great Career: The Selected Correspondence of
Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Allen Ginsberg 1955–1997</i></b> in 2015 and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Writing
Across the Landscape: Travel Journals, 1960-2010</i></b> the same year. Barely
a week before his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">centennial</b> his new
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">novel/memoir/stream of consciousness
screed<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Little Boy</i></b> was launched.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The rise of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Age
of Trump </b>has spurred scathing poems that show none of the old fire has been
quelled.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ferlinghetti still lives above the Bookstore. He
travels as widely as he is able. He continues to paint and in 2012 had a
50 year retrospective exhibit of his works on canvas. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5kiUnC1hJY_fdvTfrNAWiCy_shcQXJ5FQ3WieJ3lX4hxV6uZiM98gYa0BFgHLLaT8Tq0591pWLCZjgNJr0YoTzf2wpCUbmYTOpuVEH2zo9J0MvDE_q8Ue_0aGALeWI_4O02_LNxvvGp3CmEfFwjWQXMIQNHmrvqBwp8GMhcvyDDnuQd3aGuD_zZHp5Fe6/s1400/Ferlinghetti-1992-Liberty-on-Earth.%20%20mixed%20media.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="821" data-original-width="1400" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5kiUnC1hJY_fdvTfrNAWiCy_shcQXJ5FQ3WieJ3lX4hxV6uZiM98gYa0BFgHLLaT8Tq0591pWLCZjgNJr0YoTzf2wpCUbmYTOpuVEH2zo9J0MvDE_q8Ue_0aGALeWI_4O02_LNxvvGp3CmEfFwjWQXMIQNHmrvqBwp8GMhcvyDDnuQd3aGuD_zZHp5Fe6/w640-h376/Ferlinghetti-1992-Liberty-on-Earth.%20%20mixed%20media.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Ferlinghetti has always been an artist as well as a painter.<b><i> Liberty on Earth</i></b>, 1992, mixed media.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">His birthday will be celebrated with an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">open house party </b>at City Lights Bookstore and neighboring <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cafés</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bars</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">galleries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>San Francisco <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mayor London Breed </b>has proclaimed March 24 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lawrence Ferlinghetti Day </b>and several other events will be held
across the city including a new solo exhibition of his paintings, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence
Ferlinghetti: 100 Years Without a Net </i></b>at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rena Branstein Gallery</b> and a special screening of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">documentary film <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ferlinghetti</i></b> by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">director
Chris Felver</b> at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Roxie<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Theater</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Way to go, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">master</b>.
May we all live so long and so well.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi50vh9DaGXR7qSdedSD5d-7n9PRIOU8iR08_1LiythUMWqKh2wdJ-vjAjtsw1zZ5sPYiBx_q98rSEFC0tttJb2p3NxtBxMKEsesgv91mA0tipnM1y_mCzqzPaR5gG7KAVDXM1SY-IDk-mic3cSOHvUFNrS2l24CpqPPttKdW0WvJXb2DhgGgHju6sKAvZ9/s1920/Ferlinghetti--Jazz%20Reading.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1076" data-original-width="1920" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi50vh9DaGXR7qSdedSD5d-7n9PRIOU8iR08_1LiythUMWqKh2wdJ-vjAjtsw1zZ5sPYiBx_q98rSEFC0tttJb2p3NxtBxMKEsesgv91mA0tipnM1y_mCzqzPaR5gG7KAVDXM1SY-IDk-mic3cSOHvUFNrS2l24CpqPPttKdW0WvJXb2DhgGgHju6sKAvZ9/w640-h358/Ferlinghetti--Jazz%20Reading.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ferlinghetti at a jazz reading in the late 1950's</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 24.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Constantly Risking Absurdity (#15)</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Constantly
risking absurdity </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and
death </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> whenever
he performs </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
above the heads </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of
his audience </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> the
poet like an acrobat </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> climbs
on rime </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> to
a high wire of his own making </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and
balancing on eyebeams </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
above a sea of faces </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
paces his way </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
to the other side of day </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
performing entrechats </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
and sleight-of-foot tricks </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and
other high theatrics </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
and all without mistaking </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> any
thing </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
for what it may not be </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
For he's the super realist </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
who must perforce perceive </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
taut truth </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> before
the taking of each stance or step </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">in
his supposed advance </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
toward that still higher perch </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">where
Beauty stands and waits </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
with gravity </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> to
start her death-defying leap </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> And
he </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
a little charleychaplin man </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
who may or may not catch </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> her
fair eternal form </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
spreadeagled in the empty air </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of
existence</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lawrence
Ferlinghetti</b> from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Coney Island of the Mind</i></b> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMeYc3UIKr_X0pTgsLo_QrE0k800PrsP9ibiLBxhOC6Pkr1seucERwqSuSqk0KVQ1uYC7VO5_fMubnhYW57aIkTmcHOywbHfIjzIkyAfUsXjQYKthJH357cMwFKiCyO74t6LnSewKOKxrarX58U9IuDwLWOBBgASP1e2drU6bIoJ7Cja2481_1RghC9AQ5/s2802/Ferlinghetti--Beat%20poets%20'75.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2078" data-original-width="2802" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMeYc3UIKr_X0pTgsLo_QrE0k800PrsP9ibiLBxhOC6Pkr1seucERwqSuSqk0KVQ1uYC7VO5_fMubnhYW57aIkTmcHOywbHfIjzIkyAfUsXjQYKthJH357cMwFKiCyO74t6LnSewKOKxrarX58U9IuDwLWOBBgASP1e2drU6bIoJ7Cja2481_1RghC9AQ5/w640-h474/Ferlinghetti--Beat%20poets%20'75.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px;"><span>A gathering of Beat poets in 1971. Ferlinghetti top row right with Allen Ginsberg, Gary
Snyder, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, Kenneth Rexroth, Peter Orlovsky, and others.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pity the Nation</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">After Khalil Gibran</span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pity the nation whose people are sheep</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">And whose shepherds mislead them</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pity the nation whose leaders are liars</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Whose sages are silenced</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">And whose bigots haunt the airwaves</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pity the nation that raises not its voice</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Except to praise conquerers</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">And acclaim the bully as hero</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">And aims to rule the world</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By force and by torture</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pity the nation that knows</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">No other language but its own</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">And no other culture but its own</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pity the nation whose breath is money</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">And sleeps the sleep of the too well fed</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pity the nation oh pity the people</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">who allow their rights to erode</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">and their freedoms to be washed away</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">My country, tears of thee</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sweet land of liberty!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 31.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">—Lawrence
Ferlinghetti <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">from </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A Coney Island of the Mind</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnmxAHQk39rzl7XQdis7pahxcxJrd6mEaEsT7yA8tr18gUOge3Z67TWWJ5Bs8iJD9YJNGd9I8xmuGjbHz7X6fbm_sFqvkztzi8iexIgCL9L4sbVeSTmZ8NoQCQLynVM-uK6hh7pPnbv4Q9i9hp1l3yUb9Voh_eWwj2bP07b3xlrUgRIHrqT0YQt5FVa41F/s1280/Ferlinghetti--Trump's%20Trojan%20Horse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnmxAHQk39rzl7XQdis7pahxcxJrd6mEaEsT7yA8tr18gUOge3Z67TWWJ5Bs8iJD9YJNGd9I8xmuGjbHz7X6fbm_sFqvkztzi8iexIgCL9L4sbVeSTmZ8NoQCQLynVM-uK6hh7pPnbv4Q9i9hp1l3yUb9Voh_eWwj2bP07b3xlrUgRIHrqT0YQt5FVa41F/w640-h360/Ferlinghetti--Trump's%20Trojan%20Horse.jpg" width="640" /></a></b></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span>Ferlinghetti reading <b><i>Trump's Trojan Horse, </i></b></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span>repeating a Statue of Liberty motif that he often used in his art work,</span></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Trump’s Trojan Horse</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Homer didn’t live
long enough<br />
To tell of Trump’s White House<br />
Which is his Trojan horse<br />
From which all the president’s men<br />
Burst out to destroy democracy<br />
And install corporations<br />
As absolute rulers of the world<br />
Ever more powerful than nations<br />
And it’s happening as we sleep<br />
Bow down, oh Common Man<br />
Bow down!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—Lawrence Ferlinghetti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></b></p>
Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-14695807748411978662024-03-23T02:00:00.002-05:002024-03-23T02:00:00.134-05:00What Was it Patrick Henry Really Said?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxy_IDFR8TrjHGomsKYoNN1TUlaPBAPHk-V15SOXeSI5xchc0Y2-m_KbZZFTEV9lH6Hl0exxc0x0IBxxcvazY5h3RmbS4NnTv9W9fQsW3IAAjzDCGybGdu_QB5WJFAnQH9mC4nMDNfnD_ROerBe2BZeKOTMz-RiGbAg4GgfNNCnvHZ1UkgxflTxIhTs7gg/s1536/Patrick%20Henry--speech%20painiing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="865" data-original-width="1536" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxy_IDFR8TrjHGomsKYoNN1TUlaPBAPHk-V15SOXeSI5xchc0Y2-m_KbZZFTEV9lH6Hl0exxc0x0IBxxcvazY5h3RmbS4NnTv9W9fQsW3IAAjzDCGybGdu_QB5WJFAnQH9mC4nMDNfnD_ROerBe2BZeKOTMz-RiGbAg4GgfNNCnvHZ1UkgxflTxIhTs7gg/w640-h360/Patrick%20Henry--speech%20painiing.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">A particularly heroic rendition of Patrick Henry's Liberty or Death speech to the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1775</span>.<br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F8FCFF; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On
March 23, 1775 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Patrick Henry </b>rose
before the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginia House of Burgesses </b>meeting
in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Richmond </b>to speak in support of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mobilizing</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Militia</b> to oppose <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">British</b>
military moves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The speaker had a
reputation as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">firebrand</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was reported to have said, “</span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Is
life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and
slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but
as for me, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">give me liberty, or give me death</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">!”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cheering House, already
ousted from meeting in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Williamsburg</b>
by edict of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Royal Governor </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sitting illegally</b>, was moved to opt for
mobilization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F8FCFF; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Or so
the story goes, as it was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reconstructed</b>
by Henry’s biographer <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">William Wirt </b>in
1817.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">official record</b> of the meeting reported the contents of the
speech.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only one contemporaneous written
description survives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In it Henry was
quoted as alluding to the failure of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Crown</b>
to protect the colony from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Indians</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slave uprisings</b> and was quoted
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however, it must have been a hell of a speech, for he was credited for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">calling Virginia to arms</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F8FCFF; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It
was not Henry’s first famous speech, nor the first one whose <b>exact wording</b>
is in doubt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ten years earlier as a <b>freshman</b>
in the House, He introduced a <b>resolution </b>in opposition to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stamp Act </b>in terms so <b>incendiary</b>
it brought charges of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">treason</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was quoted as saying, </span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Caesar</b> had his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Brutus</b>; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Charles the First</b>
his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cromwell</b>; and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">George the Third</b> may profit by their
example. If <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">this</span> be treason,
make the most of it!”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, the only <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eye witness </b>account claims that Henry <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">apologized t</b>o the body if they <b>mistook</b>
his words for treason and asserted that he was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">loyal subject</b> of the King.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F8FCFF; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whatever he said worked, largely
because he chose to introduce his resolution when a bare <b>quorum</b> of the
House was present and the most ardent Crown loyalists were absent. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F8FCFF; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Henry was born to the <b>middling
level</b> of Virginia <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">planter society</b>
in 1736, the son of an educated <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Scottish</b>
<b>immigrant</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His early career was
rocky.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He twice failed as a planter
before taking up the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">law</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He made a name for himself by defending <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Louisa County</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>in a case about
limiting the price of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tobacco</b>
paid in support of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Anglican Clergy</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span> The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">British Parliament</b> had overturned Virginia’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Two Penny Act </b>and a local clergyman sued the county for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">back wages</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Henry simply ignored the law in the case and
attacked clergy as “enemies of the community,” accused the King of tyranny for
annulling the law, and said such a tyrant, “forfeits all right of obedience
from his subject.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The humiliated <b>Padre</b>
was awarded 1 <b>penny</b> and Henry’s political career launched.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F8FCFF; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKGBXH9piGlNiFZazORZyaGnh4oyZSTaYKrgPmFCJOjZ8eQWp8j8nilaqDd3X31KkwBp0M3n_u9VYab3LIEI1RpqihLeQHGUQI9VffJXZN8DbxpvA69zgIMf0ZeaUPerVYLSmiyto9iKa6wX4MIjel5LJZNfn9tSElhsq0vJEMnVTHOMgRMpqJ_HEl71nU/s850/Patrick%20Henry--Arguing%20the%20Parson's%20charge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="850" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKGBXH9piGlNiFZazORZyaGnh4oyZSTaYKrgPmFCJOjZ8eQWp8j8nilaqDd3X31KkwBp0M3n_u9VYab3LIEI1RpqihLeQHGUQI9VffJXZN8DbxpvA69zgIMf0ZeaUPerVYLSmiyto9iKa6wX4MIjel5LJZNfn9tSElhsq0vJEMnVTHOMgRMpqJ_HEl71nU/w640-h490/Patrick%20Henry--Arguing%20the%20Parson's%20charge.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Henry rose to fame for "arguing the Parson's case."</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F8FCFF; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although an early <b>ally</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Thomas Jefferson</b>, their <b>temperaments</b> and <b>ambitions</b>
were quite different, and they soon found themselves often <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bitter rivals</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1776 Henry
was elected the first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">post-colonial
Governor of Virginia</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F8FCFF; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The main theaters of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Revolution</b> were far away in his term and he spent a lot of effort
planning and executing an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">invasion</b>
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cherokee <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lands</span></b>, where he had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">land
speculations</b>. In 1789 he was <b>succeeded</b> by <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jefferson</span> just as the war began to heat up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F8FCFF; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After the Revolution, Henry was again served as Governor
in 1784-86.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He refused to attend the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Constitutional Convention</b> in 1787
because he “smelt a rat in <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Philadelphia</span>,
tending toward the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">monarchy</span>.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Parting bitterly from his previous political
ally and personal friend <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">James Madison</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span>Henry became one of the most vocal
and extreme <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Anti-Federalists</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>He voted against <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ratification </b>in the Virginia convention of 1788, but Madison
carried the day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F8FCFF; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Despite his views, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">George Washington</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> on the advice of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alexander Hamilton</b>, first offered him
the post of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Secretary of State</b>
before turning to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jefferson</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F8FCFF; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhApJmbIT1othQLauOZLc1y0UfgMAstXYAPeXWKqdx9OGoyJLfx_2uIL4cv5o31zJ2pz-0W3pjpEfZnxPjUsu57EDqZKWu8Wa-62ghiUtq6C_eTwrHjsTypDQRQPKIIDLuds0Z6dyZe68A8MMtL2D0cYGRfQEikhjfvr-9Zn4MtASnlyO1NYZr1oSQQAO0p/s355/Patrick%20Henry--stamp%201955.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="300" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhApJmbIT1othQLauOZLc1y0UfgMAstXYAPeXWKqdx9OGoyJLfx_2uIL4cv5o31zJ2pz-0W3pjpEfZnxPjUsu57EDqZKWu8Wa-62ghiUtq6C_eTwrHjsTypDQRQPKIIDLuds0Z6dyZe68A8MMtL2D0cYGRfQEikhjfvr-9Zn4MtASnlyO1NYZr1oSQQAO0p/w540-h640/Patrick%20Henry--stamp%201955.jpg" width="540" /></a></b></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>A 1955 U.S. Post office commemorative stamp in the Patriots series.</span><br /><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F8FCFF; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Henry’s politics took a sharp
turn in the 1790’s after the outbreak of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">French Revolution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Over the
years His <b>personal fortunes</b> had grown, thanks to a couple of fortuitous
and strategic <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">marriages</b>, and he had
become a wealthy large scale planter with hundreds of slaves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With significant property to protect, he
developed a fear and loathing of the same “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rabble</b>”
to which he had been a popular hero.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>With <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John Marshall </b>he rallied
Virginia <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Federalists </b>and was elected
to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">House of Delegates</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F8FCFF; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Three months before he could
take his seat he died of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stomach cancer</b>
at his plantation <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Red Hill </b>on June
6, 1799.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">biographers</b> believe that the <b>pain</b> was so great that he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">poisoned </b>himself.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></p>
<p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-64878563943506044882024-03-22T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-22T02:00:00.164-05:00Elderly Wyoming Quaker Louisa Ann Swain Was the First Woman Voter<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeukrI4SQCF7POoHdoyPiwzE9v5-kl-vBrjFh5cS5laFWaK3x9JwLAiq0NIeb3YWEoPuppp-FnlRFkECbUJUITcpm5Rbksxl9IB-_LVo8yAZRIbPnV20N-5tNJKZJJhQnggUrNhSPBF1YyYLuqfynaeiD4N48g08qGCNKrtiW3ie6e98FMh1psRsmd9K7f/s431/First%20Woman%20voter--Grandma%20Swain%20voting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="431" height="546" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeukrI4SQCF7POoHdoyPiwzE9v5-kl-vBrjFh5cS5laFWaK3x9JwLAiq0NIeb3YWEoPuppp-FnlRFkECbUJUITcpm5Rbksxl9IB-_LVo8yAZRIbPnV20N-5tNJKZJJhQnggUrNhSPBF1YyYLuqfynaeiD4N48g08qGCNKrtiW3ie6e98FMh1psRsmd9K7f/w640-h546/First%20Woman%20voter--Grandma%20Swain%20voting.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Frank Leslie's Illustrated </b></i>carried
this "sketch of Grandma Swain voting based on eye witness accounts bit
there were no other women in line when Louisa Ann Swain asked officials
to open the polls early while she was out and about running errands. </span></span><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
believe I have mentioned before my considerable <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pride</b> that my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">home state</b>
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Wyoming</b> was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first jurisdiction</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">United States </b>to give <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">women </b>free and equal <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suffrage </b>with men in <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">all</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> elections</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was
accomplished in 1869 when the sparsely populated <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">U</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">S</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Territory </b>was still
largely raw <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frontier</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
fair amount has been written on <b>pioneer</b> women <b>office holders</b> like
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Esther Hobart Morris</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Justice of</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the Peace </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">South Pass </b>or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bailiff Mary
Atkinson* </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Laramie</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span>both in 1870.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Less well known is the first woman to
actually <b>cast</b> a <b>ballot</b> in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">general
election</b> on September 6, 1870, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Louisa
Ann Swain</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf6cuM8hoJZW8SS5BbE3Y5BqzUCBheTyNBMIwK_PJcee3-Jr-hnsRCUCyhVmbr8b6DQcpHn3T8_YhrNCzLD83D-QXvc23QOQiBwjQYAAAhhtoFUGUXSR0RU-TNjCT9h2NKFJPpSLfMmggTymMjfvB5isOy0FoO-yGTM2a9-j5ZKUtCvn4B9D0HQYVceIJH/s1200/First%20Woman%20Voter--Esther%20Hobart%20Morris.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf6cuM8hoJZW8SS5BbE3Y5BqzUCBheTyNBMIwK_PJcee3-Jr-hnsRCUCyhVmbr8b6DQcpHn3T8_YhrNCzLD83D-QXvc23QOQiBwjQYAAAhhtoFUGUXSR0RU-TNjCT9h2NKFJPpSLfMmggTymMjfvB5isOy0FoO-yGTM2a9-j5ZKUtCvn4B9D0HQYVceIJH/w640-h426/First%20Woman%20Voter--Esther%20Hobart%20Morris.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">The best known of Wyoming's pioneer
office holders was Esther Hobart Morris who was appointed Justice of the
Peace in South Pass in 1870. She is usually cited as the first woman
to hold public office in the United States, but a handful of women had
previously been elected to school boards. This photo was taken in 1902
decades after her service.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">A nephew was a my 6th grade social studies who enthusiastically told here story in his Wyoming history class not long after a statue in her honor was erected on the state capitol grounds. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">White women </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">were still <b>scarce</b>
in a place where <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">adventuresome men</b>
were seeking <b>fortunes</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mining</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ranching</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">farming</b>, and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fine art</b>
of <b>separating</b> other fortune seekers from their <b>gains </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saloons</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">whore houses</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Others were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">laborers</b> on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">railroad</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hard rock miners</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
cowboys</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">soldiers</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The very <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scarcity</b> of women raised their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">esteem</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">value</b> in the rough and tumble <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">railheads</b> and mining <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">boom towns.</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Women
came in two <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">classes</b>, although it was
quite possible to move up—or down—between them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>First on the scene were, almost inevitably, the whores.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suffered
</b>and were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">abused</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But others <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prospered</b>, saved their money and often became <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">local landowners</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">businesswomen</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More than a few <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">married</b> their more <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prosperous
Johns </b>and by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">acceptable alchemy</b>
of the time and place were soon <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">respectable
ladies</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gentlewomen</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> came first as the
wives of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">officers</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">non-coms </b>at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Army posts</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span>with the
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bosses </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">foremen</b> on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Union Pacific
</b>railroad <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">construction crews</b>, as
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sun-bonnet pioneer wives </b>of
would-be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sod busters</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then, as the towns became a little more <b>settled</b>,
they came as the wives of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">merchants</b>,
as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">school marms</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>and as single <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fortune hunters</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of these women, too, went into business
running <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">laundries</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hotels</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">boarding houses</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> and
such. With their husbands mostly too busy <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">grubbing
money</b> to pay attention to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">civic
affairs</b>, women of both classes, sometimes in an uneasy and suspicious <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">alliance</b>, sometimes at each other’s <b>throats</b>,
had become <b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de facto</i></b> <b>civic
leaders</b> even before the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Territorial
legislature</b> extended the franchise.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">For
their part the <b>powers</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cheyenne
</b>were amenable to this <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">radical </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">new</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> experiment</b> because they hoped sooner rather than later to become a
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">state</b> even though the population was
far below the usual <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">requirement</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They knew that the Territory’s chances of
admission to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Union </b>would be
enhanced if it was safely <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Republican</b>—the
party of the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>rising <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cattle barons</b>, mine owners, merchants,
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">professional classes</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Democrats—</b>laborers,
miners, homesteaders, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">small ranchers </b>threatened
to <b>swamp</b> Republicans at the polls.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Women, especially <b>respectable</b> women, were consid<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">e</b>red to be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reliably </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Republican</span>
and adding them to the voting rolls gave the party an edge.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjddeuMp4K3T1MPzYumpIZh1ETiMUImsE9f1vy27_Zt9Jp0SwrDzBPpP7lYCZ4MGj7jsgWKG551Rx3oFGQa-lzwp84gRAiJyoVOpJ5QiLpxW7QLHrrBpayG-3HT9Fr0GU37csEPCavsuSsuEyqbEJcE9ASeveS6X8qBGD6sO4YDszepQAGjlYquNpceYWXK/s361/First%20Woman%20voter--Frank%20Leslie's%20Weekley.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="236" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjddeuMp4K3T1MPzYumpIZh1ETiMUImsE9f1vy27_Zt9Jp0SwrDzBPpP7lYCZ4MGj7jsgWKG551Rx3oFGQa-lzwp84gRAiJyoVOpJ5QiLpxW7QLHrrBpayG-3HT9Fr0GU37csEPCavsuSsuEyqbEJcE9ASeveS6X8qBGD6sO4YDszepQAGjlYquNpceYWXK/w418-h640/First%20Woman%20voter--Frank%20Leslie's%20Weekley.jpg" width="418" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><i>Leslie's </i>was still fascinated by the oddity of women voting 20
years after Louisa Ann Swain cast a ballot. This cover featured women
in Cheyenne lined up to vote. The tower of the Union Pacific Depot is
recognizable in the background.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Republicans
did come to <b>dominate</b> the state but extending the vote to women
frightened the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eastern Establishment</b>
and in the end probably <b>delayed</b> admission to the Union until 1890.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Certainly, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harper</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Weekly </b></i>and other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">popular newspapers</b> and magazines <b>mocked
</b>Wyoming women voters mercilessly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But Wyoming stuck to its guns anyway—some said because Territorial
legislators were <b>afraid </b>of their wives.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Modest
Louisa Ann Swain, a demure <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Quaker grandmother</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> probably did not set out to make
history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was up and about early and
left her <b>home </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Laramie</b>
carrying a small <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tin pail</b>, intent on
purchasing some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">yeast</b> at a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">general store</b> for her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">baking</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>On her errand she happened to pass a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">polling place</b> that was still being set up and not yet officially <b>open</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wanting to get on with her baking without having
to come back <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">downtown</b>, she inquired
if she might be allowed to cast her vote then.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
accommodating <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">election official</b>
obliged and as a small crowd of the usual <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">loafers</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political hacks</b> looked on, she
marked her ballot.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of the observers
was a reporter for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Laramie Sentinel </i></b>who described her
as “a gentle white-haired housewife, Quakerish in appearance.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The same paper congratulated the good
behavior of witnesses, “There was too much good sense in our community for any <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">jeers</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">or</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sneers</span> to be seen on such an occasion.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Of
course, other women made it to the polls that day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And it is even possible that in some other
town bereft of <b>documentation</b> someone else actually voted earlier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But let’s give Swain the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">credit </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">she</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> deserves</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">She
had been born in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Norfolk</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Virginia </b>in 1800 as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Louisa Ann Gardner</b>,
the daughter of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sailing captain</b>
who was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lost </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">at</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> sea</b> in her
childhood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">widowed</b> mother moved to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Charleston</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">South Carolina</b> where she died
sometime later leaving young Louisa an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">orphan</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sent
to live with an <b>uncle</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Baltimore</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Maryland</b> Louisa met and married <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stephen
Swain</b>, who operated a successful <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">chair
factory</b>, in 1821.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The couple had
four children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But with the youngest
still in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">swaddling</b>, Stephen got the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">itchy feet</b> that seemed <b>epidemic</b>
among <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">19th Century </b>men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He sold the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>factory and moved west, first to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Zanesville</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ohio</b>, and
later to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Indiana</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">When
the couple’s oldest son moved his family to Wyoming in 1868, the elder Swains
came with him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not that they stayed
long.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Within a year or so of fateful
election with Stephen ailing, the couple returned to Maryland where he died in
1872.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1880 Louisa was laid by his
side in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Friends Burial Ground</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6AXwjQpVrLts2n1gtzlZgsq-DmZQ2A2_iOK0NzBdSTVy9FqjAiDnSypy317K2Fytd2cEZdJqwBbaFAMF21p0xybE0ZGsJX_v8ctAdZIQMyu6TZO1XClnCDF9Mrm6LOzfoE3TX5Hma8xDLAaJOTvvRTfBUhE9EST6tjnhlmYdV80r5Bk-xmw-0TC1EXjoa/s481/First%20Woman%20Voter--Louisa%20Swain%20photo..png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="398" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6AXwjQpVrLts2n1gtzlZgsq-DmZQ2A2_iOK0NzBdSTVy9FqjAiDnSypy317K2Fytd2cEZdJqwBbaFAMF21p0xybE0ZGsJX_v8ctAdZIQMyu6TZO1XClnCDF9Mrm6LOzfoE3TX5Hma8xDLAaJOTvvRTfBUhE9EST6tjnhlmYdV80r5Bk-xmw-0TC1EXjoa/w530-h640/First%20Woman%20Voter--Louisa%20Swain%20photo..png" width="530" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span> <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Mrs. Strong in her proper Quaker cap with a book of devotions.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Louisa Swain Foundation </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">dedicated the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Wyoming House for Historic Women</b> in
downtown <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Laramie </b>in 2005.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A <b>life size bronze statue</b> of Swain
stands in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plaz</b>a in front of the
building which houses a sort of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Wyoming
Women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Hall of Fame</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thirteen <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">honorees</b> inside include Esther Hobart
Morris, bailiff Mary Atkinson, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nellie
Tayloe Ross</b>, first woman <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elected
Governor </b>in the United States and first woman <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Director of the U.S. Mint</b>, and former <b>Congresswoman </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Liz Cheney </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">who made </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">headlines </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">as a rare </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">GOP critic </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Donald Trump </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and the attempted </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">insurrection</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> at the U.S. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Capitol </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in 2021.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2jfPi2llCDANoQHIrz6mac2nkE0yHYB-HBSozN1m6zRmoMQJplPttaL67dqY_tNHVIzKLdbybx5RiLFHsKh3J9xw06kYrxOmThrgaBsZ24O0o6FJt_5hRT2BagGSbMcVFF8DLyw2HmRcG_CHBAiv1dnfC8nQNUtUPcuz8SY3M1binoeGfTUngiUFOIP5f/s410/First%20Woman%20voter--Louisa%20Swain%20statue%20with%20pail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="300" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2jfPi2llCDANoQHIrz6mac2nkE0yHYB-HBSozN1m6zRmoMQJplPttaL67dqY_tNHVIzKLdbybx5RiLFHsKh3J9xw06kYrxOmThrgaBsZ24O0o6FJt_5hRT2BagGSbMcVFF8DLyw2HmRcG_CHBAiv1dnfC8nQNUtUPcuz8SY3M1binoeGfTUngiUFOIP5f/w468-h640/First%20Woman%20voter--Louisa%20Swain%20statue%20with%20pail.jpg" width="468" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Louisa Strain's life size statue
stands in front of Laramie's Wyoming House for Historic Women. She is
shown with her yeast pail and ballot.</span><span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">On
this date in 2008 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congress </b>declared
an official <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Louis Ann Swain Day</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">*<i>A
decedent, Otis Halverson of Cheyenne informs me that the bailiff is misidentified,
an error perpetuated in various sources.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Her first name was Martha, not Mary, although it is possible that she
used Mary as a nickname.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And at the time
she served as a bailiff she was known as Boise, the name of her second husband.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After being widowed for the second time she
married Mr. Atkinson years later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As far
as I can tell the confusion arose due to reliance on newspaper interviews
conducted late in her life which naturally referred to her as Mrs.
Atkinson.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since Mary Atkinson is the
name I found most usually cited, I have let it stand in the body of the article
and noted the clarification here.</i></span></p>
<p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-68434220091838463572024-03-21T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-21T02:00:00.136-05:00The Far Away Death of Little Wanton—With Murfin Verse<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0sPs-7eGwLMdRfe7e_PTRF-czi1WsU7xtItrGlnKO8JKhZfdrIY9aKwhTgLd8OKxExiBkzmMko44klpCfbj3WyJwhycj5yeWjLUDNB5o4DYAY4yoZctAuvVmwAXYrWfR6QhHZferuuakBl-QY-pGny5w_l6R4GYAvuSkZXFcQWktt02LqQ3X3S0IcnLAm/s1064/Pocahontas--Court%20painting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1064" data-original-width="887" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0sPs-7eGwLMdRfe7e_PTRF-czi1WsU7xtItrGlnKO8JKhZfdrIY9aKwhTgLd8OKxExiBkzmMko44klpCfbj3WyJwhycj5yeWjLUDNB5o4DYAY4yoZctAuvVmwAXYrWfR6QhHZferuuakBl-QY-pGny5w_l6R4GYAvuSkZXFcQWktt02LqQ3X3S0IcnLAm/w534-h640/Pocahontas--Court%20painting.jpg" width="534" /></a></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Note</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—Every year this is one of this Blog’s most requested posts.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On March 21, 1617 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rebecca Rolfe</b>, the 22 year old <b>wife</b>
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John died</b>, probably of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">smallpox</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pneumonia</b>, in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">England</b>
leaving behind an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">infant son</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Thomas</b>. This <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">incident</b>, while <b>tragic</b> was so <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">common</b> that it would hardly be remembered today except for
Rebecca’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">maiden name—Pocahontas</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">She was born about 1598 in what is
now <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginia</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>the daughter of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Wahunsunacah</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> principal chief</b> of a network of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Algonquian</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">speaking tribes</b>
and known by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ceremonial title</b> of
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Powhatan</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Her birth name
was </span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Matoaka. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieYmCXwyU0fFz2gf45mz0SktvIv-SrUFAYFL35irHdTGDPspzTdOMnHqKUfj_nMCTEaiN4LUFifbmUEHCjJ32BUIQEfkClArkhEYmrcMc6r3pzUlUB6q8-1GuatTqEiOWimblW10ZJkf7JsyrbuTiUtI8nRu8w6DcRhgT1OQY5TEn0QFIHtxw3G4Q-0fcE/s350/Pochahantis--Powhatan-girl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="158" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieYmCXwyU0fFz2gf45mz0SktvIv-SrUFAYFL35irHdTGDPspzTdOMnHqKUfj_nMCTEaiN4LUFifbmUEHCjJ32BUIQEfkClArkhEYmrcMc6r3pzUlUB6q8-1GuatTqEiOWimblW10ZJkf7JsyrbuTiUtI8nRu8w6DcRhgT1OQY5TEn0QFIHtxw3G4Q-0fcE/w288-h640/Pochahantis--Powhatan-girl.jpg" width="288" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; font-size: x-small; text-align: start;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman", "serif"; text-align: start;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>A Powhatan "Little Wanton" from a contemporary drawing by a Virginia settler--perhaps Pocahontis herself.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pocahontas, the
name by which she was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">introduced</b> to
the <b>English </b>settlers at <b>Jamestown</b>,<b> </b>was said to mean “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">little wanton</b>.” As a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">child </b>of about ten, she captured the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> colonist</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s attention</b> by regular<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> visits</b> to them while <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cavorting naked</b> and apparently <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unashamed</b>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Years later <b>Captain
John Smith</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">leading soldier</b>
of the colony, told a story of how the young <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Indian</b> “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">princess</b>” had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saved </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">him</span> from being <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">executed</b>
by her father. In <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">embellished
accounts </b>she literally <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">threw herself
</b>over Smith’s body to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prevent </b>his
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">decapitation</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">historians </b>doubt the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> veracity</b> of the story. Smith did
not <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">report </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">it</span> in his first<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> writings</b>
about the colony but only years later in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">letter
</b>to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Queen</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Anne </b>asking that the girl be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">received
</b>in<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Court</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKssjz6PxrD855uCs8JutrB_CF4DysZybDrdn7x0mdOycMkBvaNutHnM4cn_inNBRFgctmKuk6UcpeTT8YzB9bXqciXc9a_c0azbOjdKgfu35HvapxZcf65-_lnZM2ps7IvcXamBsi8op3qP5kBXuR41zYxticXlOHn0qKxyFBRo34druwZhopSeExCKKH/s400/Pocahontas--saves-Smith-1870.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKssjz6PxrD855uCs8JutrB_CF4DysZybDrdn7x0mdOycMkBvaNutHnM4cn_inNBRFgctmKuk6UcpeTT8YzB9bXqciXc9a_c0azbOjdKgfu35HvapxZcf65-_lnZM2ps7IvcXamBsi8op3qP5kBXuR41zYxticXlOHn0qKxyFBRo34druwZhopSeExCKKH/w640-h480/Pocahontas--saves-Smith-1870.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">John Smith's romantic yarn of being saved by Pocahontas captured the imagination of generations but may never have happened.</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But it is undoubtedly<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> true</b> that Smith had a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">relationship</b> with the girl and may have
made <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">promises </b>of future<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> marriage</b> to either her or her
father. At any event she did bring Smith <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gifts </b>of <b>provisions</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>which
helped the nearly <b>starving</b> colonists<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
survive</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Relations
between the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Powhatan Confederacy</b> and
the English <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">deteriorated</b> as more
settlers arrived. In 1609 Smith was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">injured
</b>in a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> powder explosion</b> and
returned to England to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recover</b>.
For some reason Pocahontas was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">told </b>by
the colonists that he had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">died</b>,
although her father <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">warned </b>her that
it might not be so because “the English lie.” </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS99ODEcbGrhT7n_BSOKcMj2uOLs56KlkbICQf2gVv6eXvBlXe5_5h6OwQTwqJqXHJL6_L1YtY5qRPZApavUOH_BToxGZdUCB8LonMPHCwqssywvkTyH-EG0W-qcH4APHn92u4lwrZFCmQyNfrPvKs9nfwM4w5aZUJeNnEaykP25K9MFONY-rEoCXpMNWs/s400/Pocahontas--Native%20based%20on%20life%20portrait..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="322" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS99ODEcbGrhT7n_BSOKcMj2uOLs56KlkbICQf2gVv6eXvBlXe5_5h6OwQTwqJqXHJL6_L1YtY5qRPZApavUOH_BToxGZdUCB8LonMPHCwqssywvkTyH-EG0W-qcH4APHn92u4lwrZFCmQyNfrPvKs9nfwM4w5aZUJeNnEaykP25K9MFONY-rEoCXpMNWs/w516-h640/Pocahontas--Native%20based%20on%20life%20portrait..jpg" width="516" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pocahontas imagined as a Powhatan "princess" with facial features based on her from life 1616 English portrait.</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Around 1612 she
may have <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">married </b>a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> tribesman</b>, but little is known about
that marriage. At any rate, in 1613 she was living with another tribe,
the <b>Patawomeck</b>,<b> </b>trading partners of the Powhatan, near present
day <b>Fredericksburg</b>. She was seen and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> recognized</b> by visiting Englishmen and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kidnapped </b>to be<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">held for </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ransom</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exchange </b>for<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> prisoners</b> held by her father. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">She was kept
for over a year, reportedly in “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">extraordinary
courteous usage</b>” as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">negotiations </b>dragged
on. Powhatan did <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">release </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">prisoners</span> but <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">refused </b>other demands. Meanwhile the young woman was being <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">instructed</b> in <b>Christianity</b> and
learned to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">speak </b>fluent<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> English</b>. She allowed herself to
be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">baptized </b>and took the name <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rebecca</b>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFSxi0oQMj_k4KE0xmWhq8IEhyJnxv2DM_3LENg27euiP1eUnwnj6sKcCU39QG4gRpD_qxMid5aPuzJ2CuwNVNLlT5VD8-IyzNQxxV3MP1L_nW63cevLX1Y8iy4SeAAy_4bJALrf4pX6tQqKColfWnBWrlVlyLFa0Ew4P094oHxkdM2JlaK0AN-RfFMHk8/s400/Pochantas--wedding.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="246" data-original-width="400" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFSxi0oQMj_k4KE0xmWhq8IEhyJnxv2DM_3LENg27euiP1eUnwnj6sKcCU39QG4gRpD_qxMid5aPuzJ2CuwNVNLlT5VD8-IyzNQxxV3MP1L_nW63cevLX1Y8iy4SeAAy_4bJALrf4pX6tQqKColfWnBWrlVlyLFa0Ew4P094oHxkdM2JlaK0AN-RfFMHk8/w640-h394/Pochantas--wedding.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">John Rolfe and Rebecca, A/K/A Pocahontas wedding<br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">John Rolfe</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recent widower</b>
who had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">developed </b>a new strain of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> tobacco</b> suitable for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">widespread cultivation</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">export</b>, may have <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">contributed </b>to her conversion. He certainly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wooed </b>her<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and made it clear that he could not marry a “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heathen</b>.” She met with a large band of Powhatan after an
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">armed conflict</b> with her captors in
March 1614 and she told them that she <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rebuked
</b>her father for not<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> valuing </b>her
above “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">old sword</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pieces</b>, or<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> axes</b>,” and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">proclaimed</b>
that she would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rather live </b>with the
English. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rolfe wrote the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Governor</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">permission </b>to marry her, pointing out that he was also <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saving </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">her </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">soul</b> by bringing
her to Christianity. The couple <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wed
</b>in April and settled on Rolfe’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plantation</b>.
The marriage did produce<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> peace</b>
between Powhatan and the English. It also produced son Thomas in January,
1615 almost exactly nine months after the wedding. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The following
year the family <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">set sail </b>for England
in hopes of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recruiting </b>more settlers
and getting <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">financial backing</b> for
the struggling colonies. Rebecca was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">valuable
</b>as a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> symbol</b> that the colonies
could both <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">live in</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> peace </b>with the natives and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">convert </b>them to Christianity. She
was received in <b>Plymouth </b>and later in <b>London</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">great interest</b> and won friends with her<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> charm</b>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When Smith
heard she was in the country, he wrote the letter to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Queen Anne</b> that first told the story of his rescue. In 1617
the Rolfes were introduced to <b>King James</b> himself at <b>Whitehall </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Palace</b>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The same year
she met John Smith at a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social gathering</b>
and had what Smith recorded<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>as an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">uncomfortable private meeting</b> with
him. She reminded him of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">broken
promises</b> he had made, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shamed him</b>
by calling him “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">father</b>,” and finally
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">forgave him</b>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Rolfe
family was on<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> board </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
ship </b>to return to Virginia when Rebecca was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">taken</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ill</b>. She
was brought <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ashore</b> and died at <b>Gravesend</b>,<b>
Kent</b>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">grief stricken</b> husband and son returned to Virginia. Through
Thomas many of the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">great <b>Tidewater </b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">aristocratic families</b> can <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trace decent</b> from the “<b>Indian
princess</b>.” These include the <b>Randolphs</b> of Virginia, <b>Thomas
Jefferson</b>, the <b>Byrds</b>—<b>Admiral Richard</b> and <b>Senator Robert—</b>and
<b>First Ladies Edith Wilson</b> and <b>Nancy Reagan</b>.<b> </b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Claiming descent from Pocahontas was a <b>two
edged sword. </b>On one hand it provided a <b>colorful </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">romantic background</b> and was <b>proof </b>of
a<b> lineage </b>tracing back to the <b>revered First Families </b>of
Virginia. On the other hand, as <b>racial attitudes </b>and <b>prejudices
hardened progressively </b>through the <b>18th </b>and <b>19th Centuries </b>acknowledging
Pocahontas meant admitting to having <b>tainted blood</b>. <b> </b>Families
and individual <b>vacillated</b> between <b>bragging </b>about the connection
and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">trying to<b> obscure </b>it</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It turns out Pocahontas can still carry
a sting<b> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">by <b>association</b></span>.
<b>Donald Trump</b> slurred <b>Senator Elizabeth Warren </b>repeatedly as
Pocahontas for claiming some <b>Native American blood</b>. It was an
effective <b>sting </b>against one of his <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">most voracious<b> Democratic critics </b>and <b>potential challengers</b>.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Some think that attack so <b>undermined</b>
Warren that it contributed to her failure in <b>Democratic Presidential
primaries</b> in 2020. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc66rFYocWrVXcyOXAtaJJGG0tdi94Zkjwouwzo8UHiZdfmq0liLiiUSd2qmD0tak-g79MHQrBhX9SZrwPpnE9ROu9-Fc8PvwxrT1MOG-WYmXfthjudx_yQJpvr2pXjD0IXsxJ-XysM8S958n9xZi2eNBWYcT4gaWxOcAwRW5fISXUPjewhW4tBBimi083/s1200/Pochahontas--Disney%202.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc66rFYocWrVXcyOXAtaJJGG0tdi94Zkjwouwzo8UHiZdfmq0liLiiUSd2qmD0tak-g79MHQrBhX9SZrwPpnE9ROu9-Fc8PvwxrT1MOG-WYmXfthjudx_yQJpvr2pXjD0IXsxJ-XysM8S958n9xZi2eNBWYcT4gaWxOcAwRW5fISXUPjewhW4tBBimi083/w640-h360/Pochahontas--Disney%202.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Disney's
version of Pocahontas was one of the first to ethnically broaden the
studios signature princes. It also recast her as a symbol of ideal
ecological awareness but liberalism still erased the real woman.</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The story of
Pocahontas has been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">told </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> retold</b> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">is</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> highly romanticized</b>.
That reached its<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> zenith</b> with the
1995 <b>Disney</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">animated film</b>
which <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">resurrected </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">romance</b>
that may never have happened and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">transformed
</b>the girl into an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ecological guru</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A few years ago,
I was moved to commit poetry.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Death of a Princess</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">March 21, 1617</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They saw you gambol naked</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
in their midst. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Little wanton they called you</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
as they lusted in their</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Christian hearts.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They stroked you and cooed soft words.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You had your father bring them presents</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
and won for him some iron trinkets</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
that made him the richest man</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
in the forests.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You may, or may not, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">have saved the life</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
of a golden hair in shining armor.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He may, or may not,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
have lain with you on the soft leaves</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
and, chest heaving, have made</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
promises he could not keep.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You were traded away,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
made captive and ransomed.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abandoned by your people, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
you made the best deal for yourself</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
to an earnest widower with a fine farm.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You lost your name, whatever it was.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He took you across the great water.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They gaped at you in wonder </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
and swathed you in acres
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
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of the finest cloth.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What happened to your naked soul</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
in that wide, stiff ruff,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
rigid bodice and skirts</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
too voluminous to take a petty </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
brook in a joyful leap?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And they wondered what killed you.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—Patrick Murfin</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<br /> <p></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-15488781622919015242024-03-20T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-20T02:00:00.140-05:00Anne Bradstreet Was Puritan Goodwife and Colonial America’s First Published Poet <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX-9KAuZy-SJxEUFI6Czv275JN8EMXMhyphenhyphenpiHaioHbgcPJjOgXRtBnMcnFtzdQD4kwIK9kJL_GvB2CVH5NaLw4GOYSCGSFBVY8U39nwQnYde7MAMQmJ5U4VHgfIUxP1vje1c7fxQdqwCkfdQsLwgoOGFZm7m9NSHmpUFffBz7yrOP55PElFiroVRWtgcPuO/s332/Anne%20Bradstreet--black%20and%20white%20sketch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="236" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX-9KAuZy-SJxEUFI6Czv275JN8EMXMhyphenhyphenpiHaioHbgcPJjOgXRtBnMcnFtzdQD4kwIK9kJL_GvB2CVH5NaLw4GOYSCGSFBVY8U39nwQnYde7MAMQmJ5U4VHgfIUxP1vje1c7fxQdqwCkfdQsLwgoOGFZm7m9NSHmpUFffBz7yrOP55PElFiroVRWtgcPuO/w454-h640/Anne%20Bradstreet--black%20and%20white%20sketch.jpg" width="454" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">No authentic portrait of Anne Bradshaw
exists. Puritan women were generally not considered important enough
for the expense of a painting. She is usually depicted
as a generic Puritan woman of her era. We know that she was dark
haired, small, and plagued by ill health and the toll of eight
childbirths. Her attractive face was scarred by small pox.</span></span> <p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is easy to <b>identify</b> the <b>essential
founder</b> of <b>American literature </b>if you put <b>preconceived notions </b>aside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">near</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> glut</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">over educated clergy</b> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> highly literate laymen</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first
poetic voice</b> to emerge from the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">struggling</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> colonies</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New England </b>and first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">published
poet</b> to rise from the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stony soil</b>
was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sickly young woman</b>, the <b>mother</b>
of eight, who was <b>discouraged</b> in every way from <b>expressing</b>
herself.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anne
Dudley </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">was born in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">North Hamptonshire</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">England </b>on
or about March 20 by the old <b>Julian Calendar </b>in 1612.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">father
Thomas </b>was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Puritan leader</b> and
her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mother</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dorothy Yorke</b> was the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">well-read</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> daughter </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> noble family</b>. Her
parents took <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Simon Bradstreet</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">son </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> minister</b>, into
their <b>household</b> when his father died when she was 16 and he was 25. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anne <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">married</b>
the man who had been a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">virtual brother</b>
to her.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8qbZn2wNXfZTBKqMOyOO9T3JUdO72RhoNKpJPPCaUOuuhYlyYw6JRadEzvXrDdgypUKPv5eWK0MHwJy6Y8TEUUxb0nUcvXqE7dqCt4Rf0eiviouAt6q0VfNBIZGsswO-oRDxw6k-CQEO1dHQdnOdAGWZtiR8LYJSdeYgHF3CwLydsNkhBpta0uTpalAD_/s640/Anne%20Bradstreet--Stained%20glass%20England.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="507" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8qbZn2wNXfZTBKqMOyOO9T3JUdO72RhoNKpJPPCaUOuuhYlyYw6JRadEzvXrDdgypUKPv5eWK0MHwJy6Y8TEUUxb0nUcvXqE7dqCt4Rf0eiviouAt6q0VfNBIZGsswO-oRDxw6k-CQEO1dHQdnOdAGWZtiR8LYJSdeYgHF3CwLydsNkhBpta0uTpalAD_/w508-h640/Anne%20Bradstreet--Stained%20glass%20England.jpg" width="508" /></a></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bradstreet was commemorated by this stained glass window in the dissenter's chapel in her English hometown. </span><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Young Bradstreet became a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">junior officer</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Massachusetts Bay Company</b> and her
father an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">investor</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">supporter</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1630 the whole <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">extended family</b> boarded the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arabella</i></b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">flagship</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Winthrop
Fleet</b> of 11 vessels that brought the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">first </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">large wave</b> of the
great <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Puritan Migration </b>to
re-enforce the tiny, struggling colonies planted two years earlier.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thomas Dudley soon became <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Governor John Winthrop</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
Deputy</b> and Bradstreet<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>took the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">third ranking post</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">administrator</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Frail young Anne had suffered on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arduous sea voyage</b> and found the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">primitive life</b> of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frontier village</b> hard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She suffered from a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">variety of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ailments</b>,
including <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">smallpox</b> which <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scarred </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">her</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> face</b>, and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">joint condition</b>, probably <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rheumatoid arthritis</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both her husband and father <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frequently traveled</b> to other Puritan
villages in their duties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She passed these
times when she was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bed ridden</b> by
studying her father’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">extensive library</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mastered</b>
not only the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bible</b>, as expected, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">but</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> dense theological texts</b> and works in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Latin</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">French</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">German</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>She
also <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">read </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> adored poetry</b> and
began to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">compose verse</b> of her own
which she <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shared privately</b> with her
family.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEick0G0gODojNAPgAW0QJ1si-zKVuLJcmvuNXulpWsPcP1SzixTlcYvxUqifykHnp8CalLAzWAtFVjHAKcqFWFy93hH-KHlK40XZL34uiai81XYLwBU40E7awcqwIxZzMuT4lLEOyz0PvNE-dmIPLCuYWbaahR_s2UOw2qHov4C1qLRWyuD_UV01gjLID0U/s463/Anne%20Bradstreet--husband.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="463" height="608" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEick0G0gODojNAPgAW0QJ1si-zKVuLJcmvuNXulpWsPcP1SzixTlcYvxUqifykHnp8CalLAzWAtFVjHAKcqFWFy93hH-KHlK40XZL34uiai81XYLwBU40E7awcqwIxZzMuT4lLEOyz0PvNE-dmIPLCuYWbaahR_s2UOw2qHov4C1qLRWyuD_UV01gjLID0U/w640-h608/Anne%20Bradstreet--husband.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Simon Bradshaw in middle age. Anne's husband was a member of the Puritan governing elite.</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Despite her frail health and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scholarly bent</b>, Anne was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">devoted wife</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She gave birth to eight children who she
doted on.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As the Colony <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prospered</b>, so did her family’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prospects</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">helped</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> establish</b> the new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">principal city</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boston</b>
and in a few years moved across the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Charles
River </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Town</b>, soon to be
renamed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cambridge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>In 1636 both her husband and father
became <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">founders </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Harvard University</b>, from which two of
her sons would later graduate.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk8TRl9pCDhDzX2QdYig7aUWYPKQVlTMsJT2rXL-JLpwY0FQhw535m-cl0YNbPiXIaGhMUOvTT-eQphXclyROPcrZnfECG-86HiK72MxF35LMwbZcaiNpBKUmVieNzQ0CCFCbNh0SoHHwTGDJDKhhwt_derBQy9F3l8gtrFhEOg6yScQzTZjqJgYIuLelR/s320/Anne%20Bradreet--Anne%20Hutchins.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="320" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk8TRl9pCDhDzX2QdYig7aUWYPKQVlTMsJT2rXL-JLpwY0FQhw535m-cl0YNbPiXIaGhMUOvTT-eQphXclyROPcrZnfECG-86HiK72MxF35LMwbZcaiNpBKUmVieNzQ0CCFCbNh0SoHHwTGDJDKhhwt_derBQy9F3l8gtrFhEOg6yScQzTZjqJgYIuLelR/w640-h640/Anne%20Bradreet--Anne%20Hutchins.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Anne Bradtreet was close friend of Anne Hutchinson and shared
many of her religious opinions. She witnessed Hutchinson's persecution,
exile, and eventual hanging at the hands of Governor Winthrop, her
husband's mentor and closest associate. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The following year Anne received a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">strong</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> lesson</b> on the perils of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">being
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">caught </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">making</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> public expressions</b> when her <b>close friend</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Anne Hutchinson</b>, with whom she
privately <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shared </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">many</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> opinions</b>, was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">brought to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> trial</b> before Governor Winthrop and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sentenced </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> exile</b> from the
colony, expected to be a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">death sentence </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">by</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
starvation</b> among the “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">savages</b>”
and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">eventually</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> execution </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">by</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hanging</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heresy</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The family moved twice more, first
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ipswich </b>and finally to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">North Andover</b> in 1640.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMnZCumVxPqj-oZIDZVgS_bg4KrLc2VItClSdrvd6U-z0cRq2rxwyyP7X1FmaxAmuFX0mJUhLLpL9C9egOJGx0SCaG1c9hW4Ps18X_y6QrsiKUzWX4rcRTOh4OKoQ-cUq6PC9EJ2DDBjEwrBW3OYrixanI15ZR1423nnF5k_y9UI1QQNUXrhrJ9jM_TWFP/s1000/Anne%20Bradstreet--title%20page.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="750" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMnZCumVxPqj-oZIDZVgS_bg4KrLc2VItClSdrvd6U-z0cRq2rxwyyP7X1FmaxAmuFX0mJUhLLpL9C9egOJGx0SCaG1c9hW4Ps18X_y6QrsiKUzWX4rcRTOh4OKoQ-cUq6PC9EJ2DDBjEwrBW3OYrixanI15ZR1423nnF5k_y9UI1QQNUXrhrJ9jM_TWFP/w480-h640/Anne%20Bradstreet--title%20page.jpg" width="480" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The title page of the English first edition of Bradstreet's poem. Note the publisher's address.</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was with <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">some</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> consternation</b> that
Anne learned that her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">brother-in-law</b>
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rev</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> John Woodbridge</b> had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">secretly copied</b> her poems and taken
them to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">London</b> where they were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">published</b> in 1650 under the title, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, by a Gentlewoman of those Parts</i></b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>None-the-less, she was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">proud </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> accomplishment</b>, and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">laudatory interest</b> with which it was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">received</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anne continued to write, although
not for publication.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">themes </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">were as</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> wide ranging</b> as
her reading—by this time she had amassed a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">personal
library </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of perhaps 800 books</span>,
perhaps the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">greatest depository </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in the colony</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She touched on religious themes, but also <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">closely observed nature</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">politics</b>,
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">domestic life</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She wrote both short pieces and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">long, almost</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> epic verse</b> dense with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">allusion</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She composed a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">series </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">devotions</b> for her <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">family’s private</span> use, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Increasingly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">crippled</b> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">bed ridden
more frequently</span>, Anne suffered the loss of a beloved daughter and other
relatives and a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">devastating 1666</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> house fire</b> that destroyed <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">virtually everything the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> family owned</b>, including Anne’s
precious library.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite these
reversals she continued to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">passionately
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">embrace life</b> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">thank</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> God</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvp6b-fZRBzRBRzcHhshAnNL2eyPU8dC7vFXXmyFC0WAU7GYxE8P9j0RjP6CqemfjWWwfEa8CSEvShDkTLdAgrDI6m9QtoHVWQR5ihiAUZ8U4_sqr7djLFBeXJcSyZ_5mKfeZK8_R331yW7uijJcGZKsK2YSE0SqcqlMlfYUQm8hNmbL1n0yAYBQREOpmv/s493/Anne%20Bradstreet--last%20house..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="493" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvp6b-fZRBzRBRzcHhshAnNL2eyPU8dC7vFXXmyFC0WAU7GYxE8P9j0RjP6CqemfjWWwfEa8CSEvShDkTLdAgrDI6m9QtoHVWQR5ihiAUZ8U4_sqr7djLFBeXJcSyZ_5mKfeZK8_R331yW7uijJcGZKsK2YSE0SqcqlMlfYUQm8hNmbL1n0yAYBQREOpmv/w640-h436/Anne%20Bradstreet--last%20house..jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Bradstreet's last house in North Andover. It still stands and is marked as the "Governor Bradstreet House."</span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Due to her family’s prominence, they
were able to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rebuild </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a comfortable home</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anne <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">died
</b>there in on September 16, 1672 at the age of 60.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An <b>expanded American edition</b>
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tenth Muse</i> including <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">several</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> unpublished </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">poems</span>
was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">published </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">posthumously</b> in 1678 in Boston as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>Several Poems Compiled with Great Wit
and Learning</i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lingering Puritan</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> disdain</b>
for expression by women, no less<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i> </i></b></span>an
<b>august personage </b>than <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cotton
Mather</b> himself admired the work.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mid-19th Century</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span>
the religious poems she composed for her family were published as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Contemplations</i>
</b>and brought about <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">renewed interest</b>
in her as a poet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the early 1900’s,
however, her work was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dismissed </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">as a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> historical curiosity</b> rather than as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">substantial contribution </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to
literature</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2eqkjCHtISo5TlvFZEoDlHXoOq7A2Dmhaa2BuDVWjHtI9-DLibmnQPOtO8XyR4tOzlkm1gJPH3VkdSoZxw8w5dATGDioMObxzIkQ9tqBnYf20NYV3U4FeMf-bjFN1qn2ON3LunGnV-6avHsxZGuoi8lQxhiYeIs5KR0pFF74FBECauhSvpPX9P3B9rCCq/s926/Anne%20Bradstreet-grave.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="913" data-original-width="926" height="632" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2eqkjCHtISo5TlvFZEoDlHXoOq7A2Dmhaa2BuDVWjHtI9-DLibmnQPOtO8XyR4tOzlkm1gJPH3VkdSoZxw8w5dATGDioMObxzIkQ9tqBnYf20NYV3U4FeMf-bjFN1qn2ON3LunGnV-6avHsxZGuoi8lQxhiYeIs5KR0pFF74FBECauhSvpPX9P3B9rCCq/w640-h632/Anne%20Bradstreet-grave.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Bradstreet's last house in North Andover. It still stands and is marked as the "Governor Bradstreet House."</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The rise in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s studies</b> set off a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">re-assessment </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of her work,</span> which is <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">now </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">regarded </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">as both</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> highly original </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in many respects</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">well constructed</b>
within the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">poetic disciplines</b> of her
time.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anne Bradstreet made <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">other</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> contributions </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">letters</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">culture</span>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">public life</b> through her many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">descendents</b>
who include <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ralph Waldo Emerson</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rev</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> William Ellery Channing</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jr</b>., <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Richard Henry Dana</b>, <b>abolitionist</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Wendell Phillips</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sarah Orne
Jewett</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Herbert Hoover</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Justice David Sauter</b>, and actors <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John
Lithgow</b> and <b>Sarah Jessica Parker</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sometime after the London
publication of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tenth Muse </i>Anne
wrote her thoughts of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mingled shame </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> pride</b> in a poem, naturally.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Author to Her Book</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thou ill-formed offspring of my feeble brain,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Who after birth didst by my side remain,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Till snatched from thence by friends, less wise than true,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Who thee abroad, exposed to public view,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Made thee in rags, halting to th’ press to trudge,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Where errors were not lessened (all may judge).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At thy return my blushing was not small,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My rambling brat (in print) should mother call,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I cast thee by as one unfit for light,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The visage was so irksome in my sight;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yet being mine own, at length affection would</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thy blemishes amend, if so I could.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I washed thy face, but more defects I saw,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And rubbing off a spot still made a flaw.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I stretched thy joints to make thee even feet,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yet still thou run’st more hobbling than is meet;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In better dress to trim thee was my mind,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But nought save homespun cloth I’ th house I find.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In this array ‘mongst vulgars may’st thou roam.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In critic’s hands beware thou dost not come,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And take thy way where yet thou art not known;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If for thy father asked, say thou hadst none;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And for thy mother, she alas is poor,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Which caused her thus to send thee out of door. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—Anne Bradstreet</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-83005172312238416622024-03-19T07:47:00.000-05:002024-03-19T07:47:21.842-05:00Nevada Legalized Gambling as Depression Measure and it Never Went Away<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkxJO56zf_Vh0xlYfUbtSF3KTxDQsDhyGYhCpp-sPIru9uqUccEzYz-8btnBpB5tXfPgRkUPwF-eDSwEOjwovu0765UBwIBvsjPCdJ1oP_GZQIZ2zctOrY_IlExw_EIkhNPV_J4slW7oPUQTkelhH4qDVQQCXittYXBbfW_WVtj_aLvfqxo2z-hkYGnqBS/s500/Nevada%20Gambling--Reno%201930s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="323" data-original-width="500" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkxJO56zf_Vh0xlYfUbtSF3KTxDQsDhyGYhCpp-sPIru9uqUccEzYz-8btnBpB5tXfPgRkUPwF-eDSwEOjwovu0765UBwIBvsjPCdJ1oP_GZQIZ2zctOrY_IlExw_EIkhNPV_J4slW7oPUQTkelhH4qDVQQCXittYXBbfW_WVtj_aLvfqxo2z-hkYGnqBS/w640-h414/Nevada%20Gambling--Reno%201930s.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">A Reno casino packs them in shortly after gambling was legalized in Nevada in March 1931.</span><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">When
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nevada</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Governor </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">signed </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Assembly Bill 98 </b>which <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">legalized</b> most forms of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gambling</b>—or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gaming </b>as they <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">prefer</span>
to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">characterize it</span>—on March 19,
1931 not much changed in an already pretty <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wide-open
state</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>But the measure was
supposed to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">send a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> signal </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">visitors </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tourists </b>with
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spending money</b> that the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">party </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">was on</span> and rescue a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">desperate,
collapsed</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> economy</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Together with a <b>companion act</b>
making <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">quickie divorces </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">easily</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> obtainable </b>after establishing a short “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">residence</b>” it was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">huge
success</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">end of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> decade </b>Nevada <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cash
registers </b>were <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ringing</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> loudly</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">To
understand the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unusual centrality</b> of
gambling to Nevada <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">history</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">culture</b>, we have to take a brief step
back to look at its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">geography</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">climate</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The state occupies much of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Great Basin</b>, essentially the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">floor </b>of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pre-historic ocean</b> that <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">existed</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">millions of years ago</span>, sort of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">giant bowl </b>between the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rocky
Mountains </b>to the east and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sierra
Nevadas </b>to the west.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’m not sure
where all of that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">water</b> went except
that it <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ain’t there now.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>About
all that’s left of that ocean is a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">puddle
</b>called the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Great Salt Lake</b> over
in what is now <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Utah</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Today, and for thousands of years it has
mostly been some of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">driest</b> and
most <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inhospitable</b> terrain in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">North America—blistering deserts </b>and
ranges of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arid mountains</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sparsely populated</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">parts </b>by only the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">poorest </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">most ragged
native tribes </b>who were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pushed</b>
there <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">by</span> more <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">aggressive warrior tribes</b> surrounding
them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The land was too <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">poor</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">agriculture </b>and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">supported
little or no</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> large game</b>
leaving these <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wretched peoples </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">survive </b>as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lizard eating hunter-gathers </b>who <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dwelt </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hovels </b>that
were little more than <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">piles </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sticks</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>And
in fact, much of the land was too <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hostile
</b>to support even these tribes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vast
reaches were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">uninhabitable</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">When
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">European peoples </b>came, it was a
country that must be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dangerously endured
</b>on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">way to something better</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wagon
trains </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">California </b>crossed it
to their<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> peril </b>and many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">immigrants </b>and their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">livestock perished </b>on the way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">When
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mormons </b>came to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Valley </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Great Salt Lake </b>and
began to spread out from there, some of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heartiest</b> of their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pioneers </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">staked out</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hardscrabble communities</b> clustering around what little water could
be found.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That included what <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Utah Philips </b>later called the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Old Mormon Muddy Mission </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Las Vegas Valley </b>near the site of
today’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">downtown</b> in 1855. Nevada
became the vast west of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Utah Territory</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
discovery of the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">massive</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rich silver Comstock Lode </b>under the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> eastern slope </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mount
Davidson</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>in the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Virginia Range</b> in 1859 set off the
greatest <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mining rush </b>since <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">California </b>in 1849.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">It</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">changed everything.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">U</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">S</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Government </b>had gone to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">virtual war </b>with
the Mormons in 1857-58 over <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">polygamy </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Brigham Young</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s perceived </b>defiance
of Federal law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thousands of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">troops</b> were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dispatched,</b> and the Mormon <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nauvoo
Legion Militia </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">revived.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Despite
Mormon <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">harassment </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">delaying tactics </b>no actual <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">battles </b>were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fought </b>until <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congress </b>ordered
the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Buchanan administration</b> to ease
up and allow Young to remain as governor after swearing to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">uphold </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">obey </b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>But the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Feds </b>were in <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">no </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mood</b> to allow the Mormons to get their hands on what looked like
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">limitless wealth</b> of the Comstock
Lode and in 1860 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">carved Nevada Territory
</b>of the western half of Utah.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
onset of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Civil War </b>in 1861 made
Nevada <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">strategically important </b>to
keeping <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">California</b>, where there was
an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">active secessionist movement </b>in
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Union.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>It was also on the route of the proposed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">transcontinental railroad </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">telegraph lines </b>which would stitch the
nation together.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Most
Americans, if they are aware of this part of the <b>story</b> at all, learned
about it from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mark Twain</b>, a young <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Confederate deserter</b> named <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Samuel L</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Clemens</b> who
accompanied his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Republican older brother
Orion</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>who had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">snagged </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political appointment </b>as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Territorial Secretary</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Orion went to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">capitol </b>at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Carson City </b>while
Sam tried his hand at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prospecting </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mining </b>around <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginia City</b> until he took up a <b>career</b> as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">newspaper man </b>writing as Mark
Twain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8OML_y4yhFw6td9sMYiLY-6jFG19GzUvwtW5PcLhxxFrGX86VmARG_P0wauTYlHAEpFUQMES4GOzKb6T6IKpaT6kYVW2YzzoaTf2l-_zOyqq9a4w-SKg9mYCp5PiKF3NrwVLh98seN2gw6ltvkmEezIGsVMUHEF-PyjcGaJTgMrbbJCjjlcMhjq0_ZDCc/s319/NevaDA%20GAMBLING--Virginia%20City.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="319" height="636" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8OML_y4yhFw6td9sMYiLY-6jFG19GzUvwtW5PcLhxxFrGX86VmARG_P0wauTYlHAEpFUQMES4GOzKb6T6IKpaT6kYVW2YzzoaTf2l-_zOyqq9a4w-SKg9mYCp5PiKF3NrwVLh98seN2gw6ltvkmEezIGsVMUHEF-PyjcGaJTgMrbbJCjjlcMhjq0_ZDCc/w640-h636/NevaDA%20GAMBLING--Virginia%20City.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">C Street in Virginia City, epicenter of the Comstock Lode.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
his first book <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roughing It</i></b>, Twain <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vigorously
depicted</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rough </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> tumble </b>life of miners in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">boom towns </b>of Nevada and California
which centered around <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saloons </b>and
all of their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">temptations </b>including <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rot gut booze</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> rigged gambling wheels</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shady faro dealers</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">poker games played </b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">drawn pistols </b>on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">table</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fleecing </b>the miners<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">payday leaving</b> them <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">broke </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">enthralled</b> to the new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">silver
kings</b> became the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Territory’s <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">second</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> major industry</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Republicans </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">had an<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> urgent need</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">speed </b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">underpopulated </b>Territory
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">statehood</b>—they needed the three <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Electoral College votes </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Abraham Lincoln </b>who was up against a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tough challenge</b> from<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Democrat </b>and former <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Army Commander George McClellan</b> running
on a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">peace platform</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>On October 31, 1864 just days before the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">November election</b>, Nevada achieved
statehood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But by the time the election
was held <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Union battlefield victorie</b>s
had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">turned </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> tide </b>of the War<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and much of the Army had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">furloughed home </b>to cast their
votes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lincoln was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">re-elected easily </b>without having to rely on Nevada.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But they couldn’t actually <b>take back</b>
statehood.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">After
the war the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">construction boom </b>around
laying the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">track </b>for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Union Pacific Railway </b>which created the
unusual <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hell on Wheels end of line camps</b>
and created <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">new towns </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">at</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">division points</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Gamblers
set up in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tent saloons </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fleeced gandy dancers</b> as effectively as
they had miners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">passenger service </b>to and from
California was finally up and running, the more <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">successful sharpies </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">erected
fine</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> edifices </b>for their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saloon/casino/brothels </b>which were very <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">efficient</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sucking money </b>from the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pockets</b>
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">well-healed travelers </b>on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">briefest </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">layovers</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proprietors
of such <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">establishments</b> became <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">important local personages</b> and were
often <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elected mayors</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
justices of the peace</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sheriffs</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>and other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">county officials</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">state legislators</b> or could <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hand
pick</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">candidates </b>for those
offices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their political power in the
state sometimes even <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rivaled </b>that of
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">silver kings</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Through
the rest of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">19th Century</b> Nevadans
rode out the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cycle </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">panics </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">booms </b>to which the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mining
based economy</b> was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">especially
sensitive </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">endured </b>many of
their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">richest mining districts</b>
becoming <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">played out</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>By the mid 1870’s the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eight</b> original <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bonanzas </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Comstock
Lode </b>were basically <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exhausted</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Only small, deep mines in the area
continued to produce and they were finished by the 1920’s leaving Virginia
City, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gold Hill</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>and other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">settlements virtual ghost
towns</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Smaller strikes of silver and
even gold continued to be made around the state, but nothing on th<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">e scale </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the</span> <b>glory days</b> of the Comstock Lode.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The economy only diversified marginally.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ranching
</b>was established to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> feed </b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">California market</b> via a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spreading network </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">railroads</b>, but much of the state was
too arid to support <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">grazing</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Mormons were spreading from Utah again
and establishing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">communities</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>When the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Latter Day Saint</b>s officially abolished <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">polygamy</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">hold-outs</span></b>
escaped to <b>remote areas</b> of Nevada.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Railway <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tourism </b>was becoming
a thing for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wealthy </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lake Tahoe </b>on the California state line
became a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">resort area </b>centered in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reno.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Open gambling</span> was one
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">attractions</b> which brought
visitors to the state.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">But
slowly a movement began to build to end gaming in the state because of its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">predatory nature</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> fostering</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">corruption</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">association </b>with other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vice </b>especially
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prostitution</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">encouragement </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">street
crime </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">violence</b>, and on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">general moral grounds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>An unusual and sometimes <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">uncomfortable</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">alliance </b>began to build to end legal gambling<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>As always in such <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reform efforts</b>, at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">center of things</b> were the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> middle class women </b>who yearned to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">erase</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wild </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> wooly reputations </b>of
their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">communities </b>and bring <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">civilization </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">respectability</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Even
without the power of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">franchise </b>in
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">alliance </b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Protestant ministers </b>they held a lot of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sway </b>over their sometimes <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reluctant
husbands</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The
growing Mormon minority was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scorned </b>by
the same Protestant <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Evangelicals</b> but
was on the same side against vice.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Labor movement</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>especially the miners of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Western
Federation of Miners</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>hated the gamblers and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tinhorns </b>who <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">preyed </b>on their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">members</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>But the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unionists </b>were the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arch
enemy </b>of the Silver kings and the gambling bosses, the biggest political
powers in the state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjMlL4Qs10bvwCkreBE99GXzcWADfu9HtsWnB1xXhb8sfePN0wrAJL0eLCuyxlWHu48mSfTpwt3tf1vA4_XwtEcblx07jt74vIp9v5SLP8vB6njVDgmo8EUC_9wIaBqg2hCUIx3T1vDeOekB8VNHMDLiI_ykABs5nFJaWNEZ_lqM6zLvkBkP9Wgg8JqhzX/s1000/nevada%20Gambling--Earp%20saloon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1000" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjMlL4Qs10bvwCkreBE99GXzcWADfu9HtsWnB1xXhb8sfePN0wrAJL0eLCuyxlWHu48mSfTpwt3tf1vA4_XwtEcblx07jt74vIp9v5SLP8vB6njVDgmo8EUC_9wIaBqg2hCUIx3T1vDeOekB8VNHMDLiI_ykABs5nFJaWNEZ_lqM6zLvkBkP9Wgg8JqhzX/w640-h384/nevada%20Gambling--Earp%20saloon.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Wyatt Earp's saloon in <span class="irc_su" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
Tonopah, Nevada pictured in 1902 was just the kind of place reformers wanted to put out of the gambling business. Earp, the man
with the mustache was a "sporting man", professional gambler, and faro
dealer. His wife Josie is likely the woman riding side saddle to the right. If you left Wyatt's place with any jingle left in your jeans it
was certainly not his fault.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Finally,
in 1909 the anti-gambling forces came together as part of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nation-wide Progressive Movement</b> and
were able to get <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sweeping legislation </b>that
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">outlawed </b>almost all forms of
gambling effective in 1910.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
larger towns and cities, casinos and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">card
rooms </b>were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shut</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">down</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">popular
early slot machines </b>that were even then cropping up in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saloons</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> cafes</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hotel lobbies</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>and other locations were removed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But in many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">counties </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">municipalities enforcement </b>was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nonexistent</b> and gambling continued more
or less openly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And in those larger
towns with reform administrations, things just <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">moved behind closed doors</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Occasional
raids </b>would often <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">embarrassingly
sweep up </b>local <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dignitaries </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">officials </b>especially when their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">private clubs </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fraternal lodges </b>were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">targeted</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Routine corruption flourished </b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">payoffs </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cops</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> prosecutors</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">judges</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Even
though gambling continued, its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reduced</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">visibility </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">accessibility </b>had an almost <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">immediate
impact </b>on the growing tourist industry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The state legislature started carving out various <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exceptions</b> to the total ban almost immediately.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">history of gaming</b> on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nevada
Resorts Association web site</b>:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">…gaming laws <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">relaxed</b>, initially allowing specific <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social games</b> and “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nickel-in-the-slot machines</b>” <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">paying
out drinks</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cigars</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sums</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">less than $2</b>. By 1919, all cities and counties throughout the state
were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">licensing card rooms</b> that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">permitted social games</b> such as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bridge</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">whist</b>, and during the 1920s, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reno</b>
became the state’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gambling capital</b>,
with both legal card rooms and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">clubs </b>offering
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">illegal games</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt 427.5pt 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMaSz6IRHQNKLjWBx06qJ8cgXGVKqAvrdWlA5UI1BaQU-oWxsNyUupnGuQOp0y9NXFi8bSx9CtmkOemIADIic8PpTOGeIekmRaqjq0CQRfsoP4ucHanY57CUDQ0dfYix0nGyp0-wbLZrj0jdUyjYOjPJ0iPxHH3wjeoNW1iygCE8NAPtk4K5GlbJzBAIka/s543/Nevada%20Gambling--headlines.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="543" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMaSz6IRHQNKLjWBx06qJ8cgXGVKqAvrdWlA5UI1BaQU-oWxsNyUupnGuQOp0y9NXFi8bSx9CtmkOemIADIic8PpTOGeIekmRaqjq0CQRfsoP4ucHanY57CUDQ0dfYix0nGyp0-wbLZrj0jdUyjYOjPJ0iPxHH3wjeoNW1iygCE8NAPtk4K5GlbJzBAIka/w640-h480/Nevada%20Gambling--headlines.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt 427.5pt 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stock
Market Crash </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1929 </b>and the
subsequent <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Great Depression</b> hit
Nevada exceptionally hard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The mining
industry, ailing for decades, was hit hard and unemployment soared.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Desperate for some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stimulus</b> to the economy, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tax
revenue </b>for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">busted state treasury</b>,
and fearful that with <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">thousands of
construction workers</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>soon to
pour into the state for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boulder Dam
project</b> on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Colorado River </b>near
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Las Vegas </b>that the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Federal government </b>would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">harshly crack down</b> on illegal gambling,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">freshman assemblyman Phil Tobin</b>, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Humboldt County rancher</b>, introduced the
legislation to legalize casino gambling and loosen the placement regulation on <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">slot machines.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Public opinion was in support and pro-gambling
forces <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">swamped </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rear-<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">guard</span> of moralists</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt 427.5pt 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">On March 19, 1931 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Republican Governor Fred Balzar</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>who was born in
Virginia City during the Comstock Lode boom,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>signed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Assembly Bill 98 </b>into
law and a companion law loosening divorce residency<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> requirements </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">liberalizing
</b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">grounds </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ending marriage</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt 427.5pt 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Legalized gambling came with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">regulation</b> intended to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stamp out</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">flagrant
cheating </b>in many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">illicit operations</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most
of the old time <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sporting men </b>and
gamblers who ran the old <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">clip joints</b>
and who tried to make the transition of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">legit
businessmen</b> soon recognized that there was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">plenty of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> profit</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">house</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
advantage </b>if the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tables </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slots </b>could be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kept full</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The days of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">blatantly rigged wheal</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">loaded dice</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">marked cards</b> if not completely banished were brought under relative
control.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt 427.5pt 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Even in the midst of the Depression, the
strategy exceeded everyone’s <b>wildest expectations</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By mid-decade Reno was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bustling </b>and gambling and divorce
capital of America.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was enshrined in
popular culture by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">movies</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">radio shows</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">magazine articles</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meanwhile
once sleepy Las Vegas began to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prosper</b>
with its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">downtown Freemont Street </b>casinos<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>benefitting from both the Boulder Dam construction
boom and the relatively short distance from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Los Angeles<i>.</i></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt 427.5pt 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In the early ‘40s the first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hotel-casinos</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rancho Vegas </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New
Frontier </b>opened.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But in 1946 Los
Angeles<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> gangster Bugsy Siegel </b>gained
control of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Flamingo</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>the first really <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lavish </b>hotel
casino on the new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vegas Strip</b> and
began featuring big name entertainers in the hotel <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lounge</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Soon
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chicago outfit </b>gained control of
most of the strip and some of the old downtown casinos, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">muscling out</b> the old time local gamblers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Managers
skimmed off </b>at least 10% to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wise
guys back</b> east and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">legalized
bookmaking operations</b> set the <b>lines</b> for the illegal books in cities
across the country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the Flamingo’s
initial opening flopped threatening the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">substantial
investment</b> he had raised from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New
York crime kingpins</b> Siegel was suspected of pocketing some of the Chicago
share, he was famously <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rubbed out</b> at
his girlfriend’s house on June 20, 1947.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The hit may have been premature because the Flamingo was soon making
money hand over fist and inspiring construction of ever larger and more
elaborate hotels.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt 427.5pt 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzBwg21WccZG3Gk_YWvpY8v1PTKMPcyDy9VSOnJX6QrcEUbY3UHJBGbhuWAMTb4Ytn6toBZAOjyGbkzBzs4q1rbhMiELBlSs1Ry2DE1byzz2VVff4OL3EQhqooCCJ1FsjjxL1eNNt0FI7rRTPdLTMQxzGclN0LEvwV37I7eD-cK96Helhaqj1sJ3YWtK3J/s1600/Nevada%20Gambling--Flamingo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1006" data-original-width="1600" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzBwg21WccZG3Gk_YWvpY8v1PTKMPcyDy9VSOnJX6QrcEUbY3UHJBGbhuWAMTb4Ytn6toBZAOjyGbkzBzs4q1rbhMiELBlSs1Ry2DE1byzz2VVff4OL3EQhqooCCJ1FsjjxL1eNNt0FI7rRTPdLTMQxzGclN0LEvwV37I7eD-cK96Helhaqj1sJ3YWtK3J/w640-h402/Nevada%20Gambling--Flamingo.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Flamingo Hotel casino floor in the '60s.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt 427.5pt 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mob </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">involvement in
Nevada gambling continued well into the ‘70s and ‘80s but was slowly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">broken down</b> by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Federal investigations</b> and Nevada Gambling Commission <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">action</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Known gangsters were forced out and ties
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">supposedly legitimate operators</b>
were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exposed</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt 427.5pt 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Since the 1990’s the old Strip casino
hotels have been supplanted by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">corporate
owned </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> operated theme resorts</b>, each more <b>elaborate</b>
and <b>outrageous</b> than the last<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and
featuring performances by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">superstars </b>and
elaborate shows like <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cirque de Soleil</i> </b>and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Blue
Man Group</i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></b>Even though gambling
revenues drove the building spree, for a while the new corporate owners tried
to market the resorts as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">family
destinations</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Las
Vegas regularly vied with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Orlando
Florida</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Disney World</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">other theme parks </b>as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Number 1 tourist destination </b>in the
United States.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt 427.5pt 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The strategy worked.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">new
century</b> Las Vegas became the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fastest
growing metropolitan area</b> in the United States with vast new subdivisions <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">springing up</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">desert</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>But soon almost <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">every state</b> tried to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cash in</b>
on legalized gambling in one way or another.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ordinary Americans did not have to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fly
</b>to Las Vegas or Reno to lose their money.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Business began <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">falling off</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then came the great <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Economic Collapse </b>of 2008.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>No metropolitan area was hit harder than Las Vegas by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mortgage crisis</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Most of the mortgages in all of those new
subdivisions were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">risky </b>and had been
sold to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bundlers</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Foreclosure</b> rates soared and whole
neighborhoods of almost brand new houses are still virtual ghost towns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meanwhile some of the new hotel resorts went <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bankrupt </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">closed</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other went into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">receivership. </b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt 427.5pt 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">To recover, Las Vegas has <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">abandoned </b>its push to be a family
destination and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">promoting sin</b> with
its <b><i>What Happens in Vegas</i></b>,<b><i> Stays in Vegas</i></b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">promotions</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b>Coronavirus Pandemic </b>was a big hit
to the economy, but tourism revived big time with <b>pent-up demand</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Elaborate new resort cassinos are going up
again.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt 427.5pt 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmOpCoNDvxi-Q67Ch8yTjO_V8gTlBwEWMFVxjZVO4hiMWSmwA9fieuTMWKwr0YKUUhFCSE64b4cqxn7ppRvJANjWt8VuaMDUqntlXofVOax3Ns9o_JFqlqWLMThJR37Qb9B57qRPvtk95ZGEoL12EomtgGNDFuKkgOIUtTFifrKKsio1B88Rwn6S8BCkhr/s624/Nevada%20Gambling--Sports%20book.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="624" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmOpCoNDvxi-Q67Ch8yTjO_V8gTlBwEWMFVxjZVO4hiMWSmwA9fieuTMWKwr0YKUUhFCSE64b4cqxn7ppRvJANjWt8VuaMDUqntlXofVOax3Ns9o_JFqlqWLMThJR37Qb9B57qRPvtk95ZGEoL12EomtgGNDFuKkgOIUtTFifrKKsio1B88Rwn6S8BCkhr/w640-h426/Nevada%20Gambling--Sports%20book.png" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Vegas sport books like this are not only tourist magnets, apps using their odds and gimmick betting keep the money rolling in 24/7 from around the world. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt 427.5pt 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">With the <b>internet </b>and widespread legalization
of <b>on-line gaming </b>corporate owned sports books, largely based in Nevada,
can operate almost anywhere in the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b>Local TV viewers</b> across the country have grown used to being
inundated with <b>ads </b>for <b>competing betting aps</b>—the same aps that
also now partner with and sponsor broadcasts of virtually all <b>professional
sports franchises</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt 85.5pt 427.5pt 6.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">One of these days maybe the Feds or
somebody will launch an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">investigation</b>
into whether the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">corporate masters</b> are all that much <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">different </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">at </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heart</b> from the
gangsters and old time <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oily faro dealers
</b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">brocade vests</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup></sup></b></span></p>
<p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-53182491255390165682024-03-18T09:18:00.003-05:002024-03-18T09:18:56.963-05:00Rank and File Postal Workers Whipped Bosses, Union Leaders, and Richard Nixon in 1970<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCiAhX4fw0aRb_Czy50YtIa2ScZXOconotszsYhZIyFMcbMAAuDggf3jnFXnrNWPiUfdxGwwF2yY_pIB8Dw7KOVFtUHM3h84nSqI0drO3MzNq1HJBMazBjI5t4jaNl4mHYZXxeVrkWItNs7jO9J-HbcTgFCmp_xqgY5VbAVcsHzT5b1xm5bB79j7Maph8/s275/Postal%20Strike%201970--wildcat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCiAhX4fw0aRb_Czy50YtIa2ScZXOconotszsYhZIyFMcbMAAuDggf3jnFXnrNWPiUfdxGwwF2yY_pIB8Dw7KOVFtUHM3h84nSqI0drO3MzNq1HJBMazBjI5t4jaNl4mHYZXxeVrkWItNs7jO9J-HbcTgFCmp_xqgY5VbAVcsHzT5b1xm5bB79j7Maph8/w640-h426/Postal%20Strike%201970--wildcat.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">A wildcat strike by New York City postal workers quickly spread in 1970 bring mail service to a halt in much of the country.</span></span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The day after <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">St</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Patrick</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Day </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York City </b>was often little more
than an intense, city-wide <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hangover</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>But on March 18, 1970 residents of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Big Apple </b>awoke to more than just a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">headache.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>Thousands of local <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Postal
workers </b>were on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">picket line </b>in
defiance of both <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Federal Law </b>which
prohibited <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">strikes </b>by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">government employees</b> and their own <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">union leadership</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Within days <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">business</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">commercial </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">financial center </b>of the nation
ground to a halt in those <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pre-electronic
communications days</b> and the strike spread to more than 30 cities with
200,000 off the job.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">big deal.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A very big deal.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But chances are unless you were one
of the strikers or a member of their families, you have forgotten or never
heard of one of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">biggest</b>—and
ultimately <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">most successful</b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">labor battles</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Post-War era</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Maybe that’s because of all the other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">turmoil </b>in the country that year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vietnam
War </b>dragging on, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protests</b> were
growing bigger and attracting more than just <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">students </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hippies</b>.
Major cities were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tinderboxes</b>,
exploding regularly in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black riots </b>that
seemed more and more like <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">insurrections.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Even <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">middleclass
women</b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wives</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mothers</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">secretaries</b>—were taking to the streets and shaking their
fists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Draconian <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">drug laws</b> fueled an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">underground
economy</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gang warfare </b>that was wider<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> spread </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pervasive</b> than between rival <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bootleggers
</b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tommy guns</b>, and ordinary <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">street crime</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So, the Postal workers had a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">beef</b>?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b>Big deal</b>, seemed the attitude in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Washington</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Take a number
and wait your turn. And the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Posties</b>
did have a beef, a very big beef.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It hadn’t always been that way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the old days <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Post Office </b>jobs at all levels had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political plumbs </b>and handed out according to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rough justice</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spoils system</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Every time the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Presidency </b>flipped to a different <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">party</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>there was a general <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">house cleaning</b>, and fresh armies of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">patronage workers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Civil Service </b>in the early <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">20th Century</b> had ended that for all but
local <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">postmasters </b>and other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">muckety-mucks</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Depression </b>working for the Post Office meant not only unheard of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">job security</b> but came with an array of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">benefits</b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">paid holidays </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vacations</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
health insurance</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pensions</b>—that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">industrial
workers </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">private sector </b>could
only win by wearing out <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shoe leather </b>and
risking <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">busted heads</b> on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">picket line</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During the deep <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Post-World War II recession, </b>the Post Office offered <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">preferential hiring </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">veterans</b>, and many leaped at the chance
for secure employment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, the
large <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cohort</b> of former veterans in
New York would provide the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">core
leadership</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rank-and-file muscle</b>
for the strike.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Despite the security and the
benefits, Post Office pay had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">drifting
down</b> in comparison to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">civilian
workforce</b> throughout the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">boom years </b>of
the ‘50’s and ‘60’s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Workers had not had
a pay raise since 1967 and that raise had failed to keep up with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inflation</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Entry level</b> worker were laboring at wages
below the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">poverty line</b> if they were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">supporting families</b>, as most of them
were.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">conditions</b> in crowded <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">urban
postal facilities</b> were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">poor</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dangerous</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Morale</b>
was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">low </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anger</b> growing.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The situation was even more
frustrating because the law not only forbad strike action, but it banned any
kind of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">collective bargaining</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>National <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unions </b>of postal workers, mainly the <b>American Postal Workers
Union </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(<b>APWU</b>) representing <b>clerks
</b>and <b>mail handlers</b></span>,<b> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National
Association of Letter Carriers </b>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">NALC</b>)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>could do little but <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lobby </b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">administration</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congress </b>for
better pay and conditions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inherit weakness</b> of such a position had
made that leadership both <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">timid</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cautious</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But rank and file anger was festering.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1968 the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kappel Commission</b>, established by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congress</b> to review the current state of the Postal Service, had
recommended that postal workers be given <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> same rights</b> as
private sector workers to collective bargaining. When recommendation was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rejected</b> by Congress, union leaders
could not be stirred beyond issuing disappointed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">press releases</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnyGQ5L1kaMT6NLd9B6zFiWKf0wgckM7K6UkxJ4r-kTRtTvjHpUasX9lIczK96AQexO83WLcQFL17Hsci_AUB2EiRIUlB3O9NqAtnviu_Al9UHd24zxQe8HhMp6xKoS9h_jtXX_ZgMj3Aype_qm1A2qKL1PkfVgC9jKvI3XMF-gqtIxiAhNRfbi1wE9QN4/s1024/Postal%20Strike%201970--Black%20Workers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="731" data-original-width="1024" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnyGQ5L1kaMT6NLd9B6zFiWKf0wgckM7K6UkxJ4r-kTRtTvjHpUasX9lIczK96AQexO83WLcQFL17Hsci_AUB2EiRIUlB3O9NqAtnviu_Al9UHd24zxQe8HhMp6xKoS9h_jtXX_ZgMj3Aype_qm1A2qKL1PkfVgC9jKvI3XMF-gqtIxiAhNRfbi1wE9QN4/w640-h456/Postal%20Strike%201970--Black%20Workers.jpg" width="640" /></a></b></span></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Black workers brought the spirit and disciplined non-violence of the Civil Rights Movement to the Postal Strike of 1970.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was too much for the
rank-and-file, especially in New York.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Not only did Postal Workers there have ties to the traditionally <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">militant </b>unions of the city and
included many members with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Socialist</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Communist</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">radical backgrounds, </b>but a
huge <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">infusion</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black </b>workers over the previous decade
brought with them the <b>spirit</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">civil
rights movement</b>, familiarity with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">direct
action </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">non-violent protest</b>,
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cultural </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political connections</b> to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black empowerment movement</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agitation</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> for strike action began among rank-and-file <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">militants</b> after newly elected <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President Richard M</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Nixon </b>proposed only a flat 4.1% <b>wage increase</b> in his 1969 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">budget</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>The proposal was angrily <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shouted down</b> at New York union meetings
and pleasure for a strike grew.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NALC <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President James Rademacher </b>scurried to
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">White House </b>with word that he
might not be able to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">control </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">his </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">members</b>. Rademacher and Nixon reached an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">agreement</b> in December 1969 that tied a 1970 5.4% raise to the
creation of an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">independent postal
authority</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">collective bargaining</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When a Congressional committee finally moved
on the agreement in early March local leaders at New York’s NALC local <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Branch 36 </b>were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hooted from the platform.</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><b></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXu9Fs8uszzwfvOFhspxjspMBgxjo98y56Uxvm-nUm0QfXmiqsDrxeowKgUDt7kYc1HU8dsZ0Wlmz7rF5NUwRNv9cqk6U-uGU-cb3OYp20rIOxEhO2Ezc5eyBzSVR02-7xnWjZ0O9QOreu5MZGRI9NtRt2ljqUS-lOK7-A4FIY85awd28BxmVWtKOU5MSl/s275/Postal%20Strike%20of%201970--SOMBROTTO.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="190" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXu9Fs8uszzwfvOFhspxjspMBgxjo98y56Uxvm-nUm0QfXmiqsDrxeowKgUDt7kYc1HU8dsZ0Wlmz7rF5NUwRNv9cqk6U-uGU-cb3OYp20rIOxEhO2Ezc5eyBzSVR02-7xnWjZ0O9QOreu5MZGRI9NtRt2ljqUS-lOK7-A4FIY85awd28BxmVWtKOU5MSl/w442-h640/Postal%20Strike%20of%201970--SOMBROTTO.jpg" width="442" /></a></span></b></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span> <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span> </span>Vincent Sombrotto, Rank-and-file leader of the strike.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rank-and-File leader <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vincent Sombrotto </b>and others demanded
an immediate <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">strike vote</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Union leaders refused and called such a vote
illegal and against the union’s own <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">constitution</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Over a series of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">acrimonious meetings</b> union leadership was able to delay a vote
until March 17 as the city was celebrating St. Patrick’s Day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The strike was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">overwhelmingly approved</b> and <b>pickets</b> went up after the stroke
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">midnight</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The next day an emergency meeting
called by the rank and file at other New York locals of both the NALC and APWU
forced their own votes and joined the strike.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Over the next few days it would be repeated in city after city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chicago
</b>more than 3000 members literally chased their leadership out of the hall
and down the street.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instinctively
defiant</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Nixon went on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">national</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TV </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">order</b> employees <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">back to work</span> immediately, threatening <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mass dismissals</b> if they did not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He vowed that the government would never negotiate under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">duress</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The speech only aroused the ire and determination of the strikers and
helped spread it even faster and further.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi17wBs6Y6qoRNuFDnnAhjfqPhMiN1-sFUOZO95Ikn1TH_6Kb-eiygWGaeyeGC8sm4ottuSTMbD1VF9favnJ251C0skZ6Ncu7nNWwqFIQeknAwOfH9pzdIjsSpeoqbZ2ldBUXuAyCI5FC51qv0TJ3Lh43iJYpmeGUpyEUDfrtgtAv4iHCNWih6WATbYofcG/s600/Postal%20Strike%201970==mag%20covers.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="600" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi17wBs6Y6qoRNuFDnnAhjfqPhMiN1-sFUOZO95Ikn1TH_6Kb-eiygWGaeyeGC8sm4ottuSTMbD1VF9favnJ251C0skZ6Ncu7nNWwqFIQeknAwOfH9pzdIjsSpeoqbZ2ldBUXuAyCI5FC51qv0TJ3Lh43iJYpmeGUpyEUDfrtgtAv4iHCNWih6WATbYofcG/w640-h336/Postal%20Strike%201970==mag%20covers.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">The national media, including the influential weekly news magazines helped whip up hysteria about the walk-out.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By the end of the week more than
200,000 were out in most <b>urban population centers</b> and the strike was
even spreading to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">conservative small
cities</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">towns</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Newspapers</b>
became <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">semi-hysterical</b> as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">business paralysis</b> set in and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stock market</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plunge</b>d on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">low volume</b>
because <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trades</b> could not be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">executed</b> without <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mail orders</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">confirmation<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">s</span></b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Scare
stories</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">violence</b>, all <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">false</b>, circulated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Picket lines were <b>noisy</b> but <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disciplined </b>and models of non-violence.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After a week the administration went
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">court </b>to seek an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">emergenc</b>y <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">injunction</b>, which was quickly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">granted</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>against the strike and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">threatened individual strikers</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">jail </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">contempt of court </b>if they did not comply.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That only backfired, not only stealing the
resolve of the strikers, but bringing from other Federal employees that they
would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">join </b>the strike if the
injunction was enforced.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On March 23 a desperate Nixon again
took to the airways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He announced the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">proclamation </b>of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Emergency—</b>just a step short of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">martial law</b>—which authorized the use of Federal <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">troops </b>to move the mail.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He followed up the speech with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Operation
Graphic Hand </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">which mobilize
24,000 members of the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Regular
Army</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Guard</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Army Reserve</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Air National Guard</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Navy</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Air Force</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Marine Corps Reserve</b> of which 18,500 were deployed to 17 New York
City Post Offices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tens of thousands of
others were put on alert for possible deployment to other cities.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Workers were outraged and fearful
that the introduction of troops would lead to the violent <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suppression</b> of the strike in the tradition of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pullman Strike</b> in which the Army moved
the mail at the point of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bayonet</b> and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">machine gun</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Strikers allowed the military to move into
the Post Offices without opposition.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw66aPxou5duSPDVZNJv_SKGz5j2n51pu0cvKHBZVtOa4yNP_r9sZhASvv8FW7KvPjNSgYH-J4DVgXwOLAyjfUw_ZAcoLZ4_ek4Nag11zeAiJh926naFY6h83Po1kPKMmaCIAgbQFuQlYtUgm8klwXqjLwsrP2IwXJeHszlU7tLX-I_D6TLzkclEF6Z09n/s980/Postal%20Strike%201970--Army.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="695" data-original-width="980" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw66aPxou5duSPDVZNJv_SKGz5j2n51pu0cvKHBZVtOa4yNP_r9sZhASvv8FW7KvPjNSgYH-J4DVgXwOLAyjfUw_ZAcoLZ4_ek4Nag11zeAiJh926naFY6h83Po1kPKMmaCIAgbQFuQlYtUgm8klwXqjLwsrP2IwXJeHszlU7tLX-I_D6TLzkclEF6Z09n/w640-h454/Postal%20Strike%201970--Army.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Federal troops brought in to move the mails were untrained and overwhelmed. They could do little to unjam the system. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Once inside, however, the untrained
troops had no idea what to do.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The mail
was still <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">snarled</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The desperate administration now
entered <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">secret</b> negotiations with
union leaders after vowing never to do so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>With no third TV appearance and as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">little
fanfare</b> as possible, Nixon <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">capitulated
</b>to virtually all <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the strikers’
demands on March 25.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He agreed to
recommend an 8% wage increase and the right of collective bargaining, albeit
without the right to strike.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Amnesty </b>for the strikers was
guaranteed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Workers went back to work after an
eventful, but peaceful 2 week strike.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgigoB03pRG7mIC02IRio7KOAaZgmPikz0A7nEP1FScaGSFaUdEzswBBzpITffwk9QtxfCfWojizzawGg5Iy3jc5_HTP28eECB5WFnM-UjWmT5WQW06FMp4YyRpghrNUSIdqB14C00RwwvGis2ufdzsoSz5PmvboPX2E32kOUua7tvt-OQh0mYaN73SbgmI/s768/Postal%20Strike%201970--Nixon%20negociationw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="395" data-original-width="768" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgigoB03pRG7mIC02IRio7KOAaZgmPikz0A7nEP1FScaGSFaUdEzswBBzpITffwk9QtxfCfWojizzawGg5Iy3jc5_HTP28eECB5WFnM-UjWmT5WQW06FMp4YyRpghrNUSIdqB14C00RwwvGis2ufdzsoSz5PmvboPX2E32kOUua7tvt-OQh0mYaN73SbgmI/w640-h330/Postal%20Strike%201970--Nixon%20negociationw.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Richard Nixon, Post Master General Roy
Blount and national union leaders in a photo op before trying to hammer
out a wage agreement to end the strike.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Congress <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">enacted</b> the terms of the agreement in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">budget</b> and in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Postal
Reorganization Act of 1970</b> which went into effect on July 1, 1971 and
transformed the Post Office Department into the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">U</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">S</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Postal Service</b>. an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">independent establishment</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">executive branch</b> to be operated like a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">private corporation</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Rank-and-file militants <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rightly feared</b> that this <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hybrid creation </b>would come back to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bite them in the ass</b> and become a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">path </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> privatization</b>. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnrk_J16dhN5TsDwSnqEAzj5QjcOFV_jpDXTrrHTGvk6eI5MYSsua8iHq2-_lDYS8D4eBvVfAVmL5BWT7nIneUylIpgIljPy9qV1ltbpBiJ8DaWnWHNW2oyyP4O7RLYdI8YrfWQKaYafxlqAjWzYr8JBE0yRQU2YYvRYze0OMVDtJLsP2jfBrYXQd8t2BQ/s590/Postal%20Strike%201970--APUW%20logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="566" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnrk_J16dhN5TsDwSnqEAzj5QjcOFV_jpDXTrrHTGvk6eI5MYSsua8iHq2-_lDYS8D4eBvVfAVmL5BWT7nIneUylIpgIljPy9qV1ltbpBiJ8DaWnWHNW2oyyP4O7RLYdI8YrfWQKaYafxlqAjWzYr8JBE0yRQU2YYvRYze0OMVDtJLsP2jfBrYXQd8t2BQ/w614-h640/Postal%20Strike%201970--APUW%20logo.jpg" width="614" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">The logo of the APWU after four other postal unions merged under its banner.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To prepare themselves for collective
bargaining that summer the four smaller postal unions merged with APWU.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The new union, retaining the American Postal
Workers name, was, like its components, an affiliated member of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">AFL-CIO</b> and at the time of its
creation, the largest union of postal workers in the world.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sombrotto was elected 16th president
of the National Association of Letter Carriers between in 1978 and served until
retiring in 2002.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He retired in 2002 and
finished with over 300,000 members.</span></p>
<p><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-66303830699444069282024-03-17T08:52:00.002-05:002024-03-17T08:52:45.164-05:00How Americans Hijacked St. Patrick’s Day—Not a Quiet Catholic Feast Day Any More<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsfBNK3QBgmfWWfh1G9Pxqrzw9qqcH-58UylnOKDWrypIuwY7_GnTZ9qOmhi6hrAf9sutxyeneNqoBk18sZ457A2r5kzqlsSGg8Cc7GyvqSKepgyUvr6-AAhfciAhOREFw_FfXrV_UQP5hQojUSUJvBp58EzixCksGmuxtWyBFjyYcTPgjwflAVpCv9ics/s768/St.%20Patrick's%20Day%202024%20Blog%20Top.2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="491" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsfBNK3QBgmfWWfh1G9Pxqrzw9qqcH-58UylnOKDWrypIuwY7_GnTZ9qOmhi6hrAf9sutxyeneNqoBk18sZ457A2r5kzqlsSGg8Cc7GyvqSKepgyUvr6-AAhfciAhOREFw_FfXrV_UQP5hQojUSUJvBp58EzixCksGmuxtWyBFjyYcTPgjwflAVpCv9ics/w410-h640/St.%20Patrick's%20Day%202024%20Blog%20Top.2.jpg" width="410" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span> An elegant late 19th Century American St. Patrick's Day card.</span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Note</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For those of
you unaware, this is my natal anniversary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Turn 74 today—a personal Jubilee for the Old Man.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bet you wondered how I got the name.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anyway, I am rerunning a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>classic post. Meanwhile to the Irish and
wan-a-be-Irish, enjoy the day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Have fun
but try not to live down to some unfortunate stereotypes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And for Christ’s sake don’t drink the damn
green beer, an abomination and insult to the soul!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Have a dram or two of Jameson’s with a Guinness
back for me!</span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcs7CXLNz7Jy8EpPzXNR4cVzbpxjCdtn0-XSOf6rwipxjT1akh4RbH37g0lKTjiV84htpky85UGYwps7XAKsDhyphenhyphen1fRHieomxjyZV5YbYPrUGPNtvC7nlw_TQU5wTLVaHpnazqMWnVlQhWsT3Xqn5ugtXZeXpP4Fsz57UPo88ijRHZMxHjz4QetGMLeyj1b/s500/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--vintage%20banner%202020.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="500" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcs7CXLNz7Jy8EpPzXNR4cVzbpxjCdtn0-XSOf6rwipxjT1akh4RbH37g0lKTjiV84htpky85UGYwps7XAKsDhyphenhyphen1fRHieomxjyZV5YbYPrUGPNtvC7nlw_TQU5wTLVaHpnazqMWnVlQhWsT3Xqn5ugtXZeXpP4Fsz57UPo88ijRHZMxHjz4QetGMLeyj1b/w640-h408/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--vintage%20banner%202020.jpg" width="640" /></a></i></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Greeting card publishers quickly
cashed in on Irish American sentimentality for the Auld Sod--a
sentimentality that often erased the grim realities of the Potato Famine
which sent so many landless peasants to American shores.</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></i></span><p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Acknowledging </span><span style="color: #333333;">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elephant </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> room</b>—today is the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Feast of St</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Patrick</b>, originally a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">low-key religious celebration</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Auld Sod</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the <b>U</b>.<b>S</b>. it’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">St</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Patrick</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
Day</b>, which is, as they say, a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">whole
other</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> kettle </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
fish</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For better or worse this <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">quasi-holiday</b> is an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish American</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">phenomenon</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Let’s trace the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">metamorphosis </b>from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">religiosity</b>, to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ethnic
muscle flexing</b>, to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish nationalism</b>,
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">partisan political display</b>, to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">equal opportunity</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">public drinking festival</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">It all
began on March 17, 1762 with the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">very
first St. Patrick’s Day</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> parade</b>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">anywhere</span> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">world</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish soldiers</b> in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">British</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">regiment</b> headquartered in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New
York City marched</b> behind their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">musicians</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">drew cheers</b> from the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">small local Irish</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> minority</b>, both <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Catholic</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Protestant—</b>mostly Protestant in
those days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It became if not an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">annual event</b>, one which was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">observed </b>most years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Redcoats
</b>left the city at the end of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American
Revolution </b>various local Irish <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mutual
aid societies</b> like the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hibernians </b>and
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Friendly Sons of St</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Patrick</b> held often <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">competing events</b>
which, if they <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">happened to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> intersect</b>, sometimes <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">devolved </b>into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">brawls</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl7wq8TZ90A9it4J9XteDCMF1Yuuyu3QACw6yXRP2wf4mXRGpIiu6mkPmmgJJpv8wLu0WE-O7TCvR86uHTTFGemuahZZyCYSzSNQS1OqF7lubeaxo9JRkHgO3BkfruGAy6PwbWLq1ynwPgmUJKhyphenhyphenKwHThkavxqj6PswtSgPLA-pzOUrRYWvUaZV3qTSMzY/s400/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--%20ParadeDublin%201905.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="400" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl7wq8TZ90A9it4J9XteDCMF1Yuuyu3QACw6yXRP2wf4mXRGpIiu6mkPmmgJJpv8wLu0WE-O7TCvR86uHTTFGemuahZZyCYSzSNQS1OqF7lubeaxo9JRkHgO3BkfruGAy6PwbWLq1ynwPgmUJKhyphenhyphenKwHThkavxqj6PswtSgPLA-pzOUrRYWvUaZV3qTSMzY/w640-h356/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--%20ParadeDublin%201905.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Up until the mid '60s St. Patrick's Day remained a religious festival in
Ireland and the annual parade in Dublin, seen here in 1905, was mostly a
religious procession, often led by the St. John's Total Abstinence and
Benefit Society. Today the parade is an American style extravaganza
awash in Kelly Green, dancing leprechauns, shamrocks, and scantily clad
girls. General rowdiness is the rule of the day, largely due to the
large annual pilgrimages to the Auld Sod by Irish Americans, now
generations removed from the island.</span><span style="color: #333333;"></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">After the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">United Irishman uprising</b> of 1798 was
crushed by the British <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">imposing</b> a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">harsh repression</b> including the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">banning</b> of the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> wearing o</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’ the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Green</b>, a new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wave</b> of Irish <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">refugees
flooded </b>New York, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boston</b>, and
other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eastern cities</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inoculated
</b>the annual St. Patrick’s Day observances with a new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political significance</b> and wearing green (instead of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">traditional Irish colors</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">blue</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gold</b>) became a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protest</b>
against <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">British rule</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">homeland</b> and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">call </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> action</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">overthrow </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">that rule</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Potato Famine </b>unleashed yet another
wave of immigration bringing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">throngs </b>of
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">displaced</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">peasants</b> to the already <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">growing
slums</b> of the city. Competing Irish aid societies finally decided to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unite</b> behind a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">single</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">massive
demonstration</b> in New York in 1848.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">theme</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">independence</b> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">for Ireland</span> was mixed with an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">act
</b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">aggressive defiance</b> by the
now largely <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Catholic </b>masses against
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nativists </b>from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tammany Hall </b>who controlled the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">city government</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Know Nothings</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">street gangs</b> who <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">harassed </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bullied them</b>. </span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ1Y953n_xrU2-0-E5bN1Mf3cSe7mtyolSGmfXXKQZPbrpe8hxmbbNKmyfCZIWT96E_ELefCuYOxWOQeqOuXYIy9SxpXL7dkfG6cpTAQIFCAulB-_upuYjRrBHqqrqLmBpCStJ6PR0KnQ8_ZwuNZXlSeA5Ao2dOaHoGfmkzkgfYnzOEZ4OUVFNWlkTeYEc/s500/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--pug%20nose%20greeting%20card.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="316" data-original-width="500" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ1Y953n_xrU2-0-E5bN1Mf3cSe7mtyolSGmfXXKQZPbrpe8hxmbbNKmyfCZIWT96E_ELefCuYOxWOQeqOuXYIy9SxpXL7dkfG6cpTAQIFCAulB-_upuYjRrBHqqrqLmBpCStJ6PR0KnQ8_ZwuNZXlSeA5Ao2dOaHoGfmkzkgfYnzOEZ4OUVFNWlkTeYEc/w640-h404/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--pug%20nose%20greeting%20card.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">In trying to market to Irish Americans, not everyone got it right. This
tone deaf greeting card featured the pug-nosed Irish stereotypes
featured in Know Nothing and anti-immigrant publications. The figure on
the left has a sash identifying him as a member of the Ancient Order of
Hibernians. The one on the right supposedly is from a competing
organization that had frequently brawled with the AOH for supremacy on
St. Patrick's Day.</span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">In 1858
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fenian Brotherhood </b>was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">organized</b> in the United States in
support the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Irish Republican Brotherhood</b>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">IRB</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">),</span> a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">secret oath society</b> agitating for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">establishment</b> of a “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">democratic </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Irish</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> republic</b>.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The St. Patrick’s Day parades in New York and
other cities became <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">powerful recruiting
tools</b> for the Fenians. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Social events</b>
around the day annually <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">raised </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">thousands of dollars</b>, much of it to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">support </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fantastic</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plots</b> and buy <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arms</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>On more than one occasion Fenian plots to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">attack Canada</b> brought the U.S. and Britain <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">perilously</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> close </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
war</b>, which, of course was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">objective</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9OzPVQNHpYGi5Kw0MAYYubsBDzeZpeDbvzw9N2uwpvdtZs66v7zc0zcCTMTjH3zF-Z05wDRuFNWXITEC0GU76mHGT1kOOseRIz9oZZXfOIAHptOmrx4vRMsB30dG5N4_ottD0XrWtba0r01skS0Si1pl3waf1X0_BKJANRgCIenBCvqkAeivO1VhNeEni/s400/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--New%20York%201800s%20(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="400" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9OzPVQNHpYGi5Kw0MAYYubsBDzeZpeDbvzw9N2uwpvdtZs66v7zc0zcCTMTjH3zF-Z05wDRuFNWXITEC0GU76mHGT1kOOseRIz9oZZXfOIAHptOmrx4vRMsB30dG5N4_ottD0XrWtba0r01skS0Si1pl3waf1X0_BKJANRgCIenBCvqkAeivO1VhNeEni/w640-h488/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--New%20York%201800s%20(1).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">By the second half of the 19th Century New York's St. Patrick's Day
parades had become elaborate celebrations of Irish nationalism and a
display of raw political power in the city.</span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">failure</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Easter Rebellion </b>in 1916 in which <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">labor leader</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">James Connolly</b>,
fresh from several years in America as an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">IWW
organizer</b>, and an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish-American</b>
unit of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hibernian Rifles</b> were both <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">involved</b>, led to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fresh round</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frenzied
support</b> for independence back home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The campaign of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish
Republican Army </b>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">IRA</b>), which led
to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">establishment</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish Free State </b>in 1922 and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish Civil War</b> between the Free State
government and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">republican rebels</b>
were both largely <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">financed</b> by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish Americans</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even after the establishment of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Republic </b>in 1937, Irish-Americans
continued to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fund rebel groups</b> aimed
at uniting <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ulster </b>to the rest of the
island, including support for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sein Fein </b>and
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Provisional IRA</b> in their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">armed struggle</b> through <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Troubles.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All of this was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reflected</b> in the parades and other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">celebrations</b> of the day which had become <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dominated </b>by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rebel songs</b>.</span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">St.
Patrick’s Day celebrations also were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">important
displays</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish culture</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Traditional
Irish</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">music</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dance</b> was so <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suppressed </b>at home that both <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nearly
disappeared</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Irish-Americans like <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chicago</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Police Chief Francis O</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Neill collected</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">preserved </b>the songs and began <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">schools</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">teach </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">it</span> and
traditional <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Irish step dancing</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">re-introduced</b> into Irish culture as a result of these efforts and
put on display in St. Patrick’s Day parades, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">banquets</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">concerts</b>. </span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQWugqxJfPq1KQfsyioztk8SsTzEEBxXTcP9_Xh4WyLFO6zxzB5CS6ja_8On51HJgn9QBKFW40DWvh2XoH1Zv3zOdq8ImRv_bq_F41-tVTmNvBHoqFEFeRv6NE_O-n7IEdxh9gSWgD0dlOUbc1s_-Z3kD6x0YeVhOLxlhaMH_SY51qNfAsN_lOG3XSTMNu/s500/St.%20Patricks%20Day--Hizzonor%201963.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="500" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQWugqxJfPq1KQfsyioztk8SsTzEEBxXTcP9_Xh4WyLFO6zxzB5CS6ja_8On51HJgn9QBKFW40DWvh2XoH1Zv3zOdq8ImRv_bq_F41-tVTmNvBHoqFEFeRv6NE_O-n7IEdxh9gSWgD0dlOUbc1s_-Z3kD6x0YeVhOLxlhaMH_SY51qNfAsN_lOG3XSTMNu/w640-h346/St.%20Patricks%20Day--Hizzonor%201963.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hizzonor da Mayor, Richard J. Daley steps off with his blackthorn stick
and green fedora at the head of the 1963 Chicago St. Patrick's Day
joined by officials of the sponsoring Plumbers union, the Irish Consul
General, Cardinal Alber Meyer (second from left} and actor Pat O'Brien
to the Mayor's left and a bevy of politicians in the second row
jockeying for position. Then Republican Cook County States Attorney
James P. Thompson can be spotted just over Daley's shoulder.</span></span><span style="color: #333333;"></span><span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">The Irish
also excelled at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political organization</b>
in this country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ethnic groups</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">large concentrations</b> like the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Germans</b>,
they were able to create <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">viable
political organizations </b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">alliances</b>
with other ethnic groups that allowed them to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">control </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">many</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> city governments</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">decades</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Chicago <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mayor Richard J</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Daley </b>brought the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">St. Patrick’s Day Parade, </span>previously a
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">South Side</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">neighborhood event</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>to
the heart of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Loop </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dyed</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chicago River</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">green </b>every
year in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">display of political power</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Politicians</b>
of all ethnicities <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">jockeyed</b> to be <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">as close as possible</span> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hizonor</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">front ranks</b> of the parade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfoA9RB187xaASK-Kg_g8xFcjItpA-RU2nHXIrQjR8b74KoUrnceFnBopiYv9csHAGAuWYpF25IQ0tK8EGcZeoP5_MgEndb-hsi6FgATA9e3VG8R-PvtKQGVABl_HF1BJSfT1L7uxw0I9LMd78bEewBmr0HRg7wXDsqyTTbOauBavYxb5SOdd2QiJjcGT2/s400/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--Everybody's%20Irish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="400" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfoA9RB187xaASK-Kg_g8xFcjItpA-RU2nHXIrQjR8b74KoUrnceFnBopiYv9csHAGAuWYpF25IQ0tK8EGcZeoP5_MgEndb-hsi6FgATA9e3VG8R-PvtKQGVABl_HF1BJSfT1L7uxw0I9LMd78bEewBmr0HRg7wXDsqyTTbOauBavYxb5SOdd2QiJjcGT2/w640-h426/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--Everybody's%20Irish.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>"Everybody's Irish!" is the new equal opportunity slogan of American
St. Patrick's Day promoted by breweries, bars, and bottle peddlers of
all sorts. The message seems to be working.</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></i></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">By the
late <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">20th Century</b> St. Patrick’s Day
had spread well beyond its ethnic roots.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Everyone </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">is Irish on </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">St. Paddy</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Day</b> became a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">byword </b>pushed by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">breweries</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bars</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">distilleries </b>making it one of the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">biggest</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> party days</b> of
the year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Green beer</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vomiting
teenagers</b> have become new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">symbols</b>
of the holiday.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLUeYMKlqtRyQx1UNfOaByMYGdto1agLOkmATfcyDeu73ARe54wjTe7SXThmqSAPm7lj36ifrxCE47kI91-R1Q-f7H87yhTKO14e60eQhowJr3qaUZeXUR28aL1VAurjYRNTJuvrSyGXt0UD6Th6ZSbUjuEqqaJyrgLbR9-FzT5hx-WDHgaDQKmQqHjbAa/s586/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--icon%20card.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="586" data-original-width="469" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLUeYMKlqtRyQx1UNfOaByMYGdto1agLOkmATfcyDeu73ARe54wjTe7SXThmqSAPm7lj36ifrxCE47kI91-R1Q-f7H87yhTKO14e60eQhowJr3qaUZeXUR28aL1VAurjYRNTJuvrSyGXt0UD6Th6ZSbUjuEqqaJyrgLbR9-FzT5hx-WDHgaDQKmQqHjbAa/w512-h640/St.%20Patrick's%20Day--icon%20card.png" width="512" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">And <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">what about St. Patrick? </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Well, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">what
about him!</span></span></p>
Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-70631768600523311162024-03-16T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-16T02:00:00.175-05:00When Samoset Greeted Alien Squatters at the Village They Called New Plymouth<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjTEg5NJRCNoFzfsHony53FAEFzmN9LiAgbOygsgfWxD4wHnWnEWeX6OOSg5htEgFjOVY2IGpoezxA-sh5wnM6yhn9dmBvv0YW3T_fOzOyhagySQyMbLDGaVafO8M8sH-VJO2evnm8FYXwIL08dzDAzsG-4taa_VoakwDeufruF_OQqhPDeex6p-f1PcQg/s550/Samoset--Suprises%20Pilgrims.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="403" data-original-width="550" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjTEg5NJRCNoFzfsHony53FAEFzmN9LiAgbOygsgfWxD4wHnWnEWeX6OOSg5htEgFjOVY2IGpoezxA-sh5wnM6yhn9dmBvv0YW3T_fOzOyhagySQyMbLDGaVafO8M8sH-VJO2evnm8FYXwIL08dzDAzsG-4taa_VoakwDeufruF_OQqhPDeex6p-f1PcQg/w640-h468/Samoset--Suprises%20Pilgrims.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Samoset appears at Plymouth.</span><br /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It seemed like a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">warm day</b> by comparison to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">harsh winter</b> that had <b>killed</b> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">45 of the 102 of them. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">settlers</b>, by
now a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bedraggled bunch</b> were out and
about in their small <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">compound</b> on the
sheltered side of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hook-shaped cape</b>
that jutted into the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Atlantic Ocean</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>They called the place, somewhat grandly, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Plymouth</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">religious dissenters </b>and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sailors</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tradesmen</b> they <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">employed</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Today we call them the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pilgrims.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>They called themselves <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>That day they were paying particular attention to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">professional soldier</b> among them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Native
tribes</b> were moving in the vicinity and at least some seemed hostile.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The soldier, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Miles Standish</b>, was trying to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">organize</b>
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">militia force</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sometime that morning, March 16,
1621, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">native man</b> startled the
settlers by casually <b>strolling</b> from the <b>woods</b> into the clearing
of the village.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He wore only a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">loin cloth</b> and was very <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lightly armed</b> with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bow</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arrow</b> which he did not <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">display
threateningly</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The frightened,
agitated settlers accosted him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then he <b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">spoke</span></b>, astonishing them all.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He greeted them in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">broken</b>, but clearly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">understandable English</b>! “</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Welcome, Englishmen! My name is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Samoset</b>.”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He did not come from the <b>local tribes</b> but was </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">visiting</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> among them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was a <b>Sagamore—local chieftain </b>of
an <b>Algonquian</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">people from what is now <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Maine</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had met and learned
English from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fishermen </b>who plied
waters of <b>Monhegan Island </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">twelve
miles off the coast.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fishermen <b>traded</b>
with the natives on the island.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
took Samoset whether as a <b>slave</b>, <b>hostage</b>, or <b>visitor</b> with
them to <b>England </b>but allowed him to <b>return</b> to his people on the
next voyage to the rich <b>fishery</b>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Samoset was dwelling that season with the distantly related <b>Wampanoag</b>
led by the <b>Sachem</b>—the local language variant of Sagamore—<b>Massasoit</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His extended
presence among these people was indicative of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">web</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trade relations</b> that connected tribes
and clans over great distances.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii-pVzhgpegwSVzd_1VoSNs_HP59abPa5SQstx-7kFPpuHfbRFwrjRN9R_75Dyjj5CZkg8bNQO4IdisqsichmkwTijO3fXi9dG9x3g6S-ycKxSQqxq2s_xmECjIzuCR57Ni9QHra9FwiHzPKGmANuwxA-G-qBo7pvClkX72cvu4pk3ZvmdzF_Ou7wt5Ced/s426/Samoset--William%20Bradford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="358" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii-pVzhgpegwSVzd_1VoSNs_HP59abPa5SQstx-7kFPpuHfbRFwrjRN9R_75Dyjj5CZkg8bNQO4IdisqsichmkwTijO3fXi9dG9x3g6S-ycKxSQqxq2s_xmECjIzuCR57Ni9QHra9FwiHzPKGmANuwxA-G-qBo7pvClkX72cvu4pk3ZvmdzF_Ou7wt5Ced/w538-h640/Samoset--William%20Bradford.jpg" width="538" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">There is no known life portrait of William Bradford, Governor and
historian of Plymouth, the drawing is a commonly used imaginary portrait
based on scraps of physical descriptions in letters and journals.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1622, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">William Bradford</b> described the meeting:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Friday the 16th a fair warm day
towards; this morning we determined to conclude of the military orders, which
we had begun to consider of before but were interrupted by the savages, as we
mentioned formerly; and whilst we were busied hereabout, we were interrupted
again, for there presented himself a savage, which caused an alarum. He very
boldly came all alone and along the houses straight to the rendezvous, where we
intercepted him, not suffering him to go in, as undoubtedly he would, out of
his boldness. He saluted us in English, and bade us welcome, for he had learned
some broken English among the Englishmen that came to fish at Monchiggon, and
knew by name the most of the captains, nigers, and masters that usually came.
He was a man free in speech, so far as he could express his mind, and of a
seemly carriage. We questioned him of many things; he was the first savage we
could meet withal. He said he was not of these parts, but of Morattiggon, and
one of the sagamores or lords thereof, and had been eight months in these
parts, it lying hence a day's sail with a great wind, and five days by land. He
discoursed of the whole country, and of every province, and of their sagamores,
and their number of men, and strength. The wind being to rise a little, we cast
a horseman's coat about him, for he was stark naked, only a leather about his
waist, with a fringe about a span long, or little more; he had a bow and two
arrows, the one headed, and the other unheaded. He was a tall straight man, the
hair of his head black, long behind, only short before, none on his face at
all; he asked some beer, but we gave him strong water and biscuit, and butter,
and cheese, and pudding, and a piece of mallard, all which he liked well, and
had been acquainted with such amongst the English. He told us the place where
we now live is called Patuxet, and that about four years ago all the
inhabitants died of an extraordinary plague, and there is neither man, woman,
nor child remaining, as indeed we have found none, so as there is none to hinder
our possession, or to lay claim unto it. All the afternoon we spent in
communication with him; we would gladly have been rid of him at night, but he
was not willing to go this night. Then we thought to carry him on shipboard,
wherewith he was well content, and went into the shallop, but the wind was high
and the water scant, that it could not return back. We lodged him that night at
Stephen Hopkins’ house, and watched him. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The next day he went away back to the
Massasoits, from whence he said he came, who are our next bordering neighbors.
They are sixty strong, as he saith. The Nausets are as near southeast of them,
and are a hundred strong, and those were they of whom our people were
encountered, as before related. They are much incensed and provoked against the
English, and about eight months ago slew three Englishmen, and two more hardly
escaped by flight to Monchiggon; they were Sir Ferdinando Gorges his men, as
this savage told us, as he did likewise of the huggery, that is, fight, that
our discoverers had with the Nausets, and of our tools that were taken out of
the woods, which we willed him should be brought again, otherwise, we would
right ourselves. These people are ill affected towards the English, by reason
of one Hunt, a master of a ship, who deceived the people, and got them under
color of trucking with them, twenty out of this very place where we inhabit,
and seven men from Nauset, and carried them away, and sold them for slaves like
a wretched man (for twenty pound a man) that cares not what mischief he doth
for his profit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saturday, in the morning we dismissed
the savage, and gave him a knife, a bracelet, and a ring; he promised within a
night or two to come again, and to bring with him some of the Massasoits, our
neighbors, with such beavers' skins as they had to truck with us.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-qqsKUAYMw7DkwHDrqLIsbHGG0hiXMCr0HWCnLwx0hb4pdxlh2ThpeXr5bNm4ym27ejWCOsLw5SseinPjVOXKd2Qp4cCN2fbCR40GmBZHFjhaYv0yvc4V1aP_YQnmQMOFrh9TRk4xpbPU9GTqBD-S5OW1p3RXQ0og6ryYRxL-NqoBkWmcMJIKDhnpp0_u/s244/Samoset--Cigar%20Box.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="244" data-original-width="240" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-qqsKUAYMw7DkwHDrqLIsbHGG0hiXMCr0HWCnLwx0hb4pdxlh2ThpeXr5bNm4ym27ejWCOsLw5SseinPjVOXKd2Qp4cCN2fbCR40GmBZHFjhaYv0yvc4V1aP_YQnmQMOFrh9TRk4xpbPU9GTqBD-S5OW1p3RXQ0og6ryYRxL-NqoBkWmcMJIKDhnpp0_u/w630-h640/Samoset--Cigar%20Box.jpg" width="630" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Being immortalized on a cigar box was a marker of fame in 19th Century America. Accuracy was not guaranteed. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There you have it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although somewhat <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">peevishly annoyed</b> Samoset’s brief visit provided the settlers with
a world of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">intelligence</b> about the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disposition</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">numbers</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mood</b> of the
tribes in their immediate area, information that they may only have gained at<b>
</b>and<b> great cost</b> of <b>lives</b>, especially because it allowed them
to <b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">differentiate</span></b> between
“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">friendly</b>” and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hostile</b> natives.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even better, true to his word, a few
days later Samoset <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">returned</b> bringing
with him a delegation including <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Squanto</b>,
who spoke even better English.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Squanto,
a </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pawtuxet</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kidnapped</b> with others by a <b>lieutenant</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John Smith </b>and taken to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Spain</b> in 1614 to be sold as a slave. Instead,
he was given <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">refuge</b> by Spanish <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Friars</b> who instructed him in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Christianity </b>and allowed him to go to
England in search of <b>passage</b> back to his home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Squanto lived for some years in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">London</b> and learned excellent English
before securing passage in 1619.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEsJTWBFoeaXoIw60cA6YuguByVL51tkAbVy5uIxG6EZp0wYQdCkyh-Rj3Eh_FDnQFgArfXAExBfFS-1uFC3tfM5bbx-bqzkoLChn5a1_dTaBPBtyyIpX8VUJ6VlNuI0HfNpdTZ-3TPghzeMQ9RNOkylaLToweXr6blr-x4A8R2iOLT0_EL9GdLP6wX6vR/s1344/Samoset--Squanto-planting-maize.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1149" data-original-width="1344" height="548" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEsJTWBFoeaXoIw60cA6YuguByVL51tkAbVy5uIxG6EZp0wYQdCkyh-Rj3Eh_FDnQFgArfXAExBfFS-1uFC3tfM5bbx-bqzkoLChn5a1_dTaBPBtyyIpX8VUJ6VlNuI0HfNpdTZ-3TPghzeMQ9RNOkylaLToweXr6blr-x4A8R2iOLT0_EL9GdLP6wX6vR/w640-h548/Samoset--Squanto-planting-maize.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Squanto helped save the colonists from
starvation when he taught them native farming techniques like burying a
small fish with a corn seed as fertilizer and growing corn and squash
together.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Squanto
discovered that his village, which had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">occupied
</b>the very<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> site</b> of New Plymouth,
was virtually <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wiped out</b> by a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plague</b>, possibly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">small pox</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was now living
with his <b>kinsmen</b> in <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Massasoit’s
band.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite his <b>bitter experience</b>,
he was not totally hostile to the English, although <b>suspicious</b> of
them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps, having seen London, he
was </span>keenly <b>aware</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> of how <b>plentiful</b>
they were and how <b>resistance </b>to them might be <b>futile</b>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At any rate Squanto and Samoset helped open up </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">talks</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, mostly centered on </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">trading</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> for <b>furs</b>, with the
settlers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When he could ascertain that
the talks were friendly, Massasoit himself finally entered the village.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two sides concluded a <b>treaty </b></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">of<b> peace</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and trade and <b>pledged</b> a <b>military alliance </b>against tribes
hostile to one or both.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Samoset soon returned to his people in Maine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1624 </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Captain
Christopher Levett</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Yorkshire </b>fisherman entertained Samoset and members of his band on
his boat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After that the man who made
first contact with the strangers on the shore, faded into the <b>mists</b> of
history.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Squanto, out of <b>attachment</b> to
the place of his former village and at the behest of Massasoit, who did not
fully trust the English, remained at the village and lived there, famously
imparting his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">life saving advice </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">farming techniques</b> suitable for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stony soil</b> and sharing secret <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fishing spots</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oyster shoals</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also
served as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">guide</b> and an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">envoy </b>to surrounding tribes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The next year he was taken captive
by a </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wampanoag band under the Sachem </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Corbitant</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and had to be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rescued</b> by an armed party led by Captain Standish.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1622 he <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">fell</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ill</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fever</b> while on a mission from the
settlers and died in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nauset</b>
village near present-day <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chatham</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>In his dying words, he wished his English
friends well, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bequeathed</b> them his
few <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">possessions</b>, and expressed hope
that their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">God</b> would have <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mercy</b> on them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>William Bradford reported, “His death was a
great loss.”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSHJ9WDkWhPRtZG4A-p5Fsm2PMdZD78zjCFGkuARMm6o5rns3cvkM_98YhzaC9P2w92-9vpqzxNXCHhDsLANCEmQ28gMaPIAfkUyJkHfqidWssqv3uvfcTVPzlRvQaN-kXNW90YURjNrugfVhHglycR9Z7PsnX33uPsUOj2T5-TyvO3Cs2CrQjD9xq2bZJ/s1600/Samoset--King%20Philip's%20War.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1238" data-original-width="1600" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSHJ9WDkWhPRtZG4A-p5Fsm2PMdZD78zjCFGkuARMm6o5rns3cvkM_98YhzaC9P2w92-9vpqzxNXCHhDsLANCEmQ28gMaPIAfkUyJkHfqidWssqv3uvfcTVPzlRvQaN-kXNW90YURjNrugfVhHglycR9Z7PsnX33uPsUOj2T5-TyvO3Cs2CrQjD9xq2bZJ/w640-h496/Samoset--King%20Philip's%20War.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">In the early stages of King Philip's
War, native warriors wiped out isolated farmsteads and burned villages
sending the settlers reeling back on Plymouth and Boston. But when the
colonists regrouped and went on the offensive they wrought terrible
destruction and punishment not distinguishing between hostile tribes,
allies, and neutrals.</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The peace that
the two English speaking natives helped secure lasted for 50 years until the
bloody <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">King Philip</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
War </b>in 1675 when </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Massasoit’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">son rose up</b> against the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">repeated
land grabs </b>of the burgeoning settler colonies of Plymouth and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Massachusetts Bay</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Losses </b>were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heavy</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">atrocities</b> were
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">committed</b> by all sides, but
ultimately the friendly tribe that had saved the people we call the Pilgrims
was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">virtually </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wiped out</b>.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-7101272331055445392024-03-15T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-15T02:00:00.344-05:00Three Spring Break Stories—Murfin Memoirs <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHnXRhL9UIpFsNumZJQ94dcya8DZLc0jZiaDcVdUUsWyOI-GvEGppPGFAEbpfXHHyysI3eadWNQmLjPN1GZB6wHrlprTvxvqt2NaVEtay1Y4920cuwDaIDXFlv4FwVm5NNUXFMVngQfP9tKzS8TNPnO0AcqnnwvQooFwB2274vqaxxlTFxAdPFN7n4gLNx/s400/Spring%20Break--Frolickers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="400" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHnXRhL9UIpFsNumZJQ94dcya8DZLc0jZiaDcVdUUsWyOI-GvEGppPGFAEbpfXHHyysI3eadWNQmLjPN1GZB6wHrlprTvxvqt2NaVEtay1Y4920cuwDaIDXFlv4FwVm5NNUXFMVngQfP9tKzS8TNPnO0AcqnnwvQooFwB2274vqaxxlTFxAdPFN7n4gLNx/w640-h426/Spring%20Break--Frolickers.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">I never had a spring break like this. I also never looked very good in
swim trunks and I am sure I could never have gotten this far off the
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Note</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">—A version of this his appeared on the Blog seven years ago. </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
was truly the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">winter of our discontent</b>
no <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">matter the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> weather </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in these parts</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The very <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eerie mildness </b>of the winter in these
was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">offset</b> by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pasting </b>other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">parts </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> country</b> faced—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">torrential downpours</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">floods</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unseasonable tornado outbreaks</b>, and
of course the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">blizzards </b>we didn’t
get.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And while <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">weather is not</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> climate </b>all
were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reminded </b>that our <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">species </b>if not our <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">globe </b>might be on an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">irreversible
death spiral</b> and we just got a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">government
</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dedicated to making it</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> worse </b>for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">immediate profit </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> few</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>And that is just <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">one item </b>on
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">laundry list </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">depredations</b> by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">freebooters </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">felons </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cheeto in
Charge</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s racist kleptocracy</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Thus
the long season of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">despair </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rage</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Now
on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ides of March </b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vernal Equinox</b> will <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">arrive come hell or high water</span> in just
five days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Spring
will come and I am smacked with first rate <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spring
fever</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Public schools </b>will begin <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spring
break </b>in another week or so and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">college
campuses </b>will witness their annual <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stampedes
</b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sunny skies</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sandy beaches</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tropical seas</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bacchanalian excess</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But I am ready for a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spring break</b>
now.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">It’s
been years since I had an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">honest-to-god</b>
spring break.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not that I ever went
anywhere <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exotic </b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">palm trees</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sand</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">girls </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
bikinis</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">beer</b> by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">semi tanker</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When I was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kid</b> at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">home</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">family</b> never went anywhere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spring break just meant <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sleeping </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">till</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> noon</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reading</b> a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stack </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
interesting</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">books</b> I checked out
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">library</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGjaRndfZz4K5ja75xdWKx_R9oqyRzEexxgr7IfbshnnXnd5VfcNyGzIIBl1LDK1FR-c5Q6eVUPhAi2PFMPxweXs9v7957_mGgi-cQlO89HNj_Js_8XZDOcRGQMC6Wn3mVEfOsJE6gukT7RBhVs80Sat3RlzBy-aB1bjvaA_4pIq4oI5nv1kqNs1YPBCQx/s400/Spring%20Break--Mississippi%20Palisades%20snow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="400" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGjaRndfZz4K5ja75xdWKx_R9oqyRzEexxgr7IfbshnnXnd5VfcNyGzIIBl1LDK1FR-c5Q6eVUPhAi2PFMPxweXs9v7957_mGgi-cQlO89HNj_Js_8XZDOcRGQMC6Wn3mVEfOsJE6gukT7RBhVs80Sat3RlzBy-aB1bjvaA_4pIq4oI5nv1kqNs1YPBCQx/w640-h426/Spring%20Break--Mississippi%20Palisades%20snow.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">My friend Paul and I were not as prepared for a slushy spring snow at
Mississippi Palisades State Park as these two intrepid snowshoers.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">On
my only spring break when I was at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Shimer
College</b>, my pal <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Paul Jordon</b> and
I decided to go <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">camping</b> at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mississippi Palisades State Park </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Savanah</b>, just 10 miles <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">down the road</span> from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mt. Carroll</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The plan was to throw on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">back packs</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hike</b>
there from school.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paul had a nice light
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Euro-style</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tear-drop pack</b> on a comfortable <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frame—</b>the kind American kids took on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tramps across Europe </b>on less than <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">five Dollars </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> day</b>. I had my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dad</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">World
War II knap sack </b>stuffed with his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mummy
bag</b>, a couple of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">flannel shirts</b>,
a spare set of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">jeans</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">socks</b> and four or five <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">paperback books</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I wore Dad’s old <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Army web belt</b> with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">GI
canteen </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mess kit attached.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paul carried a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">little two-man</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pup tent</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had real <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hiking boots</b>, an old <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Army
Jacket</b>, and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">knit cap</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I wore a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">totally
unsuitable pair</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dingo boots</b>,
an old <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wool</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">car coat</b>, and my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">battered
white</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Open Road Stetson</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Despite
our <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">best intentions</b>, less than a
mile down the road from Shimer, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">car
pulled over</b> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">offered us a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ride</b> to the park.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">We
took it</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We were let off along <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rt</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> 84 </b>at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">entrance</b> to the Park and made the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">long curving hike</b> up the road to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">top of the</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bluffs</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">raw March day</b>, and the Park was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">virtually deserted</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Any early <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fishermen </b>were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">far below</b>
on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">river</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">staked</b>
out a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">campsite</b> and put up the little
tent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then we looked at each other, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">wondering what to do next</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As I
recall we had some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trouble </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">getting a</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fire</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">started</b> from the
mostly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wet</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dead</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">underbrush</b> we <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gleaned</b> from the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">woods</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I tried to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heat</b> some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">canned beans</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cup </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the canteen</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paul had some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pemmican</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then we came to the
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">realization</b> that we had no <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">beer </b>and that it was a long trek back
down the road and to the highway and then another piece to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">store</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">discouraging</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We did have a little <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hash</b>, however.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
next thing we noticed was that it got <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dark</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Very dark.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pitch black</b> under a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">thick shelf </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> clouds</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">blocking</b> whatever <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">moon </b>there might have been.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Then it started to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rain</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dawn</b>
that turned in to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slushy snow</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The pup tent turned out to provide <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">little shelter</b> and we had set it up
with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">high ground above us</b> which <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sent a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> little river </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">right through
it</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By morning we were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cold and miserable</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">packed
up our</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> gear</b> and headed back
to school.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">failures </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">as</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> adventurers</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We spent the rest of spring break on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nearly deserted campus</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">smoking</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dope </b>and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">trying to get</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> warm</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirJMPuGlrEFF_V3Z9sx3CQhb0FIlnbZZMaauYzAXFpcUW5z6Y_rID0nhYUNdFNz1jLEz9Tqnr-Xouiau3uK8Bo98HV3KFaTPU93MKDhWBnYur-lPuaEEE3kD8S5IAyF882jK6WntTXV2tSWXWEIcUwOgPlyLnSGLsbt1XRAI0cfNFgaldSrBAC3V5E-W8L/s400/Spring%20Break--Cabrini%20Green%20riots.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="400" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirJMPuGlrEFF_V3Z9sx3CQhb0FIlnbZZMaauYzAXFpcUW5z6Y_rID0nhYUNdFNz1jLEz9Tqnr-Xouiau3uK8Bo98HV3KFaTPU93MKDhWBnYur-lPuaEEE3kD8S5IAyF882jK6WntTXV2tSWXWEIcUwOgPlyLnSGLsbt1XRAI0cfNFgaldSrBAC3V5E-W8L/w640-h316/Spring%20Break--Cabrini%20Green%20riots.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "times new roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
Chicago Police were busy with rioting at Cabrini Green just two blocks
from my spring break party in 1969, Ooops! Forgot it was the first
anniversary of Martin Luther King's murder..</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">My <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">big plan</b> for spring break when I moved
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chicago </b>the next year and
enrolled at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Columbia College </b>was to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">throw a</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">big party</b> and invite my Shimer friends, kids from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Niles West</b> back in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Skokie </b>home from their own schools, and any <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">new folks </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I had met</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
was living in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">garden apartment—</b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">glorified</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">basement—</b>in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">run down</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">three flat </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Howe Street</b> just <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">west</b> of
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Old Town </b>and about a block south
of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Armitage</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>That also placed it about two blocks
north of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cabrini Green</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>It was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tough neighborhood</b> back in 1969 long before <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gentrification</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Working class</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">white families</b>, many of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Appalachian
</b>were squeezed in the few blocks between the better off older <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">German</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Italian</b> families and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">new
crop</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">artists </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bohemians </b>of Old Town, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Blacks </b>of Cabrini, and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Puerto Ricans</b> to the west and
north.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">teens </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> young men</b> were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">organized in old-style small</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">street gangs</b>—the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lill Street Boys, Howe Street Boys</b>, etc. and were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fighting </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">all </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">encroachers</b>—and
that included a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hippy looking dude </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">like me</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And worse, I had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mike,</b> a young <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black street
hustler</b> who I found through an <b>ad </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Seed</i></b> as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">roommate</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then I let 54 year old <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">José</b> move in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We met at an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">air conditioning factory</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Skokie </b>where I worked the summer before
and for the several weeks over the winter between my last semester at Shimer
and starting Columbia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">adult son</b> had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shot</b> while standing in line at a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kentucky Fried Chicken</b> and took a long time to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">die</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>José <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spent every dime</b> he had on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">medical bills</b> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">funeral </b>and in the process <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lost his</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> apartment</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nowhere to go</b>, so I let him <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bunk</b> in what had been the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">coal bin </b>off of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kitchen</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To the Howe Street Boys, that meant that I <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">had their</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hated enemies </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">under one
roof.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">I,
of course, was too <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">naïve</b> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> stupid </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to realize it</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even after the place was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">burglarized </b>three times.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
went on with plans for my big spring break party just the same.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In my eagerness, I had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">forgotten </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">significant upcoming</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anniversary</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Friday, April 4, 1969 was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">one year anniversary </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">assassination </b>of <b>Rev.</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Martin Luther King</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Jr</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chicago decided to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">commemorate </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> event</b> with a fresh round <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">of</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">riots</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cabrini Green, just blocks away was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">major battle ground</b> with some <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">taking </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pot shots</b> at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cops </b>from
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">high rise windows</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
dusk fell, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">not-so-distant</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gunfire rattled</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">smoke</b> could be seen to the south, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">squad cars </b>were in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">neighborhood</b>
with their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">windows taped</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>This
did not <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">discourage </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span> or, evidently, the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">large numbers of folks willing to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> travel </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in and to the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> city</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lure</b>
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Delaney Daggers</b>—a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lethal concoction</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">180 proof grain alcohol </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">orange juice</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">whipped up</b> in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">twenty
gallon garbage can</b>—a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">half keg </b>of
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Meister Bräu</b>, plenty of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reefer </b>with a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">good</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> chance </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">for a variety</span> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">psychedelics</b> was too much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Not only were the invitees coming, so were those who <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sniffed out </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the party in the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ozone</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As a
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">parade of folks tromped in</b>, the Howe
Street Boys <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">began to gather</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They felt that they had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">not been invited </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to partake
of the weed and hippie </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">chicks</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In point of fact, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">had they come to the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">door</b>,
I would have <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">let ‘em in</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What the hell.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The more the merrier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, alas, they <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">did not realize this,</span> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">resentment
built</b>, as did the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">electric energy </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of a city</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> gone mad</b> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sure
knowledge</b> that, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">whatever they did
that night</span>, the cops had other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">priorities</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
boys began <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hooting </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> cat calling guests</b> as they arrived.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They looked <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">menacing</b>, but nothing had happened.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Inside, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">partying hard</b>, I was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">not even aware of it</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then, around 9 pm one of my Shimer friends
arrived and decided it was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">good idea</b>
to hoot and cat call back.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bad idea</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">flat on his</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> back in no time</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">girl
</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ran in</span> and finally <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">got my attention</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">emerged</b>
and saw <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">four or five of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> guys</b> standing over my friend, some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">aiming kicks at him</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pushed
my way through them</b> muttering something intelligent like “<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">what the hell is going on here!</span>”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">knelt</b>
beside my friend who had now <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">rolled
himself into a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ball </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">like a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hedgehog</b> and was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bleeding </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a bit</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">That’s
when I got <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a kick to the head</b>,
sending my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">glasses flying</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stood
up</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Got knocked back down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stood
up</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> rinse, repeat</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suddenly a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">young woman who I never saw before</span> in
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">decades old</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mink coat</b> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">charged up the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> stairs swearing </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">like a </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sailor</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">literally threw herself </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">over the two of us</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">astonished
gang bangers pulled back</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She helped
me get to my feet, a bit unsteadily.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
could see a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">knot </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of guys from the party</span> now <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ready to </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">charge </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">into the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> melee</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Which, I knew, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">could only make
things worse</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Get the fuck back inside</span>!”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Frankly they <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">looked</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> relieved </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">at the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> suggestion</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The girl and I
gathered my more battered <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">chum</b> and
together dragged him into the apartment.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">We
were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">under</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">siege</b> for most of the rest of the night.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">having
nothing better to do</span>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">party
rolled</b> on inside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was just that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">no one could leave</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dawn</b>
there were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bodies </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sprawled all over the place</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A couple of us went outside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Cabrini gunfire had stopped.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Howe Street Boys had <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">gotten bored and gone home</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We decided to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">drop some</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">acid</b> and walk
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">North Avenue Beach</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
you can see, I was not getting <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Where the Boys Are </i></b>college spring break
experience.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">After
college, of course, there was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">work</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lots
of different</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> jobs</b> in those
early years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not a spring break to be
had.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha0uGFjhxKTzUjEyv53JslwwxZZjIyyuOa23CZDxZZo2knRalO6u3-83_7N-ezSnWTeLB7iXLIx0TjHqqkbfewEIlYbAz1r8SVY5cJa98ulE7El2yBtFltHUyr5DnZ9NSGuhNy52fa6K2CHSxgqtH2lHg3h70oZKZfhJ5pS2bDUBAJzG5DYhD4Xp6yJRtc/s400/Spring%20Break--Buffing%20Hall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="184" data-original-width="400" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha0uGFjhxKTzUjEyv53JslwwxZZjIyyuOa23CZDxZZo2knRalO6u3-83_7N-ezSnWTeLB7iXLIx0TjHqqkbfewEIlYbAz1r8SVY5cJa98ulE7El2yBtFltHUyr5DnZ9NSGuhNy52fa6K2CHSxgqtH2lHg3h70oZKZfhJ5pS2bDUBAJzG5DYhD4Xp6yJRtc/w640-h294/Spring%20Break--Buffing%20Hall.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">As an elementary school custodian I broke out the heavy equipment for a
major cleaning over spring breaks while students and teachers frolicked
some place.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fast
forward a couple of decades and I was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">married
man </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">with</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> children</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Crystal Lake </b>and
working as an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elementary school
custodian</b> in nearby <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cary</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Aha! You say.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You must have had spring break then!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Actually, not so you would notice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spring break, like <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Christmas break</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">institute
days</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> state mandated holidays</b> which were not in our <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">contractual holidays</b>—think <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lincoln</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
Birthday</b> or for a while in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Illinois</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pulaski
Day</b>—and the long <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Summer Break</b>—were
all <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">work days</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
fact, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">custodial crew</b> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">busted serious</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ass</b> on days like that.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That
was when he did the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heavy work</b> that
could not be done while <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">school was in</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> session</b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stripping </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> waxing hard floors</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cleaning carpets</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">class
rooms</b> that meant <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">moving </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">all of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> furniture</b> three times—to one side of the rooms, do the floor, to
the other side of the room, do the other half, restore the room to its original
condition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kindergarten</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first grade
rooms</b>, where the carpets were stained by spilled <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">juice boxes</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tempera paint</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">magic markers</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pee </b>required that the rugs be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scrubbed </b>with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heavy</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rotary shampooer</b>
and then <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hot-water</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">extracted</b> sometimes twice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The same was true of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">long hallways </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">crusted with
a winter’s worth</span> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mud</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">salt</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>In the spring we only had <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">five days to finish</span> the whole
school.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And sometimes we were
interrupted by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spring blizzards</b> that
required <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shoveling</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">snow blowing</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By
the time that the kids came back the custodians were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">broken </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> exhausted</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
the years since the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">school district</b>
saw fit to “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">invite</b>” me to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">retire early</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I of course did not retire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even that first Spring years ago when I <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">didn’t have a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> full time job</b>, I <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">picked up
more nights</span> at what had been my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">second
job</b> at a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gas station</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When I got my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">day job</b>, I was as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">contract
employee</b>, an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">independent
entrepreneur</b> my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">boss assured</b> me,
which meant I got <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">no paid holidays</b>,
breaks, or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vacation</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If I was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">not on the job, I was not</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
paid</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And we <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">could never afford for me</b> not to get paid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, I have worked through every spring break until
I officially retired.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And even then I
kept working my <b>week-end overnight </b>second job at the <b>Circle K </b>near
my house.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That lasted until my <b>gall
bladder</b> tried to kill me in 2017.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">And
as I have pointed out, this year I really need one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">keep
the partying</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">babes now</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But those old grade school breaks sure sound
appealing—sleeping till noon and reading good books.</span></p>
Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-10681142270509690592024-03-14T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-14T02:00:00.245-05:00A Classic Myth, George Bernard Shaw, plus Lerner & Loewe Make Musical Magic<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV7A5i66st_phYVULQ2KiR9PQsS7RZn1Cpq_pUFFROp1PnwkwCmu3GmYBwsR9MLYnGFz3J1e8pcJGBsxtSDGcTpeCxP9QbKFdmmEyjEYot2oO8raby9e5kJjj4pl7sQqrDThtgqboyeRphnZ5M-ketzhf0Mcpw5_-Uaj7oPQ7tIx07q2aU-_3yf97t68pr/s401/My%20Fair%20Lady%20Theatrical%20Poster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="248" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV7A5i66st_phYVULQ2KiR9PQsS7RZn1Cpq_pUFFROp1PnwkwCmu3GmYBwsR9MLYnGFz3J1e8pcJGBsxtSDGcTpeCxP9QbKFdmmEyjEYot2oO8raby9e5kJjj4pl7sQqrDThtgqboyeRphnZ5M-ketzhf0Mcpw5_-Uaj7oPQ7tIx07q2aU-_3yf97t68pr/w396-h640/My%20Fair%20Lady%20Theatrical%20Poster.jpg" width="396" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Poster for the original production of <i><b>My Fair Lady</b></i> on Broadway evoked the dead original playwright.</span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was called “the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">perfect musical</b>.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From that first night on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Broadway stage</b>, March 15, 1956, at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mark Hellinger Theatre</b> audiences leapt
to their feet<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> cheering</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">critics </b>wore out the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Thesaurus </b>in search of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">superlatives</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trophies</b> could not be <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">made</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>fast enough.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">My Fair Lady</i></b> had to be moved twice
to larger theaters and set a <b>record</b> of 2,717 <b>performances</b> in its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first production</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The world, it seemed was singing its<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> songs</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">path</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">theatrical glory</b>
was long.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Very long.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It began with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lost legend</b> on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cyprus </b>about
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Phoenician king </b>named <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pumayyaton</b> who the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Greeks </b>called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pygmalion</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Centuries later the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Roman poet Ovid</b> cast Pygmalion as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sculptor </b>who creates a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
perfect statue </b>of a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> woman</b> out of
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ivory</b> who he named <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Galatea</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After <b>sacrificing</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Aphrodite, Goddess of Beauty </b>on her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">feast day</b>, he returns home where he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kisses </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> perfect idol</b> he has
created only to learn that her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lips </b>were
sweet<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> breasts </b>yielding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
goddess had granted his wish to turn the statue into a woman.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7qGemmGULU7mRu69_ooOQSPwRBZOLe4mt2uBiUN6KaFZSODqFj_0TXoamViEN6pse_-VnQRxaYU7TLbPpa0se00DPyNonxkTmjsM6DQ8Zw0CzD790n8xB9xoE8QgKkTC6PMBZFot-FtlyPEt0RWcCq57X0l79pzjcvrI3uQQHlHLHZbCb65rfijxZ2sIY/s450/My%20Fair%20Lady--Pygmalion%20and%20Galatea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="351" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7qGemmGULU7mRu69_ooOQSPwRBZOLe4mt2uBiUN6KaFZSODqFj_0TXoamViEN6pse_-VnQRxaYU7TLbPpa0se00DPyNonxkTmjsM6DQ8Zw0CzD790n8xB9xoE8QgKkTC6PMBZFot-FtlyPEt0RWcCq57X0l79pzjcvrI3uQQHlHLHZbCb65rfijxZ2sIY/w500-h640/My%20Fair%20Lady--Pygmalion%20and%20Galatea.jpg" width="500" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Jean-Leon Gerome's <b><i>Pygmalion and Galatea</i></b> painted in 1890 is just one of
many popular art renderings of Ovid's version of the myth.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The story of the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> artist </b>and his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> art sprung
</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> life</b> resonated, especially during and after the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Renaissance </b>was told and re-told many times and was depicted in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">painting </b>and sculpture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was the subject of many<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> poems</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Victorian England</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">William S</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Gilbert</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
blank verse</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pygmalion and Galatea, an Original Mythological Comedy</i></b> was
produced in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">London </b>in 1871 and was
so <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">popular</b> that it was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">revived</b> three times in five years and
other companies rushed their own versions of the tale to the stage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A young<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Irishman</b> struggling to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">make his</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> mark</b> as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">critic </b>took notice.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Forty years later at the height of
his powers <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">George Bernard Shaw </b>recast
the themes of a woman <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">metamophisized </b>by
her creator into one of his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">didactic
lessons</b> on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social class</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He also wanted to propound his own <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pet
theory</b> that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">standardized
pronunciation</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">English </b>could
help <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">liberate </b>the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> poor</b>, who were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stigmatized </b>by their crude<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
accents</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Written in<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> 1912</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>in his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pygmalion</i></b>
the creator is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Henry Higgins</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> tyrannical, misanthropic professor</b>
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">linguistics </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">phonetics</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">object </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
transformation </b>is a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cockney </b>flower
girl named <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eliza Doolittle</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPTLgAWnr48c0NZY0dE9Ubn2nobWqXSB4-qGrcyA22ImyfiCA3rjsltZCtw4moRuyIZAovQWoFhEt9rhW2aif_6u_9jhMtVluYFyWEL8TJXP0GhMNknypeCCLuInd8kZlOpyVQnT05XBqCZ8nR56CKb43iQMPwaZUJra4mA5R8y3xYrr1cRbIaLVT-Z0Go/s500/My%20Fair%20Lady--GeorgeBernardShaw%20cirac%201912.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="358" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPTLgAWnr48c0NZY0dE9Ubn2nobWqXSB4-qGrcyA22ImyfiCA3rjsltZCtw4moRuyIZAovQWoFhEt9rhW2aif_6u_9jhMtVluYFyWEL8TJXP0GhMNknypeCCLuInd8kZlOpyVQnT05XBqCZ8nR56CKb43iQMPwaZUJra4mA5R8y3xYrr1cRbIaLVT-Z0Go/w458-h640/My%20Fair%20Lady--GeorgeBernardShaw%20cirac%201912.jpg" width="458" /></a></b></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">George Bernard Shaw, the witty and didactic Irish born playwrite and Fabian Socialist about the time of his 1912 triumph, <i><b>Pygmalion.</b></i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></b></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shaw needed <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">another </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">character</b> to whom
Higgins could <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">expound </b>his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> theories</b> and to whom Eliza could turn
for<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> comfort</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He found the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">perfect model</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dr</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Watson</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sherlock Holmes</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
sidekick </b>whose <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">main function</b> was
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">listen </b>to the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> flights of brilliance</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">detective</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the play the character is transformed into
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Col</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Pickering</b>, like
Watson a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">veteran </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Indian Army</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pygmalion</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> opened in London in 1914 with the object of Shaw’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unrequited love</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mrs</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Patrick Campbell </b>as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eliza</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It was by far the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">most</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> popular play</b> Shaw had brought to the stage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">audiences
</b>were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dissatisfied </b>with the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ending</b> in which the now <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">completely emancipated</b> Eliza <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">abandons </b>the professor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During the run of the play the producers
substituted a final scene in which Higgins <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">appears
</b>at a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> window</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">throws flowers</b> at departing Eliza, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hinting </b>that such a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gesture </b>would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">woo </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">her back</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shaw was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">furious</b>
and added a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">postscript essay</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">What
Happened Afterwards</i></b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">published
editions</b> of the play to explain why that was<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> impossible</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He continued to
fight attempts to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">soften the ending</span> through revivals and
other productions of the play.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1937 Shaw <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">licensed </b>his plays to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hungarian</b>
producer <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gabriel Pascal</b> for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cinema</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He reluctantly<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> agreed</b> to
allow <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pygmalion </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">to</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
</i>be the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first film</b> on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">condition</b> that he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">retain </b>full <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">artistic control</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shaw <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">collaborated</b>
on the screenplay and wrote whole<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> new
scenes</b>, including the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ballroom</b>
scene where Eliza is put to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">test </b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> passing </b>as<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lady</b>. Knowing Pascal wanted a happier
ending Shaw offered to write a new final scene showing Eliza and her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">callow suitor</b> now husband <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Freddy Eynsford-Hill</b> tending their<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> flower shop</b> catering to
gentlefolk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead, without Shaw’s
knowledge, Pascal <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inserted</b> a short
scene following Eliza’s departure in which she <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">returns </b>with her bags and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">self-satisfied</b>
Higgins leans back, cocks his hat over his face and demands, “Eliza, where the
devil are my slippers?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shaw was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">outraged</b>, but the scene <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stayed</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgco5AOYkUFuHisW9JxwJ50HaCk6OWk5zYLQUFO_eE6NhKHR53gcmPcXtPEjxUVWhxai9g5zXFGF2V-t-bSROvW1GJiREufMAsKL6D1_UZAkpG3cpA4-MvId6OjkjetsQOeb5MpH-fb4WRhSRDmYWgEo44NTn2M2jvixK0Ie2oHfr9217dy0-MxrpMZeQMx/s500/My%20Fair%20Lady--pygmalion%20movie%201938.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="500" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgco5AOYkUFuHisW9JxwJ50HaCk6OWk5zYLQUFO_eE6NhKHR53gcmPcXtPEjxUVWhxai9g5zXFGF2V-t-bSROvW1GJiREufMAsKL6D1_UZAkpG3cpA4-MvId6OjkjetsQOeb5MpH-fb4WRhSRDmYWgEo44NTn2M2jvixK0Ie2oHfr9217dy0-MxrpMZeQMx/w640-h468/My%20Fair%20Lady--pygmalion%20movie%201938.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Leslie Howard as Professor Henry Higgins and Wendy Hiller as Eliza Doolittle in the 1938 film version of <i><b>Pygmalion.</b></i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 1938 film starred <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Leslie Howard </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Wendy Hiller</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">huge hit </b>on both sides of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Atlantic</b> and even won Shaw an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Oscar </b>for his contributions to the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> screenplay</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part of Shaw’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">agreement</b> with Pascal was that none of the plays could be made into
a musical.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had earlier been greatly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disappointed</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Chocolate Soldier</i></b>, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Viennese operetta</b> based on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arms
and the Man</i></b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite numerous<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> pleas</b> over the years, Pascal could not
get Shaw to yield.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But when the old man <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">died </b>in 1950 at the age of 94, the
producer approached <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alan J</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Lerner</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lyricist</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">librettist </b>who had created <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brigadoon
</i></b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Frederick Loewe</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Love
Life</i> </b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kurt Weill<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></b>Lerner
worked on the project<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> intermittently</b>
for two years before <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">abandoning </b>it.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Other tried their hands at it—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arthur Schwartz</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Howard Dietz</b> and then <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Richard Rodgers</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Oscar Hammerstein II</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reigning kings</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American musical comedy</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rogers told Learner that it was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">impossible</b>
because “it has <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">no sub-plot</b>.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The other problem was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">talky </b>nature of the play<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and the lack of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">big scenes </b>for an<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ensemble</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHqEA9E96IHdG4qHpCmW2fKVnTLE0zogDSRPQBp13xwBD1Olm_wQ7Ocsmg6swbR3-eeuyQygHkbyaoOecTLGSjR0a5x1zzyUpsPQC24RBHmODt7JgVbQ8Z2bOEAhnpdkK4GJjtrO0st8P8jMl5EQLechNIQ-ZaqiwN-m3zqBE7kOxm3LaqwRYaUhdp6HTy/s480/My%20Fair%20Lady--Lerner%20and%20Lowe%20(2).jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="480" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHqEA9E96IHdG4qHpCmW2fKVnTLE0zogDSRPQBp13xwBD1Olm_wQ7Ocsmg6swbR3-eeuyQygHkbyaoOecTLGSjR0a5x1zzyUpsPQC24RBHmODt7JgVbQ8Z2bOEAhnpdkK4GJjtrO0st8P8jMl5EQLechNIQ-ZaqiwN-m3zqBE7kOxm3LaqwRYaUhdp6HTy/w640-h384/My%20Fair%20Lady--Lerner%20and%20Lowe%20(2).jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Frederick Loewe (left) and Alan Jay Lerner had to repair a fractured partnership to work on a musical version of <i><b>Pygmalion </b></i>with out even knowing if they could secure the rights.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lerner had become <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">estranged</b> from Lowe, his original
partner on the project.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But when he
chanced on Pascal’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">obituary </b>in the
newspapers, he decided to give the project a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">second chance</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reuniting
with Lowe, Lerner realized that the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">key </b>to
the production<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>was<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">opening it up</span> from the stage play, as Shaw himself had done with
the addition of the ballroom scene in the film version.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lerner added other “action that takes place
between the acts of the play” as Shaw had written them, notably the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Covent Garden </b>scene after Higgins
departs in which Eliza sing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wouldn</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">t it be Loverly</b></i>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alfred
P</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Doolittle</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>rollicking
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">m Getting Married in the Morning</b></i>
number, and the extended <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ascot racetrack
</b>scene.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In between he <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">preserved</b> most of Shaw’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">witty dialog</b> and even the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social messages</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He did, however, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">retain </b>the ending of the film, not Shaw’s beloved <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">declaration </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">independence</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Learner and Lowe <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">went ahead</span> with their work <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">not knowing </b>if they could get the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> rights </b>from Pascal’s<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> estate</b> which was being <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">managed</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">flinty business no-nonsense</b> by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chase
Manhattan Bank</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">other </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bidders</b>, most notably <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">MGM</b>
which tried <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">threats </b>to muscle
Learner aside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He bet that <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">when the time came
</span>the fact that he and Lowe had a completed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">libretto </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> score</b> would
tilt the bank in their direction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It did
and they won the right to mount the musical on the stage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MGM would later have to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spend </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a ton of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> money</b> to buy Learner and Lowe’s show
from them for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">big screen</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After securing the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">services</b> of one of Broadways most successful
directors, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Moss Hart</b>, attention
turned to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">casting</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Everyone’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first choice</b> for Higgins was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Noel
Coward</b> but he turned down the part.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He did suggest that they try <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rex
Harrison</b> who had starred in other<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
film adaptations </b>of Shaw’s work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Harrison was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">huge star</b> in
Brittan once dubbed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sexy Rexy</b> for
his appearances as a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> leading man</b> in
the ‘30’s and ‘40’s but he was less well known in the U.S.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Harrison was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">interested</b> but both he and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">creative
team</b> were concerned with <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">one little</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> problem</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Harrison <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">could not</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> sing</b>, or
rather he had a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">very narrow vocal range</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After some tinkering by Lowe and handing the
most<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> soaring melodies </b>off to other
characters, it was agreed that Harrison could <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sing/speak his numbers</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlbOr78-VuHVbnF820JkXhJfzOIp70xaH1_TyEVDJpw6KqazNc1UTdSe7gicDa5R1XfLOOnoV-TVDeOzJBXu892IsMp36-kyledS9sRPTR1NDnaXpWVp08KAybu7kgcrkG2o1dUDA4B5TiwkLj2jhoxccb0THqTvNR81FEus_3MOTiOHOTE6QfoWxFL-hC/s396/My%20Fair%20Lady--julie%20andrews.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="396" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlbOr78-VuHVbnF820JkXhJfzOIp70xaH1_TyEVDJpw6KqazNc1UTdSe7gicDa5R1XfLOOnoV-TVDeOzJBXu892IsMp36-kyledS9sRPTR1NDnaXpWVp08KAybu7kgcrkG2o1dUDA4B5TiwkLj2jhoxccb0THqTvNR81FEus_3MOTiOHOTE6QfoWxFL-hC/w640-h514/My%20Fair%20Lady--julie%20andrews.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Julie Andrews, a young British singer/actress was a sensation as Eliza Doolittle in the Broadway Production of <i><b>My Fair Lady.</b></i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Casting Eliza was more <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">difficult</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The part was first offered to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Texas-born</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mary Martin</b> who wisely<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
concluded</b> that she was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unsuited </b>to
play a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Cockney</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gertrude
Lawrence</b> who Learner had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">envisioned </b>for
the role when he first started work on the project in 1950 had <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">inconveniently</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> died </b>in 1952 and was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unavailable</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They finally settled on a young<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> English singer/actress</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Julie Andrews</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Legend
</b>would have it that she was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plucked </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">from</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> obscurity</b> for the part, but she already had one Broadway hit under
her belt, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Boyfriend</i></b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The cast was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rounded out</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">veteran
character actor</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">music hall </b>performer
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stanly Holloway</b> as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">philosophic</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dustman </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Alfred P. Doolittle</span>;
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Robert Coote </b>as Col. Pickering; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John Michael King</b> as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eynsford-Hill</b> who got to sing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On
the Street Where You Live</i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b>the show’s only<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> love song</b>; and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kathleen
Nesbitt </b>as Higgins’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mother</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">title</b> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">My Fair Lady </i>made <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oblique reference</b> to the title Shaw
used in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">early drafts</b> of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pygmalion</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Fair Eliza</i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> and to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">repeated refrain</b> from the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nursery
rhyme <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">London Bridge is Falling Down</i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The show almost <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">did not go on </b>for its first<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
performance</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">out of town tryouts </b>in
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Haven</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Connecticut</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Hours before the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> curtain</b> Harrison became <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">frightened</b>
by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pit orchestra</b> that was much
larger than anything he had encountered in<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
rehearsals</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fearing that they would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">down him out</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> he told producers that, “that under no circumstances would he go
on that night...with those thirty-two interlopers in the pit.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He then <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">locked
</b>himself in his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> dressing room</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fruitless
pleading</b>, producers decided to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
dismiss </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> company</b> for the night and make an<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> announcement</b> to the audience that was
beginning to assemble.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Less than an hour
before <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">curtain time</b>, Harrison got a
grip on himself and emerged from the dressing room.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Producers frantically <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">recalled the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> cast,</b> and
the show went on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It ended with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">thunderous standing ovation</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Everyone knew that this would be a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hit</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indeed, it was.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">original
cast album </b>became a perennial hit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Edward Mulhare </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sally Anne Howes </b>took over the parts on
Broadway, Harrison, Andrews and most of the original cast took the show to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">London </b>where it debuted at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">West End</b> on April 30, 1958.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The show would run for 2,281 performances
there.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Since then, there have been numerous
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">revivals</b> in both New York and
London, each winning <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slews of awards</b>
for its casts just as the original production <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">swept </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tony Awards</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>There have been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">touring companies</b>, productions in <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">almost every </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">language</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> conceivable</span>—an
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">interesting challenge </b>for a play
revolving around<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> English pronunciation</b>,—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">regional</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">community</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">college</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">high school</b> productions.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieoXRdn8c-1Vz1JBefqamP4IUjf0BC9fpXSmcPsF1wFkldUfWr4Z4b-z428q6JErKTrtPaLYkK1eQTYSYqEDI_8FIRoC9Sc8NU_oXwAf6Wn-dNiqeivOcJgjDXViil91a5Z8jnaN0HhaWKNusdgIp4ejNI6jWBbXJdUZ_4-NdUNL5-Wqqhw_sUQRNbBJuN/s400/My%20Fair%20Lady--Ascot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="207" data-original-width="400" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieoXRdn8c-1Vz1JBefqamP4IUjf0BC9fpXSmcPsF1wFkldUfWr4Z4b-z428q6JErKTrtPaLYkK1eQTYSYqEDI_8FIRoC9Sc8NU_oXwAf6Wn-dNiqeivOcJgjDXViil91a5Z8jnaN0HhaWKNusdgIp4ejNI6jWBbXJdUZ_4-NdUNL5-Wqqhw_sUQRNbBJuN/w640-h332/My%20Fair%20Lady--Ascot.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Audrey Hepburn with Jeremy Brett as Freddy Eynsford-Hill and Rex
Harrison as Professor Higgins in the Ascot scene--a dazzlingly stylized production number added to the script to open the talky Shaw
script up for the film.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1964 MGM brought <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">My Fair Lady </i>to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">screen</b> as one of the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">grandest
of its musicals</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But not without <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">controversy</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although Harrison, Holloway, and other
members of the Broadway cast were signed, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">studio
big wigs</b> did not think Julie Andrews was a big enough star to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> carry </b>the expensive film.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They cast <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Audrey Hepburn </b>as Eliza.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Broadway
fans were<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> furious</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vowed
</b>never to see the film—a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">threat </b>virtually
none of them<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> carried out</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hepburn’s songs were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dubbed</b> by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Marni Nixon</b>,
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">soprano</b> behind many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">non-signing</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hollywood</b> actresses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A few years ago, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wouldn’t It be Loverly </i>scene <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">surfaced </b>with Hepburn singing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She turns out to have had a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pleasant</b>, if<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> breathy voice</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">acquitted
</b>the song quite well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But convention
decreed a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">traditional stage soprano </b>sing
the part.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the movie could be made
today, she would probably be<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> allowed </b>to
sing her own songs.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Andrews <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">got her</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> revenge</b>,
however, when she was cast the same year in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mary Poppins </i></b>which became
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Disney</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s biggest grossing live
action picture</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She also <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">took home</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Academy Award </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Best
Actress</b>. Hepburn herself was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">not
even</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> nominated</b> despite
turning in a charming performance.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Not the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">My Fair Lady </i>was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">snubbed</b>
at the Oscars.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The film took home the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">statuettes</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Best Picture</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">;</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Best Director</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">George Cukor</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Best Actor </b>for Harrison; and five other awards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition, Learner was nominated for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Best Adapted Screen Play</b>, Holloway for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Best Supporting Actor</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gladys Cooper </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Best Supporting Actress </b>as Mrs. Higgins.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It remains one of the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>most beloved films of all time.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-37019824292621053762024-03-13T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-13T02:00:00.133-05:00Four Years Already—Murfin Verse for a Pandemic Anniversary<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9UTXawYWTwNFJR_dRooQYCTss_TgPk0fYWi26kU6LGK7uYaivgqMAyAC9bhyphenhyphenK58Qyb11aYSsTyE1sJa77VIu-lWe1wLmMGq-SvYG2PciYDzG2NHUFmV9b7v3wrLz4E7Pj-HX35xxe8FNfCrkFeQY-or3AvEm6RW06lRHLV9VqMomeqd5RCmt0J3iwoVzg/s624/Coronavirus%20blog%20top%202024.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="624" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9UTXawYWTwNFJR_dRooQYCTss_TgPk0fYWi26kU6LGK7uYaivgqMAyAC9bhyphenhyphenK58Qyb11aYSsTyE1sJa77VIu-lWe1wLmMGq-SvYG2PciYDzG2NHUFmV9b7v3wrLz4E7Pj-HX35xxe8FNfCrkFeQY-or3AvEm6RW06lRHLV9VqMomeqd5RCmt0J3iwoVzg/w640-h426/Coronavirus%20blog%20top%202024.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Four
years ago, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">World Health Organization
</b>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">WHO</b>) declared the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Coronavirus pandemic </b>and suddenly, as
if a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">light switch </b>had been flicked
everything <b>changed</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shut down</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">retreated</b> to our <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">homes</b>,
got used to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mantras</b> about <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">masks</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social distancing</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">washing
our hands</b> for as long as it takes to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sing</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Happy
Birthday.</i></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
was getting ready for an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">event </b>that
I had been working on for months—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>Poets
in Resistance II</i> scheduled </b>for Friday, March 13 at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tree of Life Unitarian Universalist
Congregation </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">McHenry, Illinois</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I had to abruptly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cancel </b>the event and scramble to contact all of the poets and
volunteers and let them know.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Still, I
expected we could <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reschedule</b> in a
couple of month or so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It never
happened.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaN0TWlVoiinytF6yL6P5jI0aVHrPbKrtbKamEK6eC2FhyphenhyphenwftNQyY8_MXBa1XEoilzjSfgnlxRoPR6MY9JEJbQUkHchJZTUTlZJbovPj_zJja_mhxDfn2mGsgf8i7LRj3UzIAD97haruqv2Klf972Sg87B-8P4HjjQMP_UX5AoEoLW7z_7Xmd9yn0cCJ_E/s400/Coronavirus--Poets%20in%20Resistance%20II%20Postponed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="400" height="582" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaN0TWlVoiinytF6yL6P5jI0aVHrPbKrtbKamEK6eC2FhyphenhyphenwftNQyY8_MXBa1XEoilzjSfgnlxRoPR6MY9JEJbQUkHchJZTUTlZJbovPj_zJja_mhxDfn2mGsgf8i7LRj3UzIAD97haruqv2Klf972Sg87B-8P4HjjQMP_UX5AoEoLW7z_7Xmd9yn0cCJ_E/w640-h582/Coronavirus--Poets%20in%20Resistance%20II%20Postponed.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">My
71st <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">birthday</b> was coming up on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">St. Patrick</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s Day </b>and our whole <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">extended clan</b> was expected to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gather</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">celebrate</b> that and other March <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">natal
anniversaries</b> the next weekend.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A year
later we were still waiting for all of our family members to finally be fully <b>vaccinated
</b>in hopes that by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Easter</b> we would
be able to gather again and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dote</b> on
the <b>babies</b>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">great granddaughter
Sienna </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">granddaughter Matilda</b>
born 9 months earlier in the midst of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">plague</b>.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alas, it was still not to be.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Around
that time as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Joe Biden </b>was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">addressing</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nation</b> and I was waiting to begin yet another <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Zoom meeting</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>my <b>mind wandered</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When I finally got to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sleep</b> that night I had a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dream</b>
which <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">woke me</b> and I <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scrambled</b> to write it down before it <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">evaporated</b> like so many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">night visions</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEepNk9JhCa_XY5uP6DpXjgV1yRAHUqsyEIZAMCofBPrLeBjD7SjNTC7-QmuO9KcYmjTvxRd0ElPBM0rL_3ooqaeOOnyR9-bFkXFkhcDsOraTBLWu6yzlrQpk-U9zt5azXY1EBmGhU2meUM1xkiqiJgqZ_OIfpCc-rugv9Bho2bETDqoXoNqk917Aj9mKy/s639/Coronavirus%20anniversary--Salamanders.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="639" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEepNk9JhCa_XY5uP6DpXjgV1yRAHUqsyEIZAMCofBPrLeBjD7SjNTC7-QmuO9KcYmjTvxRd0ElPBM0rL_3ooqaeOOnyR9-bFkXFkhcDsOraTBLWu6yzlrQpk-U9zt5azXY1EBmGhU2meUM1xkiqiJgqZ_OIfpCc-rugv9Bho2bETDqoXoNqk917Aj9mKy/w640-h426/Coronavirus%20anniversary--Salamanders.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">One Year Later</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Anniversary of the Coronavirus Pandemic</span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">March 2021</span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">I dreamed that we were salamanders</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in
the window well</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>after
a long drought</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and a
horrid winter.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">We buried ourselves</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in
the mud and the mire</span></p>
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that thick layer</span></p>
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leaves blown down</span></p>
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the catalpa.</span></p>
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fill the well</span></p>
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some early balmy days</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to
warm the mud.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Then one fine day</span></p>
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children down the street</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>will
come, bend over,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>brush
the leaves aside</span></p>
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squeal with delight.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">They will run home for a sand pail</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>or a
mother’s pot</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to
come and scoop us up</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in
all of our wriggling,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sliming
mottled green and black.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">And then will run home</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to
show us off.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">—Patrick Murfin </span></b></p>
Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-9364917086668304842024-03-12T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-12T02:00:00.136-05:00Happy Birthday Girl Scouts Thanks to Juliette Gordon Low<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIR21O5NKc3oDt2PJb2B7HZybFhxebZcgUQGRLI8nmAv1whHL8Ag6fA5EydmhTBQd5MLqvW2ir5qc8HktK-BZFwj-EG7MN7Tp5UoEK0Z-URDlIlxsxS_zdTbqZluYBfeAOjKPfXk6CPLgyX_Qyv4rE8WsEBdFf-j1H88kjGCMvxdBwQishl00bqq9ekQA8/s672/Girl%20Scouts%202024%20Blog%20Top.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="672" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIR21O5NKc3oDt2PJb2B7HZybFhxebZcgUQGRLI8nmAv1whHL8Ag6fA5EydmhTBQd5MLqvW2ir5qc8HktK-BZFwj-EG7MN7Tp5UoEK0Z-URDlIlxsxS_zdTbqZluYBfeAOjKPfXk6CPLgyX_Qyv4rE8WsEBdFf-j1H88kjGCMvxdBwQishl00bqq9ekQA8/w640-h344/Girl%20Scouts%202024%20Blog%20Top.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It’s the <b>birthday </b>of the <b>organization</b>
that the <b>ranting right </b>likes to blame for <b>lesbianism</b>, <b>abortion</b>,
<b>Godlessness</b>, <b>tolerance </b>of <b>immigrants </b>and <b>dusky
minorities</b>, and a general <b>threat </b>to the <b>American way </b>of<b>
life</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Girl Scouts of America (GSA)</b> doesn’t seem to <b>care </b>and sails
serenely and successfully on while the erstwhile <b>conservative pet Boys
Scouts</b> have nearly <b>collapsed</b> in the <b>wake</b> of <b>sex abuse
scandals</b>, <b>financial mismanagement</b>, a <b>history racism</b>, <b>anti-Gay
bigotry</b>, and <b>discrimination </b>against <b>women </b>and girls.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The former <b>BSA</b> was forced to <b>admit</b>
Gay Scouts and leaders leading to their largest <b>troop sponsor</b>, the <b>Church
of the Latter Day Saints </b>(<b>Mormons</b>) to abandon them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Opting to <b>admit</b> girls to most programs
caused <b>Fox News talking heads </b>to <b>explode</b> and <b>membership </b>has
plummeted to a <b>fraction</b> of boys served just a few <b>decades</b> ago.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On March 12, 1912 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Juliette
Gordon Low</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">established</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first troop</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Girl Guides</b> in America in her hometown of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Savannah</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Georgia. </b>The troop included 12
girls, mostly <b>friends</b> of her <b>niece</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Margaret Gordon</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>who became the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first enrolled member</b>. The following year Low changed the
name of her organization to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Girl Scouts
of America</span>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfwRxYplUvTX8TCIez_kCFJ2UsVn61_w640rHN9zsl6Bps05CZNYEfJGVZMZefRxanD5zjwyKIHOaOG2Po_IMLX1L3DgsvxK72nAMGA-w8zAWqhlhmz2MSk_MeAsVG5fT7n_iL1qMRNnlHYgvWAveTrh8FfnLZ7TRHeKgAR3HIXziayyafiRbOaVTS13Oy/s1420/Girl%20Scouts--Julia%20Ward%20Low.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1420" data-original-width="1137" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfwRxYplUvTX8TCIez_kCFJ2UsVn61_w640rHN9zsl6Bps05CZNYEfJGVZMZefRxanD5zjwyKIHOaOG2Po_IMLX1L3DgsvxK72nAMGA-w8zAWqhlhmz2MSk_MeAsVG5fT7n_iL1qMRNnlHYgvWAveTrh8FfnLZ7TRHeKgAR3HIXziayyafiRbOaVTS13Oy/w512-h640/Girl%20Scouts--Julia%20Ward%20Low.jpeg" width="512" /></a></b></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Girl Scouts founder Juliette Gordon Low.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Low was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">born</b> in
1860. Her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">father</b>, a member of
an <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">old Georgia family</span> was soon
off to <b>war</b> as a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Confederate
officer</b>. Her mother was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kinzie</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> one of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">founding families</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chicago</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>Her mother encouraged <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Daisy</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span>as she was called, in her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">interest</b> in both the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arts</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social service</b>. She <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">wrote</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> poetry</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">painted</b>, and eventually became a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">skilled</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> sculptor</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">She grew up <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">privileged
</b>and enjoyed the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">finest education</b>
available to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">girls of her</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> class</b>. She was sent to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">boarding school</b> at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginia Female Institute </b>and then to
fashionable <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">French</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">finishing school</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>She spent years
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">touring extensively</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Europe</b> and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">U</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">S</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span> before marrying <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">William
Mackay Low</b>, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wealthy Englishman</b>
in her Savannah home. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">errant</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> grain </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> rice</b> thrown at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wedding</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ruptured </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">an</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ear drum</b> and the following <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">infection </b>left her totally <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">deaf </b>in that ear. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Childhood illness</b> had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">severely damaged</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hearing</b> in the other. Despite her
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disability</b> Low continued to lead an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">active life</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The couple <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">settled</b>
in England, but Low <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">returned annually</b>
for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">extended stays</b> in the
States. When the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Spanish American
War</b> broke out, her father was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">commissioned</b>
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General</b>. Low joined her
mother in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">establishing</b> a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hospital</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wounded soldiers</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although she later returned to England, her marriage was in
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shambles</b>. She <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">separated</b> from her husband but for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social reasons</b> could not <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">divorce</b>. His <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">death</b> in 1905 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">freed</b> her
to find a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">new mission </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
life</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A chance meeting in 1911 with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sir Robert Baden-Powell</b>, founder of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boy Scouts </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Girl Guides</b>
in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Britain</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">awakened </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">her</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> interest</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">youth work</b>. She returned to her <b>ancestral home</b> in
Savannah and began the work. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivunDoTabWjXdKiO9dHpmuD4I3-g4oLTipA-ccsuOJZBXKzjD8BFBh1VvW0aufwdvtz4qexCKHm_-aEUX9hTNecaBZgmJ9oTlb6eYpTHCMNKJo3e-eHB_oZkxGSbxvDXuMle6-bB8IXCZF1ybPnST_PtSvUY8nIpAK98qd16wBmkwfHrTGSFBytAvUpaI6/s359/Girl%20Scouts--Julia%20Ward%20Low%20first%20troop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="359" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivunDoTabWjXdKiO9dHpmuD4I3-g4oLTipA-ccsuOJZBXKzjD8BFBh1VvW0aufwdvtz4qexCKHm_-aEUX9hTNecaBZgmJ9oTlb6eYpTHCMNKJo3e-eHB_oZkxGSbxvDXuMle6-bB8IXCZF1ybPnST_PtSvUY8nIpAK98qd16wBmkwfHrTGSFBytAvUpaI6/w640-h426/Girl%20Scouts--Julia%20Ward%20Low%20first%20troop.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Low with her own Troop 1 of the Girl Scouts in 1917.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">She did not <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slavishly
copy</b> Baden-Powell program, which she thought <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">did not do enough to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
encourage independence</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">young
women</b> and which kept them in an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inferior
status </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to boys</span>. She
kept her organization <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">separate </b>from
the new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boy Scouts of America</b> so as
not to be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">swamped</b>. But she <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">defiantly took</span> the name Scouts to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">emphasize</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> parity</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Her program did not just include <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wholesome outdoor activity</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">domestic
arts</b>, but also encouraged the arts, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">intellectual
development</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">leadership skills</b> necessary for women
to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">establish careers</span> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">take</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> positions </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">civic leadership</b>. She also <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">defied</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> convention</b>—and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shocked</b>
many—by insisting that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disabled </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">girls</span> be admitted as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">full members</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">integrated troops</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">She saw her organization <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">grow rapidly</span> from its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">humble
beginnings</b> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">spread across</span>
the nation. With her <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">extensive</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> international experience</b> and her <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">contact with Girl Guide and Scout</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> movements </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Europe</b> on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">all sides</b> even during the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">First World War</b> she helped establish
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">World Association of Girl Guides and
Girl Scouts</b> after the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">end </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> conflict</b>. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGvW3OUAZRd3c8ZWwZJ-oZa1vM9vLRZFrctb3NEmgNtZXqu68gaucIv1Tm1B-NjCCcgJExMk2w8ML-EJQf_aIXDZqFqUHYn5ALfW1uM0YT7v2ewfnb-vUaghMrV7c16R6n_UpQUmtNmWMtZUlS6BEMdaqVlOE8Nb4CkAaiMFUx3D58GzEZpxCTtqpcPWfk/s530/Girl%20Scouts--Julia%20Gordon%20Low%20Home.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="220" data-original-width="530" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGvW3OUAZRd3c8ZWwZJ-oZa1vM9vLRZFrctb3NEmgNtZXqu68gaucIv1Tm1B-NjCCcgJExMk2w8ML-EJQf_aIXDZqFqUHYn5ALfW1uM0YT7v2ewfnb-vUaghMrV7c16R6n_UpQUmtNmWMtZUlS6BEMdaqVlOE8Nb4CkAaiMFUx3D58GzEZpxCTtqpcPWfk/w640-h266/Girl%20Scouts--Julia%20Gordon%20Low%20Home.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Girl Scouts at the dedication of the Juliette Gordon Low Girl Scout National Center and Birthplace in 1953.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Low <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">died</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">breast cancer</b> in her beloved home in
1927. In 1953 the Girl Scouts purchased and restored that home as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Juliette Gordon Low Girl Scout National
Center. </b>Known reverently as simply <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Birthplace</b>, it was designated a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Historic Landmark</b> in 1965. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-17074851270583272702024-03-11T02:00:00.001-05:002024-03-11T02:00:00.135-05:00The Great Blizzard of 1888 Was White Hell on the East Coast<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcSxVDbTZhQMhW05HPWlVHoDKR0kVsaUSclWsRdjZrdPEvKAThaPL_sKmSLsNgFWwguNtwB0jzDUzN1__a_SlYEs4E65b08PLVMBPS8p9AeJHVeXnBkt0r-nmsAZ6cE0BJgPXvzza9u0CtoOaYtlJ8r8kf59j-tkBs3uzaPzPlEF8lgjZfoxXZ6UcXJXis/s900/blizzard%20of%20'88--Pedestrians%20Broadway.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="900" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcSxVDbTZhQMhW05HPWlVHoDKR0kVsaUSclWsRdjZrdPEvKAThaPL_sKmSLsNgFWwguNtwB0jzDUzN1__a_SlYEs4E65b08PLVMBPS8p9AeJHVeXnBkt0r-nmsAZ6cE0BJgPXvzza9u0CtoOaYtlJ8r8kf59j-tkBs3uzaPzPlEF8lgjZfoxXZ6UcXJXis/w640-h288/blizzard%20of%20'88--Pedestrians%20Broadway.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pedestrians on Broadway in New York City battled the drifts like polar explorers and improvised head gear.</span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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</p><p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">I read in the <b>paper </b>this morning that most of
the <b>United States </b>had the warmest <b>Winter </b>in the 130 years of <b>Weather
Service records</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Signs of <b>Spring </b>including
<b>tree budding</b>, <b>flower emergence</b>, general <b>greening</b>, emergence
of <b>insects</b>, and some <b>bird migrations </b>have been a <b>month </b>earlier
than any of the previous 20 years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Scientists</b>
blame accelerating <b>climate change </b>with <b>North America</b> leading <b>warming
trends</b> globally and a strong <b>Pacific El Niño system</b>.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">But it was not always so.</p><p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlQZ4ic64sYwrnm37mWQ5t3xD4B5Af8QBG4dLVjSyVeeozncHnbOrouFTWkw8PXKi4xhfQvPVZY5o5r_prF5uJMzAnFebHgjDbTG1le5rXN9zLmNEWg3CjA__w9mQJlgGEv0XQa2MzQbFUilRqNqU12z3ixVffiaVtYkcmXWGuaLcsHFoE_w7xxj_aawpp/s590/Blizzrd%20of%20'88--Map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="590" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlQZ4ic64sYwrnm37mWQ5t3xD4B5Af8QBG4dLVjSyVeeozncHnbOrouFTWkw8PXKi4xhfQvPVZY5o5r_prF5uJMzAnFebHgjDbTG1le5rXN9zLmNEWg3CjA__w9mQJlgGEv0XQa2MzQbFUilRqNqU12z3ixVffiaVtYkcmXWGuaLcsHFoE_w7xxj_aawpp/w640-h426/Blizzrd%20of%20'88--Map.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">The track of the Great Blizzard was similar to that of hurricanes that reach the northeast coast.</span> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">On March 11 the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Great Blizzard of 1888</b>—the worst and most devastating <b>snow storm</b>
in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American history</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">—began. The </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">East Coast</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> was enjoying
unseasonably warm and pleasant weather when </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heavy rain</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> began moving in
from the Atlantic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shortly after </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">midnight</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> on the 11th </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">temperatures
plummeted</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and the rain turned to
snow. </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Snow
lasted through the next three days as band after band pelted states from </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginia</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> to </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Maine</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
heaviest snow fell in </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Jersey</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New
York</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, Connecticut, and </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Massachusetts</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More than 50 inches fell across
a </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wide region</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sustained winds</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> of more
than 40 miles per hour with gusts up to 80, piled up </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">drifts</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> more than thirty feet high, burying homes and shops.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYMRHdD-TpIqhUKBW6YwaK_dUyGppR4hD5hOhtY6eS_uDy9NGzZFbTNpauaoBVyyzFWX3Hglh3hxBTIcy-LWoE8X-OvjQ9WVD8zZYNUjgqfLDMXnuWGL3lHBTS0HzCUQNvjbVxUvDAuN8tSLWz9ngp3Bd5JFYhQWMc9KsxbY7gFwO9Hywi8zGHVnn5c3Kj/s580/Blizzard%20of%2088--locomotive.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="580" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYMRHdD-TpIqhUKBW6YwaK_dUyGppR4hD5hOhtY6eS_uDy9NGzZFbTNpauaoBVyyzFWX3Hglh3hxBTIcy-LWoE8X-OvjQ9WVD8zZYNUjgqfLDMXnuWGL3lHBTS0HzCUQNvjbVxUvDAuN8tSLWz9ngp3Bd5JFYhQWMc9KsxbY7gFwO9Hywi8zGHVnn5c3Kj/w640-h496/Blizzard%20of%2088--locomotive.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Crews try to free a buried locomotive and train.</span><p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">In <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New England </b>because
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gale force </b>winds and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">track</b> of the center of the storm over
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">coastal Atlantic </b>they called it
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">White Hurricane</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">Everything ground to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">halt</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It took more than a
week to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dig out</b> most <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cities</b>—a <b>job </b>that had to
literally be done by <b>hand</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Temperatures</b>
were in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">single digits </b>by day and
colder by night.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQOHLrBmjP_IQUJGMGSxUFapHnvjBBlfye8dEUEtqaf8Ez6Uq59Ei1QPpE0EYz5gM3Tfm1ROqZsHRZvQ2ouOmeMsslkBBWAjCWjqrGEDqshTwMsd1OeciQG8XcLkCM92gNSQge1oYxaRJ-_a1OTIi6-ze19KnyKCMP594hTY4MAo6xJ3o7wNgUYut1W-kA/s1600/Blizzard%20of%2088--11th-Street%20shoveling.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1246" data-original-width="1600" height="498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQOHLrBmjP_IQUJGMGSxUFapHnvjBBlfye8dEUEtqaf8Ez6Uq59Ei1QPpE0EYz5gM3Tfm1ROqZsHRZvQ2ouOmeMsslkBBWAjCWjqrGEDqshTwMsd1OeciQG8XcLkCM92gNSQge1oYxaRJ-_a1OTIi6-ze19KnyKCMP594hTY4MAo6xJ3o7wNgUYut1W-kA/w640-h498/Blizzard%20of%2088--11th-Street%20shoveling.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">111th Street in New York City.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">At least 400 people <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">died ashore</b> and about 100 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sailors</b>
were killed when more than 200 ships <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ran aground</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wrecked</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fire departments</b> unable to respond, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fires burned uncontrolled</b> in several
cities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the storm finally passed
and spring weather started melting the snow, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">flooding</b> was widespread and devastating.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0T8_UaN1TXbbld0lHqkxsSiy9YC18WXqt4YKO4YLwIQQ28I_kety5lUCHk7XFYz9tbQGU-ZpTFnRxh5B13g7W38zpaWri3dhtfI-iLDrfwC7eMt0uAhuAvHMy1dTYPS7BiOpghDxcN4fW-wuw6jD45w91FY-qVOdRLqBTgtq8S7rpYO-M5unZ-g_5Wg3D/s480/Blizzard%20of%20'88--Telegraph%20poles..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="480" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0T8_UaN1TXbbld0lHqkxsSiy9YC18WXqt4YKO4YLwIQQ28I_kety5lUCHk7XFYz9tbQGU-ZpTFnRxh5B13g7W38zpaWri3dhtfI-iLDrfwC7eMt0uAhuAvHMy1dTYPS7BiOpghDxcN4fW-wuw6jD45w91FY-qVOdRLqBTgtq8S7rpYO-M5unZ-g_5Wg3D/w640-h480/Blizzard%20of%20'88--Telegraph%20poles..jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Buried telegraph poles.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">Aren’t you glad you missed it?</p><br />Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-17188992596350321152024-03-10T03:00:00.001-05:002024-03-10T03:00:00.136-05:00Poetry for Ramadan 2024<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXh7FUCRak867Y4cq4MU6JgerEkIDkr_su_krWfX_HB_fQLdR378NdwEfBP2wbnsYCKbVfRX_haQXtghPitLWZewnL80vUFR6KEygzDsbrKyOaMW0P0z4BMEopYT5fVKfBXDL3VolIgOBUszLfEAMuAqsTIERsEeOnCQLT9l52YjLrtZ3Ed7t-Yw_YIep8/s1024/ramadan%202024%20blog.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="585" data-original-width="1024" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXh7FUCRak867Y4cq4MU6JgerEkIDkr_su_krWfX_HB_fQLdR378NdwEfBP2wbnsYCKbVfRX_haQXtghPitLWZewnL80vUFR6KEygzDsbrKyOaMW0P0z4BMEopYT5fVKfBXDL3VolIgOBUszLfEAMuAqsTIERsEeOnCQLT9l52YjLrtZ3Ed7t-Yw_YIep8/w640-h366/ramadan%202024%20blog.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The faithful gather to eat and share food after a day-long Ramadan fast.</span><br /></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
most of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Islamic world Ramadan</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ninth month</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Muslim Calendar</b>, and will begin today at
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sundown</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span> The date is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">calculated</b> by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first sighting</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">crescent</b>
after the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Moon</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since this can <b>vary </b>in different parts
of the <b>world</b>, so can the marked beginning of the month.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the <b>United States</b> the <b>western
calendar</b> that is <b>today</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ramadan
was the month in which the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first verses</b>
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Qur</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">an</b></i>
were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">revealed</b> to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Prophet Mohammad</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
month of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cleansing</b> as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">faithful rededicate</b> themselves to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Allah</b> by emphasizing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">patience</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">humility</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spirituality</b>
by an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">absolute fast</b> observed by all
Muslims over the age of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">puberty</b> each
day between <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dawn</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dusk</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">observant</b> also are called
to be more <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reverent</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fervent</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prayer</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During Ramadan the
entire <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Qur’an</i> is often <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">read</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mosques</b> in 30 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">installments</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Customs</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> connected to the Ramadan observance <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vary </b>somewhat <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">culturally</b>
and between <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sunni </b>and <b>Shi</b>’<b>a</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <b>traditions</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In more <b>secular</b> Islamic countries
evenings after the fast are often <b>filled </b>with <b>feasting </b>and <b>entertainment</b>,
while <b>attendance </b></span>at<b> evening services</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> following a </span>modest <b>breaking </b>of
the fast<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> is <b>customary </b>in more <b>traditional
societies</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Acts of <b>charity</b> to
the <b>poor </b>are <b>encouraged</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The <b>holiday
</b>of <b>Eid-al-Fitr</b> marks the <b>end</b> of the fasting period of Ramadan
and the first day of the following month, after another new moon has been
sighted, 29 or 30 days after the onset of Ramadan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is the most <b>festive</b> of Islamic
holidays and is marked by the donning of <b>new clothes</b>, feasting, and <b>family
gatherings</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There is a rich
</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tradition of <b>poetry</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> in both <b>Arabic speaking societies</b> and
in <b>Iran</b>, formerly <b>Persia</b> which is the <b>spiritual center</b> of
Shi’a Islam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Poets have been considered
to have a <b>special duty </b>to <b>speak</b> to <b>social</b> and <b>moral
conditions</b> and to hold <b>rulers</b> to the <b>high standards</b> of <b>Allah</b></span>.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">While
they are often <b>revered </b>by the <b>masses </b>they are often <b>harassed</b></span>,<b>
imprisoned</b>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">or even <b>killed </b>by
<b>unamused religious </b>and <b>state authorities</b></span>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9DlY00tbmZJOLnbHJGPH9Kl6-oUzDLzZFCVkflpHVNpIrlSvjC1_n0gMdYpWaMa6zLZZsMHniOgbISEzBIx0GCuY5yo68jP3Ml28TVRbkcG40_qjjBdVEPUDCoGqBifJp-A6TATg3hrmrYsjsG2wFWdwvQ46lFjPwNsmRa6htscfTogrhWm-v1DvA_a2G/s400/Ramadan%202022--Fathima%20Zahra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="400" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9DlY00tbmZJOLnbHJGPH9Kl6-oUzDLzZFCVkflpHVNpIrlSvjC1_n0gMdYpWaMa6zLZZsMHniOgbISEzBIx0GCuY5yo68jP3Ml28TVRbkcG40_qjjBdVEPUDCoGqBifJp-A6TATg3hrmrYsjsG2wFWdwvQ46lFjPwNsmRa6htscfTogrhWm-v1DvA_a2G/w640-h640/Ramadan%202022--Fathima%20Zahra.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fathima Zahro reading at a British poetry event.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><a name="_Hlk99763113"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fathima Zahra </span></b></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk99763113;"></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is an <b>Indian poet</b> based in <b>Essex</b>. She is a <b>Roundhouse
Poetry Collective alum</b> and <b><i>BBC 1Xtra Words First</i></b><i> </i><b>participant</b>.
Her poems have been published in <b><i>Khidr Zine</i></b>, <b><i>Tentacular
Magazine</i></b>, and <b><i>SLAM!</i></b> <b><i>You’re Gonna Wanna Hear This</i></b>,
her debut <b>short collection</b> was issued by <b>ignitionpress</b> in 2021.<b>
</b>In 2019 she was the <b>first-prize winner</b> of the <b>British Moon Poetry
Challenge</b> on <b>Young Poets Network</b> third-prize winner in the <b>Golden
Shovel Challenge</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nii Parkes</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, a judge of the British Moon Poetry
Challenge had this to say about her prize-winning poem:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><a name="_Hlk99762937"><b><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ramadan, 2019</span></i></b></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk99762937;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is a remarkably deceptive poem, simple but complex
powered by an imagination that subverts hierarchy while being playful e.g. the
idea of scholars pasting – an activity that infants indulge in at nursery, the
Adhan going off on phones. It also brings to mind similarly titled poems that
refer to war e.g. W.B. Yeats’ <b><i>Easter 1916</i></b> and the famous
Christmas 1914 truce, but here a gunshot pulls “smiles out of the closet
strutting in their Eid clothes.”</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ramadan, 2019</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We stalk the moon all month round, lick </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">our lips, till the Adhan goes off on
our phones,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dig our teeth into the soft flesh of
dates, wash</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">it down with Roohafza, rinse and repeat. The </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">scholars paste their eyes to the sky, the crowds </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">trade their eyeballs for telescopes, watch the </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">moon turn bashful, wait for henna stains</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">to appear, a gunshot signal to pull our smiles</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">out of the closet strutting in their Eid clothes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—<b>Fathima Zahra</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGL_TOrsHXn_GQ0jB7-ZMDjxaPWPJlbew14Ddpl7ZfhClra0kZV2Zvg79eZULFibsXebQj35bZjqDz1LFqox3cn_qVxC_p_8KUa_0zJHsi-csy4AGr4VLJu2Y1EXbydIUlo5PRX1_GdT3Lx3GeyWLcumxu7Em28FhnddekgVUY_diDvgGYKID_3bjlJdAt/s700/Ramadan%202022--Mahmoud%20Darwish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="700" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGL_TOrsHXn_GQ0jB7-ZMDjxaPWPJlbew14Ddpl7ZfhClra0kZV2Zvg79eZULFibsXebQj35bZjqDz1LFqox3cn_qVxC_p_8KUa_0zJHsi-csy4AGr4VLJu2Y1EXbydIUlo5PRX1_GdT3Lx3GeyWLcumxu7Em28FhnddekgVUY_diDvgGYKID_3bjlJdAt/w640-h366/Ramadan%202022--Mahmoud%20Darwish.jpg" width="640" /></a></b></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Poet, voice of the Palestinian Diaspora, and activist.</span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Palestinian <a name="_Hlk99764226">Mahmoud Darwish</a></span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk99764226;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">was born on March 13, 1941 in <b>al-Birwa</b>
in <b>Galilee</b>, a <b>village</b> that was <b>occupied</b> and later <b>razed
</b>by the <b>Israeli army</b>. Because they had missed the <b>official Israeli
census</b>, Darwish and his family were considered “<b>internal refugees</b>”
or “<b>present-absent aliens</b>.” Darwish lived for many years in <b>exile</b>
in <b>Beirut</b> and <b>Paris</b>. He was the <b>author</b> of over 30 books of
poetry, eight books of <b>prose</b>, and earned the <b>Lannan Cultural Freedom
Prize</b> from the <b>Lannan Foundation</b>, the <b>Lenin Peace Prize</b>, and
the <b>Knight of Arts and Belles Lettres Medal</b> from <b>France</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the 1960s
Darwish was <b>imprisoned</b> for <b>reciting</b> poetry and traveling between
villages without a <b>permit</b>. Considered a <b>resistance poet</b>, he was
placed under <b>house arrest</b> when his poem <b><i>Identity Card</i></b> was
turned into a <b>protest song</b>. After spending a year at a <b>university</b>
in <b>Moscow</b> in 1970, Darwish worked at the newspaper <b><i>Al-Ahram</i></b>
in Cairo. He subsequently lived in <b>Beirut</b>, where he edited the journal <b><i>Palestinian
Affairs</i></b> from 1973 to 1982. In 1981 he <b>founded </b>and edited the
journal <b><i>Al-Karmel</i></b>. Darwish served from 1987 to 1993 on the <b>executive
committee</b> of the <b>Palestinian Liberation Organization</b> (<b>PLO</b>).
In 1996 he was permitted to <b>return</b> from exile to <b>visit friends</b>
and <b>family</b> in Israel and Palestine.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">Mahmoud Darwish’s early work of
the 1960s and 1970s reflected his <b>unhappiness</b> with the <b>occupation </b>of
his native land. <b>Carolyn Forché</b> and <b>Runir Akash</b> noted in their <b>introduction</b>
to <em><b>Unfortunately It Was Paradise</b> </em>in 2003 that “as much as
[Darwish] is the <b>voice</b> of the <b>Palestinian Diaspora</b>, he is the
voice of the <b>fragmented soul</b>.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They noted for his 20th volume of verse, <em><b>Mural</b></em>:
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .6in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">Assimilating centuries of Arabic poetic forms and
applying the chisel of modern sensibility to the richly veined ore of its
literary past, Darwish subjected his art to the impress of exile and to his own
demand that the work remain true to itself, independent of its critical or
public reception.”</p>
<p style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">Mahmoud Darwish <b>died</b> in 2008 in <b>Houston</b>,
<b>Texas</b>.</p>
<p align="center" style="margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><b>In Jerusalem</b></p>
<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b> </b></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">In
Jerusalem, and I mean within the ancient walls,</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">I
walk from one epoch to another without a memory</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">to
guide me. The prophets over there are sharing</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">the
history of the holy ... ascending to heaven</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">and
returning less discouraged and melancholy, because love</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">and
peace are holy and are coming to town.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">I
was walking down a slope and thinking to myself: How</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">do
the narrators disagree over what light said about a stone?</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Is
it from a dimly lit stone that wars flare up?</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">I
walk in my sleep. I stare in my sleep. I see</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">no
one behind me. I see no one ahead of me.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">All
this light is for me. I walk. I become lighter. I fly</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">then
I become another. Transfigured. Words</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">sprout
like grass from Isaiah’s messenger</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">mouth:
“If you don’t believe you won’t be safe.”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">I
walk as if I were another. And my wound a white</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">biblical
rose. And my hands like two doves</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">on
the cross hovering and carrying the earth.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">I
don’t walk, I fly, I become another,</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">transfigured.
No place and no time. So who am I?</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">I
am no I in ascension’s presence. But I</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">think
to myself: Alone, the prophet Muhammad</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">spoke
classical Arabic. “And then what?”</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Then
what? A woman soldier shouted:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Is
that you again? Didn’t I kill you?</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">I
said: You killed me ... and I forgot, like you, to die.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">—<b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Mahmoud Darwish</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Translated by <b>Fady Joudah</b></span> <br /></p>
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born</b> Muslim of <b>Indian descent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Educated </b>in the <b>United States </b>with a <b>B.A</b>. from <b>University
of Albany-SUNY</b>, and an <b>MFA </b>from <b>New York University</b></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ali’s poetry<b> collections </b>include<b>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Far Mosque</i> (</b>2005<b>)</b></span>,<b>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fortieth Day</i> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(2008),<b> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sky Ward</i> </b>(2013),<b> </b>and <b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inquisition </i></b>(2018).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Today’s selection, <b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ramadan</i></b></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,<b> </b></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">comes from<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fortieth Day.</i></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ramadan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You wanted to be so hungry, you
would break into branches,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and have to choose between the
starving month’s</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nineteenth, twenty-first, and
twenty-third evenings.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The liturgy begins to echo
itself and why does it matter?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If the ground-water is too
scarce one can stretch nets</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">into the air and harvest the
fog.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hunger opens you to illiteracy,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">thirst makes clear the starving
pattern,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the thick night is so quiet,
the spinning spider pauses,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the angel stops whispering for
a moment—</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The secret night could already
be over,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">you will have to listen very
carefully—</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You are never going to know
which night’s mouth is sacredly reciting</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and which night’s recitation is
secretly mere wind—</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—<b>Kazim Ali</b></span></p>
Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-9992227359235647672024-03-09T02:00:00.001-06:002024-03-09T02:00:00.132-06:00On UUs, Lent, and Sacrifice with Vintage Murfin Verse<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXX0qzGJYWUhSy4CGc0TeTAVt1pGK2xWhE0y_IIwd6YVPVIwehSfm-O4wWcgB9rXW0Nd-_HWKxEkBcfgJO7MFGodqzCldPmT0Dp397MhtNiu4jMWihrlGNqi8OvVvZl4HGcZG05H0krkZ26TP9kJB7gaHMSnREF6kfzjCx47XyHY_yuHAcg_-UVnti2NB3/s300/UU%20Lent--Banner.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="174" data-original-width="300" height="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXX0qzGJYWUhSy4CGc0TeTAVt1pGK2xWhE0y_IIwd6YVPVIwehSfm-O4wWcgB9rXW0Nd-_HWKxEkBcfgJO7MFGodqzCldPmT0Dp397MhtNiu4jMWihrlGNqi8OvVvZl4HGcZG05H0krkZ26TP9kJB7gaHMSnREF6kfzjCx47XyHY_yuHAcg_-UVnti2NB3/w640-h371/UU%20Lent--Banner.png" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>These days the Unitarian Universalist Association cheerfully provides
Lenten worship materials for congregations and for individual spiritual
practice. It was not always so.</span></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span></span></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Note</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">—Awhile back I got an e-mail from a reader who found
an earlier version of the post below.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
asked, “Wondered why you didn’t have Starbucks on the list?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The answer was simple:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The poem was written about 2002 before
Starbucks was as ubiquitous as it is now.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There are other tip offs to its age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There were plenty of Volvos in UU parking lots back then.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today not so much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It would be a Chevy Volt or a Tesla now.</span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1L8epfQuPi5DW82ShmcJxI5chtdSaoklNCDlBhAaQ9DqfeXhfIKIcZIwLZ5TKjYofmNpryLHCpaatdMS_RgjKEMKzS3yPSKRIZsbRfIxXMaQANuRiOKtM0Yuq9yHsYQRZEQyCoCpXis0QZfmt6G0nuWqEBR3wDFohEgsjfFYW9-k_iDL_GLHjuoDjdV8y/s389/UU%20Lent--bumper-stickers.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="389" height="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1L8epfQuPi5DW82ShmcJxI5chtdSaoklNCDlBhAaQ9DqfeXhfIKIcZIwLZ5TKjYofmNpryLHCpaatdMS_RgjKEMKzS3yPSKRIZsbRfIxXMaQANuRiOKtM0Yuq9yHsYQRZEQyCoCpXis0QZfmt6G0nuWqEBR3wDFohEgsjfFYW9-k_iDL_GLHjuoDjdV8y/w640-h560/UU%20Lent--bumper-stickers.png" width="640" /></a></i></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">In 2002 practical, safe, and boring
Volvos dotted UU parking lots. Today there would be Teslas, Focus, or
other small green friendly car often smothered in stickers and magnets
like this but the messages would be things like "Coexist", "Support
Whirled Peas", Rainbow flags, and old Bernie Sanders stickers.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">We
are well into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lent </b>and I was
reminded that there is at least a mild <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rash</b>
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">interest</b> in and even <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">observance </b>of the season of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">personal sacrifice</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">contemplation</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Holy </b>among my fellow <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Unitarian Universalists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>It was not always so.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
heirs of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Radical Reformation </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">step siblings </b>Unitarianism and
Universalism as they evolved in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">United
States</b> instinctively <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rejected</b>
what they regarded as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Papish trappings
liturgy</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and anything that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">stood
between</b> humans and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">direct
relationship</b> with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">God</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While in the <b>19th Century</b> both
remained avowedly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Christian </b>in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Protestant<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>tradition that meant eschewing the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">priesthood</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Episcopal authority</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mass</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saints, </b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">liturgical
calendar </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">holy days </b>like <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Christmas </b>or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ash Wednesday</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Springing
from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New England Puritanism</b>, the
Unitarians often practiced days of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fasting</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">humiliation</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prayer </b>in times of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">war</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">distress</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>they saw no reason for a special 40 day season.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After all, a good Puritan lived his or her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">entire life</b> in a kind of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">perpetual </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lent</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Universalists preferred to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">joyfully
celebrate</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bottomless mercy</b>
of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">loving God</b> who sooner or later <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reconciled</b> all <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">souls </b>to Him. The contemplation of this <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">universal beneficence</b> was enough to encourage <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mortal </b>men and women to live <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">virtuous
lives</b> to show themselves worthy of it.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Over
time both traditions evolved under the influences of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Transcendentalism</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Free
Thought</b>, exposure to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">world religions
</b>via the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">World Parliament of
Religions </b>in 1893, and the explosion of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Humanism </b>following the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">First
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Second World Wars</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Both tended to become less <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">explicitly </b>or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">orthodox </b>Christian, although a wide <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">variety </b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> spiritual
practice</b> was found in both traditions.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK5d7JvIMIjflhwLLSNQII82ZqfSR6IKzZAS5TGaa4Cg1aZYB7EUTvXbvxJ_HWwEc3HWEctszbxPAhq6K_nv_3_O9IDfbUWN4Ou_RgKClfljgEFALLA-dEaZWtbiDHST2Os_SYQ1kV4oIqSWbyqd3pO1NGRgtKy3u_cEawTf-PdLC1okGCd02La1dzmNYe/s300/UU%20Lent--Gave%20Up%20Jesus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="300" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK5d7JvIMIjflhwLLSNQII82ZqfSR6IKzZAS5TGaa4Cg1aZYB7EUTvXbvxJ_HWwEc3HWEctszbxPAhq6K_nv_3_O9IDfbUWN4Ou_RgKClfljgEFALLA-dEaZWtbiDHST2Os_SYQ1kV4oIqSWbyqd3pO1NGRgtKy3u_cEawTf-PdLC1okGCd02La1dzmNYe/w640-h640/UU%20Lent--Gave%20Up%20Jesus.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Nothing could be more UU than a mug for coffee hour, often called
Unitarian communion. This one expressed the feelings of many Humanists
in the late 20th Century.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By
the time the two united to become the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Unitarian
Universalist Association </b>in 1960 a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">flinty</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sort</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">agnostic</b> Humanism was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dominant
strain</b> among Unitarians and flourished to some degree among
Universalists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The larger and more
muscular Unitarians soon <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dominated</b>
the united faith and Humanism overshadowed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">theism
</b>in its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">various guises</b> for the
rest of the century.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Humanists
denied any <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">supernatural intervention</b>
in human affairs and stressed the need for men and women to take <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">charge </b>of their own<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> salvation </b>in a broken world to create a kind of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heaven </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">on</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> earth</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>That translated into <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">activism </b>in matters of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">war </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> peace</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social justice</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">civil rights</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s equality</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> LBGTQ+ inclusion</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">environment</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">But
it also meant a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bristling hostility </b>to
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">conventional religion</b> among
many.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In some <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">congregations </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Minister </b>could
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lose his/her pulpit</b> for using the “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">G word</b>,” or citing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Biblical scripture</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>The
old <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">joke</b> was that Unitarians <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">read ahead</b> in their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hymnals </b>to make sure that they approved
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lyric</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By
the early <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">21st Century</b>, however,
there was a growing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">restiveness</b> in
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pews</b> and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">yearning</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">deeper
spirituality </b>largely due to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rise</b>
of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s movement</b> within the
UUA which led to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">adoption</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">7th Principle</b>, “respect for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">web </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> existence </b>of which
we are a part.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That gave rise to a kind
a kind of <b>pantheism</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> neo-paganism</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Buddhist practice</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
yoga</b>, and various elements of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New
Age Spirituality</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inevitably it also
led to a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">re-examination</b> of Christian
tradition<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and teaching.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjslVZbsq8_4DnYdz4_DnKr1m1IaucosEHmqAM19N_dndEBkIlj0sOyFRwbdW7JmYxg1aUoIOb6UqjANh17bfpCl9zztC6a67LDPaWf33J2Wa7fnVw-WtPpMmAth0_ly70t30xNerXcPiBVdYZxhrHxWEeu_VnXvLOFgm-5SAhE6xAXKifmnFHWkIaQSPCQ/s597/UU%20Lent--fast%20repent.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="597" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjslVZbsq8_4DnYdz4_DnKr1m1IaucosEHmqAM19N_dndEBkIlj0sOyFRwbdW7JmYxg1aUoIOb6UqjANh17bfpCl9zztC6a67LDPaWf33J2Wa7fnVw-WtPpMmAth0_ly70t30xNerXcPiBVdYZxhrHxWEeu_VnXvLOFgm-5SAhE6xAXKifmnFHWkIaQSPCQ/w640-h392/UU%20Lent--fast%20repent.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Elements of Lenten practice--not just for orthodox Christians any more.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
an aging generation of Humanist ministers retired, they were replaced by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">graduates </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">UU Theological Schools</b> and other <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">seminaries </b>who were more <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">receptive</b>
to Christian theology and practice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Today most UUs still identify mainly as Humanists but are more <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tolerant </b>of the theists among them and
are more prepared to learn from the wisdom of religions including
Christianity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Inevitably
that has led some to examine traditions like Lent as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">personal spiritual practices</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Lenten themed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prayers</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">meditations</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sermons</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">small group
discussions</b> are easily found on line.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>While Lenten practice is far from widespread, it is no longer an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">aberration</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">About
2002 as those changes were just getting underway, I was moved to write a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">poem</b> for a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">service </b>at the old <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congregational
Unitarian Congregation </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Woodstock,
Illinois</b>–now the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tree of Life
Congregation </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">McHenry</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was included in my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Skinner House Meditation Manual, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">We
Build Temples in the Heart</i></b> published two years later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since then, it has occasionally popped up in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">services</b> at other congregations.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiYBP0JT27F5uzvPaXd5bhsgndmw0KOEWM-L9VtOFSVYAGEKK82KTosGPQiRCh7He3C4RkVl_JVqFuQaFLYFLVhtx9p8PMyy7QwAY7nn4w9cIB7hxa1_PhTonGj32XnTw_8JE8qbd6lIDmd2L5PZjIEv6cHliAMUM4RvlyFvecnwZTsdfcDMcEfkDviH_X/s2100/We%20Build%20Temples%20in%20the%20Heart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2100" data-original-width="1500" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiYBP0JT27F5uzvPaXd5bhsgndmw0KOEWM-L9VtOFSVYAGEKK82KTosGPQiRCh7He3C4RkVl_JVqFuQaFLYFLVhtx9p8PMyy7QwAY7nn4w9cIB7hxa1_PhTonGj32XnTw_8JE8qbd6lIDmd2L5PZjIEv6cHliAMUM4RvlyFvecnwZTsdfcDMcEfkDviH_X/w458-h640/We%20Build%20Temples%20in%20the%20Heart.jpg" width="458" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Despite
its <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">length</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">structure</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> I have
often called this my <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Zen poem.</b></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">What Unitarian Universalists Should Give Up for Lent
if They Observed It, Which They Don’t, Most of Them.</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pews without padding, Nature Conservancy calendars.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Volvos, polysyllabic verbosity,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">herbal tea, austerity,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">National Public Radio, unread books in fine bindings,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">isms:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Liberalism,
Buddhism. Humanism,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Marxism,
Feminism, Taoism,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Vegetarianism, Conservationism, Transcendentalism,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Atheism,
Consumerism, Sufism,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for Christ’s
sake, Libertarianism,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Joys and Concerns, pretension,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">committee meetings, Habitat t-shirts,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">potluck tuna casserole, black-and-white films with
subtitles,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">petitions, sermons, tofu and brown rice,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">drums, theology,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">season tickets to anything but baseball,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">liturgical dance, poetry readings,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">pride:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pilgrim
pride</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pride of
intellect</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pride of
lineage</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pride of
lions</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the pride
that cometh before the fall</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">bistros, pledge drives,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">advanced degrees, spirituality,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">coffee hour, sensible shoes,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">philosophy, choir rehearsal,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">arrogance, animal sacrifice,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">gender-neutral hymnals, learned clergy,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">natural fibers, string quartets,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">whiteness, turquoise jewelry,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">recycling, self-congratulation,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">acupuncture, bird-watching at dawn,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">yoga, Common Cause,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">God, doubt,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">egotism, self-denigration,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">yesterday, tomorrow.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">—Patrick Murfin</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
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<p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-17551468237790283622024-03-08T02:00:00.001-06:002024-03-08T02:00:00.140-06:00Queen Esther Speeks to Her Sisters—Murfin Verse for International Women’s Day<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizHZHn7kWWkvbW1sxUCGwZzItjbhJ9um-oQCusUwK6OJYjRYnbGTXW0zpzykLWMtV8Wn4E9l1LmQltOV5-nq4pMRcl5IHz7a1he4217ULndTB_B8b7NTQFPRe87smc7vCDLZNexHF1W5AGHvuOmIAMZMEvmfq3Vlp_JzDWyYNn-or_etrGPg1x_QTei9n0/s820/International%20Women's%20Day%202024%20blog%20top.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="820" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizHZHn7kWWkvbW1sxUCGwZzItjbhJ9um-oQCusUwK6OJYjRYnbGTXW0zpzykLWMtV8Wn4E9l1LmQltOV5-nq4pMRcl5IHz7a1he4217ULndTB_B8b7NTQFPRe87smc7vCDLZNexHF1W5AGHvuOmIAMZMEvmfq3Vlp_JzDWyYNn-or_etrGPg1x_QTei9n0/w640-h246/International%20Women's%20Day%202024%20blog%20top.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
year <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Purim </b>begins as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sunset</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Saturday</b>, <b>March 23</b> at <b>sunset</b>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That’s more than two weeks after <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">International Women</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
Day </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">today.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Not even close enough for</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> horseshoes </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hand grenades</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But back in 2012 Purim, which wanders all
over the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">late winter/spring</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gregorian Calendar</b> because it is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fixed </b>to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ancient Hebrew calendar</b> fell <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">smack
dab </b>on the same day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you have
been <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">hanging around this joint</span>
for long, you <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">know what that meant</span>—<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">calendar coincidence Murfin verse</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Since
then, I have generally <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recycled </b>the
poem in Purim posts most years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But this
year the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">laughing defiance </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Queen Esther </b>to her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sisters</b> seems much more at home
today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So here she’ll be.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV0C3QkikVz2rpkyayEbJ0jtp9sFdCvYmaEpU44PJnLPP1g21SGC2FpkrJtsc4vuWOMddHoxZ0qY4rBR2OorMusJ4DrDa75wpMTlIxp_MG5fF1UWNdhxS025aWigaZyAK30P_ehvR7t1gxDNco4K_mrhVU5KSXgyJOr3_k8nPy_4cffiZB5qIS9ub-L27j/s1588/Queen%20Esther--mosaic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1588" data-original-width="1588" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV0C3QkikVz2rpkyayEbJ0jtp9sFdCvYmaEpU44PJnLPP1g21SGC2FpkrJtsc4vuWOMddHoxZ0qY4rBR2OorMusJ4DrDa75wpMTlIxp_MG5fF1UWNdhxS025aWigaZyAK30P_ehvR7t1gxDNco4K_mrhVU5KSXgyJOr3_k8nPy_4cffiZB5qIS9ub-L27j/w640-h640/Queen%20Esther--mosaic.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><b>Queen Esther Revealing
Her Identity</b> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">from
a stunning series of contemporary mosaics of the Purim story by Lilian Borca.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">I am
not going into the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">full</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fantastic yarn </b>related in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Old Testament <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Book of Esther</i></b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Suffice it to say</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>that this <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tale </b>of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jews </b>in the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">days of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Babylonian
captivity</b> sticks out in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bible</i></b> both because it <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">never mentions Yahweh</b>—it is about <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tribal </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cultural identity</b>, not <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">religion</b>—but
because it is a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rip-roaring saga </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">rife with</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> drunken royal orgies</b>, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lascivious
king</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">scheming </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">evil vizier</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> treachery galore</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">clever old man</b>, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">virtual pogrom</b>, and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">defiant counter attack </b>that leaves <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">goyim dead </b>by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">heap</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>But
mostly it is about a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lovely </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">virtuous teenager </b>who was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">essentially</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> abducted </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sex trafficked
</b>all the way into the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Royal bedroom </b>to
which she <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">adapted </b>and seemed to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">perform her</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> duties </b>with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exquisite </b>and
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">irresistible skill</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVZFVeg9Bv-QeLoQiWo4pAb8pGDhcRUGLSpbxy0TPmrNu9z8gAlw55WLkoV3HaDzl5f3ilJgKqSN-5I8jwcwpmpP9CUzbh1AI6VQscsaE-gInBFSr4FoiE37yS7eYMWnEZf60HFWE5oKjUgKthLesVNcnymC5kfs0rnDbarIUQmcrJ4nOAQpnMjrzMKmxh/s1000/Queen%20Esther--and%20the%20King%20standing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="829" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVZFVeg9Bv-QeLoQiWo4pAb8pGDhcRUGLSpbxy0TPmrNu9z8gAlw55WLkoV3HaDzl5f3ilJgKqSN-5I8jwcwpmpP9CUzbh1AI6VQscsaE-gInBFSr4FoiE37yS7eYMWnEZf60HFWE5oKjUgKthLesVNcnymC5kfs0rnDbarIUQmcrJ4nOAQpnMjrzMKmxh/w530-h640/Queen%20Esther--and%20the%20King%20standing.jpg" width="530" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Queen </span><span>Esther and the King.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Esther
is the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">princes/queen </b>who will <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">never be</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> animated </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">by</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Disney</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">warble </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> words </b>of a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">cheerful </span>and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">inspiring</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> anthem</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>None-the-less, she <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">triumphed </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saved Jewry </b>by
her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wiles</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>And Disney or not, Esther is the one that
all of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">little girls</b> want to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dress up </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">as</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rollicking</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> joyous </b>festival of
Purim.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifyP6X1PIB5JJXYQ-kD49vAsjcRD4IloCW2R9ndL4YyhqUswibHvtW9WQWVoHJRwkgNX_h6FQ0Ic9q4vk92nxM7V_7-GuSuvyMEPmiI15PezoJg-m8aV9SontZP-2-Jw72KgPxUn9iLKU-YqBzAwPBadTXmZJVoy4P8mHgil_zrHUU9L6-LioPOUUlHfu_/s318/Queen%20Esther--Denounces%20Hamon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="318" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifyP6X1PIB5JJXYQ-kD49vAsjcRD4IloCW2R9ndL4YyhqUswibHvtW9WQWVoHJRwkgNX_h6FQ0Ic9q4vk92nxM7V_7-GuSuvyMEPmiI15PezoJg-m8aV9SontZP-2-Jw72KgPxUn9iLKU-YqBzAwPBadTXmZJVoy4P8mHgil_zrHUU9L6-LioPOUUlHfu_/w640-h320/Queen%20Esther--Denounces%20Hamon.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Esther denounce Haman, the evil Vizier to the drunken King.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">You
can <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">look it all up</span>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anyway,
let Esther <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">speak again</b> to her <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sisters</b> across <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">time and space. </b></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Purim/International Women’s Day</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">14th day of Adar 5772/March 8, 2012</span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Queen Esther tossed her head,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>gleaming
black hair </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>tumbling
to those lovely shoulders</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>that
had enticed a lecher King.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>She
laughed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Her people, the Women of another age,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>leaned
toward her</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>waiting
her word.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">She cast her blazing eyes upon them,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>laughed
again</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and
spoke at last.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“So many Hamans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Where shall we begin?”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">—Patrick
Murfin</span></b></p>
<p><br /> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-26509580164640944792024-03-07T02:00:00.001-06:002024-03-07T02:00:00.141-06:00The Bloody Sunday on an Alabama Bridge Changed America<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqYF5fpw52CAaXWAb-r3xM6WPlmNRQ50kMNzMlBqeO-6RVblVSHZrsIcj8o28mOd0NwexZcyycQ1mhAqbOBT5Xd8x0uAfOSePnmgLGG55GZr8B3Lvi-yDnV61mP6Gk4-oVtdNmlR-FCAEQjfygh2b9Dq_l48ml8v3FtUPOBfAH-Mj_-HCLYsrHZWEUse1y/s1800/Selma--2024%20event..jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1136" data-original-width="1800" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqYF5fpw52CAaXWAb-r3xM6WPlmNRQ50kMNzMlBqeO-6RVblVSHZrsIcj8o28mOd0NwexZcyycQ1mhAqbOBT5Xd8x0uAfOSePnmgLGG55GZr8B3Lvi-yDnV61mP6Gk4-oVtdNmlR-FCAEQjfygh2b9Dq_l48ml8v3FtUPOBfAH-Mj_-HCLYsrHZWEUse1y/w640-h404/Selma--2024%20event..jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">This year's Selma bridge crossing march featuring Vice President Kamala Harris was held Sunday, March 3. Selma now largely embraces the event and promotes it as a major tourist destination.</span><br /></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They are calling this year’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">commemoration</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Selma Bridge Crossing Jubilee </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which will mark the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">59th anniversary</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bloody
Sunday</b>—the day on March 7, 1965, that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Civil
Rights marchers</b> were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">brutally beaten</b>
by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">law enforcement officers</b> on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Selma’s Edmund Pettus Bridge</b> which has
stretched into a nearly <b>week-long event</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Since the anniversary fell inconveniently <b>mid-week</b>, the
recreation of the march across the bridge was held on Sunday March 3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Vice President Kamala Harris</b> was an
honored participant and made <b>international headlines</b> with her <b>sharply
critical remarks</b> on the relentless <b>Israeli</b> <b>attacks</b> with <b>civilian
casualties</b>, <b>dislocation</b>, and <b>famine</b> and a call for a
ceasefire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Falling short of withdrawing <b>U</b>.<b>S</b>.
support for the Israeli <b>war machine</b>, the remarks were none-the-less not
as out of context at an event protesting <b>American apartheid</b> than it
might first seem.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">March 7, 1965 was Bloody Sunday in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Selma</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alabama.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>On that day massed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alabama
State Police </b>attacked<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> peaceful
demonstrators</b> attempting to cross the </span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Edmund Pettus Bridge</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">on a march from Selma to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">state capital</b> at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Montgomery </b>to
protest suppression of <b>voting rights</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYNeezPzMEMUZ-DCxW6ySjjM4YegviUoVl3-9UmsIn2Ezh1MhyxAlaq7lbollrZ8ho0DpgT8aX2_aOA_Q5z-ig3cj0fvQkvaU9LMtYtCK2M47K6U6mCqesxazjWgCX922Gg0Vsm800Lmj5-9vv75u9Ta7nJhX0xTo9e2hp2pkMsBT-W_t1B1BmWEfYaKwz/s1072/Selma--John%20Lews%20beating.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1072" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYNeezPzMEMUZ-DCxW6ySjjM4YegviUoVl3-9UmsIn2Ezh1MhyxAlaq7lbollrZ8ho0DpgT8aX2_aOA_Q5z-ig3cj0fvQkvaU9LMtYtCK2M47K6U6mCqesxazjWgCX922Gg0Vsm800Lmj5-9vv75u9Ta7nJhX0xTo9e2hp2pkMsBT-W_t1B1BmWEfYaKwz/w640-h430/Selma--John%20Lews%20beating.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Alabama
State Police beat SNCC march leader John Lewis, on ground center, after
charging voting rights marchers trying to cross Edmund Pettus Bridge
from Selma on the way to the state capitol in Montgomery in 1965.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Members of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SNCC</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">)</span> had been conducting <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">voter registration drives</b> in the area
since 1963 and had encountered<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
escalating violence</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the
passage of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Civil Rights Act of 1964,</b>
efforts stepped up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On July 6 of that
year SNCC leader <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John Lewis</b>
attempted to lead a march on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">county
court house</b> to <b>register voters</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He and other marchers were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">beaten</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">arrested</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A few days later a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">local judge</b> handed down a sweeping<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> injunction</b> against more than two
people <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">assembling</b> to even <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">talk </b>about voter registration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnuof7PwWstpD79MqkHHwl6nwGMHLTi_tYVS0glwZFAtNotbK_EpMPXbSOBfpyIcEoGaIlFO2u47E9BexagitBONGLgNlRehJ2iv1r7gu8EUF14BbN5LnSiTPPzQTFj2jMrdCSDwpv4Nwr-JdSt77SDRr-J1WH7Mlr1RiYlM7D2livvcdlfkR3j2DIi2zR/s529/Selma--Nash%20and%20Bevel%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="391" data-original-width="529" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnuof7PwWstpD79MqkHHwl6nwGMHLTi_tYVS0glwZFAtNotbK_EpMPXbSOBfpyIcEoGaIlFO2u47E9BexagitBONGLgNlRehJ2iv1r7gu8EUF14BbN5LnSiTPPzQTFj2jMrdCSDwpv4Nwr-JdSt77SDRr-J1WH7Mlr1RiYlM7D2livvcdlfkR3j2DIi2zR/w640-h474/Selma--Nash%20and%20Bevel%20(2).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Two SCLC organizers arrived to join the voter registration effort.
Diane Nash like John Lewis was a veteran of the Nashville public
accommodation sit-in campaign of 1960. Her husband, Rev. James Bevel
was also a seasoned non-violent activist. Together they were two of the
best the organization had.</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SNCC leaders appealed to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Southern Christian Leadership Conference </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SCLC</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">).</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>SCLC leaders including the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rev</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> James Bevel</b>, who had
been conducting his own voter registration projects, and his wife, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Diane Nash</b>, a SNCC founder who had <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cut her teeth</b> in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nashville youth crusade</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sit-ins</b> with Lewis, came to Selma to join
the effort.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the <b>national
organization</b>, busy with other efforts, had not yet <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">committed</b>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Finally, on January 2 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dr</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Martin Luther King</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Jr.</b> came to Selma bringing with him the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">national spotlight</b> and officially <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">launched</b> a new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Selma Voting
Rights Movement</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Marches on court houses <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">resumed </b>there and in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">surrounding
counties</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMZTmiDpaYBcJt6nae9OKnZib09KcsEifrak_LsQpbDqpXc7kzcONLZhTev88mP_-sgw_nbKsrENeq3VDr1Ka-yw_-YY1BFA0g4Yzfra2hafBlVIUZ5I3LLKUq5ihRi7U03lkHqctF3qF_5RMUoWSEPhtwiwMnGgRmxnxvZVOBx5Q0Hpomp2t6wXGB8Fr/s640/Selma--Jimmie%20Lee%20Jackson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="428" data-original-width="640" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMZTmiDpaYBcJt6nae9OKnZib09KcsEifrak_LsQpbDqpXc7kzcONLZhTev88mP_-sgw_nbKsrENeq3VDr1Ka-yw_-YY1BFA0g4Yzfra2hafBlVIUZ5I3LLKUq5ihRi7U03lkHqctF3qF_5RMUoWSEPhtwiwMnGgRmxnxvZVOBx5Q0Hpomp2t6wXGB8Fr/w640-h428/Selma--Jimmie%20Lee%20Jackson.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>They body of Jimmie Lee Jackson, first martyr of the Selma campaign.
After leading a night march to the Perry County Court House in Marion,
Jackson was shot trying to protect his mother and grandfather from a
beating by police who charged into a cafe where they had taken refuge.
His death galvanized the campaign locally, but attracted little national
press attention.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On February 18 a young man, a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Baptist elder </b>who had tried four times
to register, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jimmie Lee Johnson</b> was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">shot </b>trying to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">defend</b> his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mother</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">grandfather</b> from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">police clubs</b> after a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">night
march </b>on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Perry County </b>court
house in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Marion</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>When Johnson <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">died </b>of his wounds days later, Bevel called for a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protest march </b>on the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> state capital</b> from Selma on March
7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the day of the march John Lewis, the
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rev</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Hosea Williams</b> of the
SCLC, and local leaders like <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Amelia
Boynton </b>led about 600 marchers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When
they attempted to cross the bridge, they were met by<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>massed troopers<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ordered to disperse</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lewis attempted to speak to the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> commanding officer</b> but was <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">shoved to the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ground</b> and beaten.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Police <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">charged </b>the crowd with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">clubs</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gas</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mounted officers</b> attacked from the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> flanks</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Scenes of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">horrific violence</b> were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">captured </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">film</b> and soon <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">broadcast </b>on
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">television</b> helping to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">swing public sympathy</b> to the
marchers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">King <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">responded </b>with a call to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
rally</b> in Selma for a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">second march</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hundreds from around the country, including
many <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">clergy</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">responded </b>to the call.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lawyers </b>appealed to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Federal Judge</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Frank Minis Johnson</b>, who was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suspected
</b>to be<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> sympathetic</b>, to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lift </b>the local ban on marches.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The judge took the issue under<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> advisement</b> but issued a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">temporary restraining order</b> against
resuming the march until he could make his<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
ruling</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With thousands gathered, King felt he had
to <b>move</b> but did not want to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">alienate
</b>the judge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On March 9 he led about
7,000 to the bridge but then knelt in<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
prayer</b> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">turned the crowd</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> back</b>, a move that was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">harshly criticized</b> by SNCC
leaders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfy-Ze8XqqB3BFVylXOtvYhmd3emcGDajp5Cy8yZTldMxd7LvqiYBtlW8IzIx7zOtgBLceBa8hE6f3vXrk5btb30FWJj8e2VPooCyh-3K0sHzy2WHUa8Qe8AXp0Kqld5r_HaHhATjT40QQAiU99Ik2RzWLu_OzmEisWqyptKtcIj8Jn4NXO42Po4Gv2VVF/s960/Selma--James%20Reeb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="732" data-original-width="960" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfy-Ze8XqqB3BFVylXOtvYhmd3emcGDajp5Cy8yZTldMxd7LvqiYBtlW8IzIx7zOtgBLceBa8hE6f3vXrk5btb30FWJj8e2VPooCyh-3K0sHzy2WHUa8Qe8AXp0Kqld5r_HaHhATjT40QQAiU99Ik2RzWLu_OzmEisWqyptKtcIj8Jn4NXO42Po4Gv2VVF/w640-h488/Selma--James%20Reeb.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rev. James Reeb, a young Unitarian Universalist minister was with two
other when he was beaten to death by Klansmen in Selma on the eve of a
second march. The death of a white minister did grab attention and
President Lyndon Baines Johnson used it to advance the Voting Right Act
of 1965.</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That evening three <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Unitarian Universalist </b>ministers, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">James Reeb</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Clark Olsen</b>,
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Orloff Miller</b> who had responded
to King’s call were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">attacked</b> and
beaten outside a Selma <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cafe</b> known to
be a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hangout </b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Klansmen</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Reeb died of his wounds on March 11 in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Birmingham</b> after the Selma<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hospital refused </b>to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> treat </b>him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On hearing of Reeb’s death the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Board</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Unitarian Universalist Association</b> meeting in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boston </b>voted to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">adjourn</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">re-convene</b> in Selma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UUA President<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Dana McLean Greeley</b> and eventually <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">half of the a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ctive
ministers </b>in the Association headed to the South.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The death of a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>white minister<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> galvanized
public opinion</b> in a way that Jimmie Johnson’s had not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A shaken <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President
Lyndon Johnson </b>submitted a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Voting
Rights Act </b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congress </b>on March
15 after <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">failing</b> to get <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Governor George Wallace</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">back off </b>from attacks on
demonstrators.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A week after Reeb’s death Judge Johnson
finally issued the long-anticipated ruling<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
upholding</b> the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">First Amendment rights</b>
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">assemble</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protest</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBSdWeb_VtalMcFgS7nXbIOTaVEuOh5MChiQXDLIARV0rol9byu7oGv8E8sAiRjvJcp6rmCM-bFvQdcdHlyuDW4IL9K-hNPdJprw7Skyijlenf25pBIhSSnFxWb3X-KCHqjUpldVNy6S5IDUj23WtI4LHu95-fuXLXfBTPrSw2x6fZ48eqPOHgBCOj8QIs/s400/Selma--Montgomery%20final%20march.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="274" data-original-width="400" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBSdWeb_VtalMcFgS7nXbIOTaVEuOh5MChiQXDLIARV0rol9byu7oGv8E8sAiRjvJcp6rmCM-bFvQdcdHlyuDW4IL9K-hNPdJprw7Skyijlenf25pBIhSSnFxWb3X-KCHqjUpldVNy6S5IDUj23WtI4LHu95-fuXLXfBTPrSw2x6fZ48eqPOHgBCOj8QIs/w640-h438/Selma--Montgomery%20final%20march.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>John Lewis, Rosa Parks, Ralph Abernathy, Juanita Abernathy, Ralph
Bunche, Martin Luther and Coretta Scott King, Frederick Reese and Hosea
Williams lead the March through Montgomery to the Capitol.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On March 21 the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">final </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">successful march</b>
on Montgomery set off with King, Lewis, Bevel, Williams <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">leading </b>the way with a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bevy </b>of
national clergy. They were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protected</b>
by 2,000 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Federal troops</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">U</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> S</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Marshalls </b>on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">four-day march</b>
through <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hostile territory</b> to the
capital.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">triumphant rally</b> on the capitol steps, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Viola Liuzzo</b>, a young <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Detroit
mother </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>U.U. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">laywoman</b> was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">driving </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> black marcher</b> back to Selma, when she
was shot by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ku Klux Klan </b>members.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">federal
informant</b> was in the Klansmen’s car.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">final fatality</b> in
the Selma campaign.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCdJ2jnejGaUHprFZWV1PZbxq2QsBb-DOoGtxKX9_hQC_l3Co8pU5fdZcjsVzI13PXJMqNA792hqcuBZWdjOyLPQf5vetLfsQfsKNpMUe7AFIjFEuBGPft6_UsG0eeoBdhjkSncq9eBz1cnQax8YgySTSnCkXdiuJkcLSGDSUKoICXRz3rXBVCGpEhAOQt/s834/Selma--Viola%20liuzzo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="834" data-original-width="736" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCdJ2jnejGaUHprFZWV1PZbxq2QsBb-DOoGtxKX9_hQC_l3Co8pU5fdZcjsVzI13PXJMqNA792hqcuBZWdjOyLPQf5vetLfsQfsKNpMUe7AFIjFEuBGPft6_UsG0eeoBdhjkSncq9eBz1cnQax8YgySTSnCkXdiuJkcLSGDSUKoICXRz3rXBVCGpEhAOQt/w564-h640/Selma--Viola%20liuzzo.jpg" width="564" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Tennessee born Viola Liuzzo, a white U.U. laywoman and mother from
Detroit marched from Selma to Montgomery often barefoot as in this
photo. She was murdered driving a Black Marcher back to Selma after the
final rally at the State Capital. She was the third of four of the Martyrs of
Selma who also included Episcopal seminarian Jonathan Myrick Daniels who
was shotgunned to death on August 30 after spending a week in jail for a
Lowndes County, demonstration, a part of the greater Selma campaign.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Voting Rights Act passed Congress
and was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">signed </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">into </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">law</b> by the President on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">August
6</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Within a year 7000 new Black
voters were<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> enrolled</b> in Selma’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dallas County</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1966 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sheriff Jim Clark</b>, who was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">responsible</b>
for much of the early violence in Selma, lost his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bid </b>for<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> re-election</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Lewis would go on to be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elected </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Congress</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Edmund Pettus Bridge is now marked as
part of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Selma to Montgomery Voting
Rights Trail, </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Historic
Trail. </b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfQVx5j6TFvbDL791janNWsJACM7JeF0wVaghaBjPTzZdkPY3wwPcfjLu-RmY1ao87f4IUUhZaaAjTbTrgLjifYyLR_spV_O9-a-uKFhvWBJyvbO64HdfDE6e-8NuVxYdWiwE8mHQfiuDi_GB0Sk_O_WOnzB2RCArKMviI5XV9df8fhGS84E7oLbrCISfr/s400/Selma--50th%20anniversary%20march.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="400" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfQVx5j6TFvbDL791janNWsJACM7JeF0wVaghaBjPTzZdkPY3wwPcfjLu-RmY1ao87f4IUUhZaaAjTbTrgLjifYyLR_spV_O9-a-uKFhvWBJyvbO64HdfDE6e-8NuVxYdWiwE8mHQfiuDi_GB0Sk_O_WOnzB2RCArKMviI5XV9df8fhGS84E7oLbrCISfr/w640-h426/Selma--50th%20anniversary%20march.jpg" width="640" /></a></b></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>The 50th Anniversary march included President Barack Obama and his
family, Congressman John Lewis and other veterans of the original march
and former President George W. Bush and his wife Laura. Always
outspoken, Diane Lewis boycotted the reunion march to protest Bush's
inclusion. </span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">50th
Anniversary year </b>of 2015, tens of thousands joined Congressman Lewis and
other veterans of the original marches along with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President Barack Obama</b>, his family,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">former President George
W</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Bush </b>and his wife <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Laura </b>in
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">symbolic </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">triumphant </b>march across the Bridge.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The same year the film <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Selma</i></b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">directed </b>by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ana DuVernay</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">starring David Oyelowo</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Carmen Ejogo</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Tom Wilkinson</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Oprah Winfrey </b>opened to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">high praise</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> great reviews, </b>and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slew </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">awards </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">nominations</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_63-fmcN0vrJ09nL97ZiONi5FcQnEe60toqYTJSuZ9LtziJf-cutiHgSmw9Iq4pHvaA2s0IocW4AlZEPqVvJf5YuD2kQB9hdumZGLKsBonSvMXKevu7_1fOCpRkFw3G7d5-fgUDtQ_Hlxwz8LVHZlBW21IGNIB7wLYMUzaR6oUq4BrkaEk74K0K0HrLVI/s1600/Selma-2014-poster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_63-fmcN0vrJ09nL97ZiONi5FcQnEe60toqYTJSuZ9LtziJf-cutiHgSmw9Iq4pHvaA2s0IocW4AlZEPqVvJf5YuD2kQB9hdumZGLKsBonSvMXKevu7_1fOCpRkFw3G7d5-fgUDtQ_Hlxwz8LVHZlBW21IGNIB7wLYMUzaR6oUq4BrkaEk74K0K0HrLVI/w640-h480/Selma-2014-poster.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Ana </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span>DuVernay's acclaimed film <i style="font-weight: bold;">Selma</i> was
an accurate depiction of the voting rights campaign and marches.
Unlike earlier popular movies about the Civil Rights campaigns, there
was no white savior and the vision was unfiltered by white eyes. The
film also honored the work and sacrifice of ordinary folk as well as
Martin Luther King and other marquee movement names. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 2020 Congressman Lewis, who was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">battling pancreatic cancer </b>was joined by four Democratic <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">presidential candidates—Senators Elizabeth
Warren </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Amy Klobuchar</b>, former<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>former<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg </b>for the march. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In his comments Congressman Lewis said:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 34.2pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fifty-five years ago, a few of our children attempted to
march ... across this bridge. We were beaten, we were tear-gassed. I thought I
was going to die on this bridge. But somehow and some way, God almighty helped
me here…We must go out and vote like we never, ever voted before…</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 34.2pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I’m not going to give up. I’m not going to give in. We’re
going to continue to fight. We need your prayers now more than ever before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We must use the vote as a nonviolent
instrument or tool to redeem the soul of America…</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 34.2pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To each and every one of you, especially you young people
... go out there, speak up, speak out. Get in the way. Get in good trouble.
Necessary trouble, and help redeem the soul of America.</span></p>
<p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-52744994731749211752024-03-06T07:11:00.000-06:002024-03-06T07:11:13.002-06:00Fredi Washington and the Cost of Refusing to Pass for White in Hollywood<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdHsMlnLxLajPlnuWExqGJynxUyJ49p3kMoiirypKbK9XIVY0kcvU38czI1zLqt9XJGkUJd8vh10F6Riw3fsL4m4Kq4Eq1ZxvCjMvUbS00qBinj9h3KNx2z40JsYbYUU-SileQDuV4QFXBgMjY4vnhrK1aNQGB-FO3YqbdW3VyXnc0Xzim56LdoLUhyphenhyphenuQp/s1200/Fredi%20Washington--portrait.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="630" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdHsMlnLxLajPlnuWExqGJynxUyJ49p3kMoiirypKbK9XIVY0kcvU38czI1zLqt9XJGkUJd8vh10F6Riw3fsL4m4Kq4Eq1ZxvCjMvUbS00qBinj9h3KNx2z40JsYbYUU-SileQDuV4QFXBgMjY4vnhrK1aNQGB-FO3YqbdW3VyXnc0Xzim56LdoLUhyphenhyphenuQp/w336-h640/Fredi%20Washington--portrait.jpg" width="336" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>F</span>redi Washington could have passed for White but wouldn't.</span></span><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fredi
Washington </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">wowed
<b>audiences</b> in the first <b>version</b> of <b><i>Imitation of Life</i></b>
released in 1934 by <b>Universal Pictures</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b>Starring Claudette Colbert</b>, <b>Louise Beavers</b>, <b>Warren</b> <b>William</b>,
and <b>Rochelle Hudson</b>, Washington didn’t make the cut in <b>movie posters</b>
released for most <b>theaters </b>and was <b>billed </b>sixth despite playing a
<b>pivotal role</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adapted from <b>Fannie
Hurst</b>’<b>s bestselling novel</b> the film was a <b>melodrama</b> about the
plight of <b>working </b>and <b>single mothers </b>during the <b>Depression</b>,
<b>deep friendship </b>between a <b>White widow </b>and a <b>Black </b>mother,
and the harsh realities of <b>race </b>in <b>segregated America</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington played <b>Peola</b>, the daughter
of Beavers who comes to work as a <b>maid</b> for Colbert in <b>exchange</b>
for <b>room</b> and <b>board</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She is
the same age as Colbert’s daughter and they <b>grow up</b> together in a <b>household</b>
where the <b>mistress </b>and <b>servant </b>essentially <b>co-parent</b> both
girls.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
they <b>come </b>of <b>age </b>the <b>light skin </b>Peola decides to <b>pass
for White</b> to enter the world of <b>virtual sibling</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It both <b>breaks </b>her mother’s <b>heart </b>and
leads to <b>inevitable tragedy </b>when her <b>ruse </b>is <b>uncovered</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1934 it was a <b>daring</b> and <b>controversial
</b>film that treated all of its <b>characters</b> with <b>dignity</b> and <b>respect</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwQBNXnN-sVLE4UJxeKZ_WoEry-iPIU5OKf44RjRiR8258j9gdSjD_LiRO33AJQHE5DEEF3k5VZ4pk2mXUqQoDbMfNrkBJqeGBNfOFKPD57_f3YJeP8ixt1GgBPFVayxK7defQwAhuYI-JJUOi0O_BnTK8P4U1ilFQdkwNu3qDCIsgZY_6VRjFCH8ZaywW/s2977/Fredi%20Washington--Black%20theater%20loby%20card.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2285" data-original-width="2977" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwQBNXnN-sVLE4UJxeKZ_WoEry-iPIU5OKf44RjRiR8258j9gdSjD_LiRO33AJQHE5DEEF3k5VZ4pk2mXUqQoDbMfNrkBJqeGBNfOFKPD57_f3YJeP8ixt1GgBPFVayxK7defQwAhuYI-JJUOi0O_BnTK8P4U1ilFQdkwNu3qDCIsgZY_6VRjFCH8ZaywW/w640-h492/Fredi%20Washington--Black%20theater%20loby%20card.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>A lobby card for Black theaters only featured the Black stars of <i style="font-weight: bold;">Imitation of Life </i>in 1934.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Knowing
that the <b>theme </b>would cost <b>distribution </b>in the <b>Jim Crow South</b>
and even in many <b>Northern cities</b>, Universal hoped to <b>recoup </b>some
of its losses by launching an <b>unprecedented </b>major studio campaign to
sell the film to Black audiences in segregated theaters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Posters prominently featuring Beavers and
Washington were printed and a <b>special trailer </b>just for the Black <b>cinemas
</b>was <b>shot</b>.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>It
worked.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>African-American </b>audiences
flocked to see the film.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ironically</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> although
Washington played a young woman passing for White, she <b>adamantly refused</b>
to do so in <b>real life</b> and it <b>cost</b> her <b>career</b> dearly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was stung not only by White <b>racism</b>
but by the fact that many Blacks thought that she like Peola rejected her
people and <b>resented </b>her for it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Years later she told the <b><i>Chicago Defender</i></b> in 1945:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Early in my career
it was suggested that I might get further by passing as French or something
exotic. But to pass, for economic or other advantages, would have meant that I
swallowed, whole hog, the idea of Black inferiority…You see I’m a mighty proud
gal, and I can’t for the life of me find any valid reason why anyone should lie
about their origin, or anything else for that matter. Frankly, I do not ascribe
to the stupid theory of white supremacy and to try to hide the fact that I am a
Negro for economic or any other reasons. If I do, I would be agreeing to be a
Negro makes me inferior and that I have swallowed whole hog all of the
propaganda dished out by our fascist-minded white citizens.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.8pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtFf4gYdp-uHOvA89XkHDLwccjt1Q1Qzo6QRP-2O7ijqH-LeC9YZD8I_OknRRtmCxKo0uuVndjH37mUeTB371VUUn6EbGvV_TPQUZHm78ynIgVX5YjWmLDG-dH3S6ccEnDZRGjVpkBTEEwUlXtkqmGeyTCOP6855PzuvSJWo6MAcsQuYydzKHgjs9Gwxw2/s828/Fredi%20Washington--Merle%20Oberon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="828" data-original-width="588" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtFf4gYdp-uHOvA89XkHDLwccjt1Q1Qzo6QRP-2O7ijqH-LeC9YZD8I_OknRRtmCxKo0uuVndjH37mUeTB371VUUn6EbGvV_TPQUZHm78ynIgVX5YjWmLDG-dH3S6ccEnDZRGjVpkBTEEwUlXtkqmGeyTCOP6855PzuvSJWo6MAcsQuYydzKHgjs9Gwxw2/w454-h640/Fredi%20Washington--Merle%20Oberon.jpg" width="454" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>British film star Merle Oberon carefully concealed her mixed race Ceylonese/Welsh heritage.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.8pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Other actresses
have made a different choice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
early <b>silent movie era</b>, especially in films made in and around <b>urban
centers</b> especially <b>New York </b>and <b>Chicago</b>, several performers
recruited from <b>vaudeville</b>, and <b>chorus lines </b>reportedly had parts
in <b>two-reelers</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later some went
on to real <b>stardom</b> passing for White.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Washington’s contemporary <b>Merle Oberon </b>became an <b>Oscar-winning</b>
star of both <b>British </b>and American films while carefully <b>concealing</b>
her birth in India on February 19, 1911 of <b>Welsh</b> and <b>Ceylonese</b>
(now <b>Sri Lankan</b>) parents.<b> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>She
took her<b> </b>secret to her <b>grave</b>. It wasn’t until decades after her
death in 1979 at age 68 that her true origins became known.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Broadway star <b>Carol Channing</b>, the
original <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Lorelei Lee </b>in <b><i>Gentlemen
Prefer Blondes</i></b>, had an <b>African American</b> and <b>German father </b>who
also passed for White and a German-Jewish mother,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She did not disclose her heritage until 2002
when she was 81.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -1.8pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Washington was a <b>stunning
</b>young woman with <b>green eyes</b>, <b>delicate</b>—read <b>non-Negroid</b>—features,
and a <b>creamy complexion</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was
also a <b>veteran performer</b> and a highly skilled <b>dancer</b>, <b>singer</b>,
and <b>actress</b> who should have had all the <b>attributes </b>for a major <b>Hollywood
</b>career.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it was not to be.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fredericka
Carolyn </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“<b>Fredi”
Washington</b> was born in 1903 in <b>Savannah</b>, <b>Georgia</b> to <b>postal
worker Robert T</b>. <b>Washington </b>and dancer <b>Harriet “Hattie” Walker
Ward</b>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both had mixed African-American
and <b>European ancestry</b>. She was the second of their five children. Her
mother <b>died</b> when Fredi was 11 years old. As the oldest girl in her
family, she helped <b>raise </b>her younger <b>siblings</b>, <b>Isabel</b>, <b>Rosebud</b>,
and <b>Robert</b>, with the help of their <b>grandmothe</b>r. After their
mother’s death, Fredi and Isabel were sent to the <b>St</b>.<b> Elizabeth</b>’<b>s
Convent School for Colored Girls </b>in <b>Cornwells Heights</b>, near <b>Philadelphia</b>,
<b>Pennsylvania</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her father
remarried, but his <b>second wife</b> died while <b>pregnant</b>. He married a
third time and had four additional children. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOQ_sQUBBivxZImGzkaYSDnnQrqXAnEWQrf4sS3aJuUyzO0l7VnNli1dhULUXl_T_UNOlq0OgDy574Z_uV2nSoQ2sUWu2p7QLk-cxMCEv0_qioD696AdAIYXr0RAHgRG47JyvUmhF4oOHIDgihGsK9Xe4gzcr60xve3dzZ3G11zgcn6KO5c3LiNCj2s-dp/s415/fredi%20washington---childhood%20family.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="415" data-original-width="352" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOQ_sQUBBivxZImGzkaYSDnnQrqXAnEWQrf4sS3aJuUyzO0l7VnNli1dhULUXl_T_UNOlq0OgDy574Z_uV2nSoQ2sUWu2p7QLk-cxMCEv0_qioD696AdAIYXr0RAHgRG47JyvUmhF4oOHIDgihGsK9Xe4gzcr60xve3dzZ3G11zgcn6KO5c3LiNCj2s-dp/w542-h640/fredi%20washington---childhood%20family.jpg" width="542" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>An early photograph of the Washington family children. From left to
right: Fredi, Alonso, Isabel and Robert.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Washington’s
family moved <b>north</b> to <b>Harlem</b> in <b>New York City</b> during the <b>Great
Migration</b>. She <b>graduated</b> from <b>Julia Richman High School</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was
the <b>blooming era </b>of the <b>Harlem Renaissance </b>and presented many <b>opportunities
</b>to the talented young woman and led her to <b>cross paths</b> with many of
its <b>outstanding performers</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By
age 18 in 1921 Fredi was <b>dancing </b>at the famed <b>Cotton Club </b>where <b>Josephine
Baker discovered</b> her and <b>hired </b>her to be part of a<b> cabaret trio</b>,
the <b>Happy Honeysuckles</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Baker
continued to <b>mentor </b>the young performer and introduced he to <b>important
people </b>in the <b>entertainment industry</b> like <b>producer Lee Shubert</b>.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She broke into <b>Broadway </b>in the <b>all-Black
musical</b> <b><i>Shuffle Along</i></b> in 1922 as a <b>chorus girl</b> and
toured with the <b>road show</b> for two years. Her film debut came that same
year in the all-Black <b>boxing drama <i>Square Joe</i></b>. In 1926, she was
recommended for a co-starring role on <b>Broadway</b> with <b>Paul Robeson</b>
in the <b>play</b>, <b><i>Black Boy</i></b>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington had an off and on relationship with
Robeson for several years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She also
became a <b>popular</b> featured dancer and <b>toured internationally</b> with
her <b>dancing</b> partner, <b>Al Moiret</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ7JVNy8xFBQo_tggKcaQzTlgmuLGKE8TWaczBZby_h3I2dwTeOK3tPKn-Fi3xtdt4AtpzVDDfmgjMfCnm-0s-MNBu5n8oEePXL1m5woz-A9Z6NtxboXHU2u2lYqmpLXBkyyArPv9HxpQCrXxUZGFqPXDExZ5pBYfGC9j69awsOd90N9Mihv-0evQVJ9Nd/s500/Fredi%20Washington--Duke%20Ellington%20lack%20and%20Tan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="336" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ7JVNy8xFBQo_tggKcaQzTlgmuLGKE8TWaczBZby_h3I2dwTeOK3tPKn-Fi3xtdt4AtpzVDDfmgjMfCnm-0s-MNBu5n8oEePXL1m5woz-A9Z6NtxboXHU2u2lYqmpLXBkyyArPv9HxpQCrXxUZGFqPXDExZ5pBYfGC9j69awsOd90N9Mihv-0evQVJ9Nd/w430-h640/Fredi%20Washington--Duke%20Ellington%20lack%20and%20Tan.jpg" width="430" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span> <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span>The poster for</span> <span><i style="font-weight: bold;">Black and Tan Fantasy </i>starring Duke Ellington and Fredi Washington.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
1929<b> </b>Washington made her <b>talkie </b>debut<b> </b>in <b><i>Black and
Tan Fantasy</i></b>, an early <b>two reel sound short </b>with <b>Duke
Ellington </b>as the doomed dancer wife of the struggling <b>band leader</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She toured with Ellington’s <b>Orchestra</b>
and had an <b>affair </b>with the <b>married maestro</b>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She had a small <b>uncredited role </b>in the <b>Marx
Brother’s </b>first film <b><i>Animal Crackers </i></b>in 1930.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
1933 she <b>teamed</b> with Robeson again in a small role in the film version
of <b>Eugene O</b>’<b>Neill’s</b> <b><i>Emperor Jones</i></b> in which her <b>skin</b>
was <b>darkened</b> with <b>makeup </b>for <b>fear</b> that audiences might
think Robeson was actually <b>filming love scenes</b> with a White woman.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another <b>significant appearance</b> was
with <b>Cab Calloway </b>who she had known since her Cotton Club days in his
classic musical short <b><i>Hi-De-Ho</i></b> in 1934.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt16Qjgvc7yMfyBQhs1jWOOpaO_9W4as6i1oBUeifzNB-hkmI3HaGyyfHmzDSkWAchfXBp-oHMdtYmNZmzuMVD9lvFHGKCHPEpvXUlbynCOfVczl_0wWeT9vlPhMXZh-A-gQDbvv18-B2R3pF4-Xr2Dy8cFXiO3MPUXspqy2IXwES54OtMdTxsfa587omy/s333/Fredi%20Washington--Paul%20Robeson%20Emporer%20Jones.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="333" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt16Qjgvc7yMfyBQhs1jWOOpaO_9W4as6i1oBUeifzNB-hkmI3HaGyyfHmzDSkWAchfXBp-oHMdtYmNZmzuMVD9lvFHGKCHPEpvXUlbynCOfVczl_0wWeT9vlPhMXZh-A-gQDbvv18-B2R3pF4-Xr2Dy8cFXiO3MPUXspqy2IXwES54OtMdTxsfa587omy/w640-h460/Fredi%20Washington--Paul%20Robeson%20Emporer%20Jones.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Washington's skin had to be darkened in the film version of <i style="font-weight: bold;">Emperor Jones</i> so audiences wouldn't think that Paul Robeson was romancing a White woman.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Washington
wanted to expand her film acting career but was crippled by her complexion
which was too light for the <b>cheaply made </b>films for Black theaters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several important <b>Hollywood figures </b>reportedly
offered to make her a <b>star </b>equal to or greater than <b>Norma Shearer</b>,
<b>Joan Crawford</b>, <b>Constance Bennett</b>, and <b>Greta Garbo</b> if she
would assume a new name and identity and pass as White.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She flatly refused.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
part in <i>Imitation of Life </i>was her big break.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it also <b>outed </b>her a <b>Black </b>and
typed her as “the tragic mulatto.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Parts
were hard to find.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She did land a
staring role as a <b>vengeful</b> Black <b>Haitian</b> <b>plantation owner </b>in
the extremely low budget <b>zombie exploitation flick</b> <b><i>Ouanga</i></b> (also
known as <b><i>The Love Wanga</i></b>) in 1936.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRgfhGf1192sqMWcTND2yD4JMNQCIJjLv0HGsMfHOVBLxszZaNUK3I2HRs2JwHEDOryhRG5d7slDFHmuXHosiHK3hMPUkI7msUEx6H3Mtc9UReKI7zzYFMarrb3sfKhqnIWQg0UHodm4fSN_2BlmNmdFnpmgvgtQnabnnCW2aiC9xveOVBXIetYLVorEkC/s600/Fredi%20Washington--ouanga.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="396" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRgfhGf1192sqMWcTND2yD4JMNQCIJjLv0HGsMfHOVBLxszZaNUK3I2HRs2JwHEDOryhRG5d7slDFHmuXHosiHK3hMPUkI7msUEx6H3Mtc9UReKI7zzYFMarrb3sfKhqnIWQg0UHodm4fSN_2BlmNmdFnpmgvgtQnabnnCW2aiC9xveOVBXIetYLVorEkC/w422-h640/Fredi%20Washington--ouanga.jpg" width="422" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>The lurid poster for the low-budget zombie film <b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>Ouanga</i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> (also known as </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>The Love Wanga</i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">) in 1936.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Washington
got one more chance to <b>shine</b> in Hollywood in <b>20th Century Fox</b>’<b>s
</b>1937 film <b><i>One Mile from Heaven</i></b><i> </i>starring <b>Clair
Trevor</b> as a <b>nosey newspaper woman </b>who investigates why an <b>octoroon
</b>mother is raising an <b>apparently white child</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The part of the child was <b>originally
written</b> for <b>Shirley Temple</b>, but the studio <b>shied</b> from <b>risking</b>
their biggest asset in such a <b>potentially explosive</b> film.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington, of course was the target of the
investigation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The film also featured <b>Bill
</b>“<b>Bojangles</b>”<b> Robbinson</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After that Fredi’s movie career was over.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjijAf9Bq88lMAOor7jWqONsEhLyM7u0Lt99IGWTBhZG9l1ckcLFlAgh02Ptfxc19UYuBcRcVa8TBc12x8Eusqq-22U0T0exdP-vqdQhtjU3EAEFGeg0X0BqAeLi2B9V3MLwJfHodpzqKriEUaR99bHKXPP1NKDf12mZGBWDl2W8IiqMqdtmQ3XcVfMD_wD/s749/Fredi%20Washington--Ethel%20Waters%20in%20Mamba's%20Daughters.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="749" data-original-width="551" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjijAf9Bq88lMAOor7jWqONsEhLyM7u0Lt99IGWTBhZG9l1ckcLFlAgh02Ptfxc19UYuBcRcVa8TBc12x8Eusqq-22U0T0exdP-vqdQhtjU3EAEFGeg0X0BqAeLi2B9V3MLwJfHodpzqKriEUaR99bHKXPP1NKDf12mZGBWDl2W8IiqMqdtmQ3XcVfMD_wD/w470-h640/Fredi%20Washington--Ethel%20Waters%20in%20Mamba's%20Daughters.jpg" width="470" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> With Ethel Waters on Broadway in 1939 in DuBose Heyward's <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">Mamba’s Daughters</i> with music by Jerome Kern.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">But
not her acting career.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1939 <b>DuBose
Heyward</b>,<b> </b>the author of the book <b>George Gershwin</b>’<b>s <i>Porgy
and Bess </i></b>was based on, <b>adapted</b> another one of his <b>slice-of-life
novels</b> about the racial <b>complexity </b>of his hometown, <b>Charleston</b>,
South <b>Carolina </b>into a play with his wife <b>Dorothy</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><i>Mamba</i></b><i>’<b>s Daughters</b></i>
was mounted on Broadway as a star turn for <b>Ethel Waters</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington <b>co-starred</b> as the light
skinned daughter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The play featured
songs by <b>Jerome Kern </b>and opened at the <b>Empire Theater </b>running for
162 performances.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1940 it had a brief
revival at the <b>Broadway Theater</b>. Significantly Washington was one of the
original cast members who performed selections from the musical on the <b>ground-breaking
<i>Ethel Waters Show</i></b>, <b>one-hour</b> <b>television variety special</b>
that ran in the <b>earliest days</b> of <b>NBC</b>, on June 14, 1939.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That <b>experimental broadcast</b> to the <b>handful</b>
of <b>TV sets</b> in New York made Waters the first Black performer, <b>male </b>or
<b>female</b>, to have her own TV <b>show</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Later
in the 1940’s Washington appeared with her sister Isabel as a featured dancer
in some New York productions and was a <b>casting consultant </b>for the 1943
production of <b><i>Carmen Jones </i></b>and a <b>revival</b> of <i>Porgy and
Bess.</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Despite
her affairs with Ellington and Robeson (and perhaps others) Washington married <b>Lawrence
Brown</b>, one of Duke’s <b>trombone players </b>in 1933. They <b>divorced </b>in
1951.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A year later she married <b>dentist
Dr</b>.<b> Hugh Anthony Bell</b> and retired from performing to live in <b>Greenwich</b>,
<b>Connecticut</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhotAVv9O1v1zY4FLr91Zy6PNLMPxgDpP-ZC890AnhMNX1lxgvHcItfEqBH_1_aX7d9BqM2UbTT1VFN-CrZQVKTbdUJFdCGSuJgvOXVRX0cLtz7y4VfRyQjqhwyVzmR7vSu1bd7vlVuOQNrgQ1mNx8ZHCsmYfj8tpKyfvCwxhFe9x-sGJezVR5XpYIYabtk/s1024/Fredi%20Washington--Anti-lynching.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="857" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhotAVv9O1v1zY4FLr91Zy6PNLMPxgDpP-ZC890AnhMNX1lxgvHcItfEqBH_1_aX7d9BqM2UbTT1VFN-CrZQVKTbdUJFdCGSuJgvOXVRX0cLtz7y4VfRyQjqhwyVzmR7vSu1bd7vlVuOQNrgQ1mNx8ZHCsmYfj8tpKyfvCwxhFe9x-sGJezVR5XpYIYabtk/w536-h640/Fredi%20Washington--Anti-lynching.jpg" width="536" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Fredi Washington campaigning against lynching for the NAACP.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">But
Washington’s greatest <b>contributions </b>may have come from her <b>tireless
devotion</b> to <b>Civil Rights</b> work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In the 1930’s she worked closely with <b>Walter White </b>of the <b>National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People </b>(<b>NAACP</b>) on a
variety of causes but especially on <b>anti-lynching </b>campaigns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1937 Washington <b>co-founded</b> the <b>Negro
Actors Guild of America</b> (<b>NAG</b>), with <b>Noble Sissle</b>, <b>rag-time
composer W</b>.<b> C</b>. <b>Handy,</b> Robeson, and Waters. The organization’s
<b>mission </b>included <b>speaking out</b> against <b>stereotyping</b> and <b>advocating</b>
for a <b>wider range </b>of roles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She served
as the organization’s first <b>executive secretary</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Washington
had a <b>dramatic role</b> in <b><i>Heroines in Bronze</i></b>,<b><i> </i></b>a
1943 <b>radio tribute</b> to Black women, produced by the <b>National Urban
League</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsKOXoFc42lRIs4WHq1BkxTsJXR3gUehn24xbQMDFFVCpy_kUkCsIKrH5v2hMQCJMqkpdV1L69Njtn1trVvA5pBaREJoLFbcw9PU9Uv59sm14xwcW7KDgld9AkDVmSdVQRQdtes3KXmbp8ekPiarauJVgbQBOMykZJ6rqf0xvR0vOIn17BXfLDm9C0CqAO/s1600/Fredi%20Washington--Isabel%20Washington%20Adam%20Clayton%20Powell%20Jr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1320" data-original-width="1600" height="528" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsKOXoFc42lRIs4WHq1BkxTsJXR3gUehn24xbQMDFFVCpy_kUkCsIKrH5v2hMQCJMqkpdV1L69Njtn1trVvA5pBaREJoLFbcw9PU9Uv59sm14xwcW7KDgld9AkDVmSdVQRQdtes3KXmbp8ekPiarauJVgbQBOMykZJ6rqf0xvR0vOIn17BXfLDm9C0CqAO/w640-h528/Fredi%20Washington--Isabel%20Washington%20Adam%20Clayton%20Powell%20Jr.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fredi, front, on the shore with Rev. Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. and his wife Isabell, Fredi's sister.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Partnering
with sister Isabel’s <b>husband</b>, Harlem <b>preacher Rev</b>.<b> Adam
Clayton Powell</b>,<b> Jr</b>. of the <b>Abyssinian Baptist Church</b>, brought
Fredi new opportunities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1943 she
joined his new <b>newspaper <i>People</i></b><i>’<b>s Voice</b></i> which soon
became the most influential Black paper in New York and a powerful advocate for
Civil Rights and a <b>progressive agenda</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Powell used the paper to <b>project</b> his <b>opinions </b>and make him
the <b>undisputed political king</b> of Harlem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Washington was a <b>theater writer</b>, and the <b>entertainment editor</b>
for <i>People’s Voice</i> and contributed other articles and opinion
pieces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1944 Powell was <b>elected </b>to
<b>Congress </b>in no small part due to the influence of the journal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1945 Powell divorced Isabel and married <b>glamorous
pianist </b>and singer <b>Hazel Scott</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFVP60Xf-jGlpHmV4Po8oDUpqy5c-YDix3VWoa9tlUB7-Zv9kBlQ3tYB0jet-a7v1b9OBcjnngsdrgSc3AS-B2hCIwGqX4ysjQDVZXMfksU5oCFqq301FnZ_qz6XddUtyQ5rvSQaeuNVCIMGyxZj25j0ZkoYRIZ0O5ZXjLqX-BLZRBFlHtcRZWacXZ14J3/s504/Fredi%20Washington--with%20husband.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="504" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFVP60Xf-jGlpHmV4Po8oDUpqy5c-YDix3VWoa9tlUB7-Zv9kBlQ3tYB0jet-a7v1b9OBcjnngsdrgSc3AS-B2hCIwGqX4ysjQDVZXMfksU5oCFqq301FnZ_qz6XddUtyQ5rvSQaeuNVCIMGyxZj25j0ZkoYRIZ0O5ZXjLqX-BLZRBFlHtcRZWacXZ14J3/w640-h510/Fredi%20Washington--with%20husband.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>Fredi in retirement with her second husband, dentist <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Dr</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Hugh Anthony Bell from a local Connecticut newspaper's society page in the 1950's.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
for Fredi, she enjoyed a <b>comfortable retirement</b> in <b>Connecticut </b>until
she died at age 90 on June 28, 1994 from <b>pneumonia</b> following a series of
<b>strokes</b> at <b>St</b>.<b> Joseph Medical Center</b> in <b>Stamford</b>,
Connecticut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was forgotten by White
audiences who barely knew her and even by the many African-American performers
for whom she <b>blazed </b>a <b>brave trail</b>.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><br /> </span></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-72714190714992936022024-03-05T08:32:00.001-06:002024-03-05T08:32:48.029-06:00How Boston Massacre Looks a Lot Like the Cases that Inspired Black Lives Matter <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSkhdCx6WaEieM0K_QVs8RAd5yvz0b72QBml4CW2-jrUuDD6XedELnRODW9QZRzKKgowIFyc6aYpT9l_80ky1mU78W_sOkaKs65kDIKb8_uyYqLhuraeT9wY4Zwc9Xa2-Qm544LA_tbaKzeTXaS6fBekYECuCDcoK1kKSs6KjSO9L4Tqb5UuwdUNZxctl8/s652/Boston%20Massacre%20painting.1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="652" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSkhdCx6WaEieM0K_QVs8RAd5yvz0b72QBml4CW2-jrUuDD6XedELnRODW9QZRzKKgowIFyc6aYpT9l_80ky1mU78W_sOkaKs65kDIKb8_uyYqLhuraeT9wY4Zwc9Xa2-Qm544LA_tbaKzeTXaS6fBekYECuCDcoK1kKSs6KjSO9L4Tqb5UuwdUNZxctl8/w640-h360/Boston%20Massacre%20painting.1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Blood on the snow in Boston</span>.<br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Some
parts of the tale of the so-called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boston
Massacre</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>an iconic moment in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pre-Revolutionary Colonial history</b> that
used to be familiar<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>to any school
child echo in today’s world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All of the ingredients—a
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rowdy protest </b>boiling spontaneously
up from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">streets </b>where outrage over long
time grievances sparked into violence<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>over
a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trivial incident </b>and was met by
either firm and appropriate action<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>by
responsible authorities<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>or was a vicious
and violent over reaction<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>depending
on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political bias </b>of the
observer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And not only was the first
victim<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black man </b>who became a symbol of rebellion,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>but his <b>uniformed killers</b> were let off virtually <b>scot
free</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>at a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">trial </b>on the flimsiest and most arcane of grounds.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Sounds
like the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">familiar arc </b>of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">police slaying </b>of an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unarmed youth</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>the kind of all-to-common
occurrence<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>that has fed<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Black Lives Matter movement</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
was a miserable night in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boston </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in 1770</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What else would you expect on March 5 in the
midst of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Little Ice Age </b>which
chilled <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Europe </b>and the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eastern seaboard </b>of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">North America </b>for nearly two centuries?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A nasty wind whipped across the harbor, a few
flakes of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">snow</b> would sting <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exposed fresh</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Old snow and ice were pushed up against
buildings turning gray with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">soot </b>from
a few thousand<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hearth fires</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">A lone<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> English soldier</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Private Hugh White</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">29th
Regiment of Foot </b>had the bad luck to draw <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sentry duty </b>outside of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Customs
House </b>on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">King</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
Street</b> that night.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The building was
a symbol of unfair <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">taxation without
representation</b> and oppression to the people of the city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Customs
collectors</b> had been harassed for attempting to enforce<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>the unpopular <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Townsend
Duties</b> and for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">seizing ships</b> of leading
<b>merchants</b> like <b>John Hancock</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">smuggling</b>, a mainstay of the
local economy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So the building needed protection.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The bright
<b>red coat</b> of an English <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">private
soldier</b>, while colorful, was entirely unsuitable for the harsh <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New England </b>winter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Private White undoubtedly shivered in misery.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His life was made worse by the taunting
by <b>local toughs</b>, mostly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">apprentices
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">day laborers </b>loitering
about.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of them, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Edward Garrick</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wig maker</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s apprentice</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span> mocked a passing<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> British officer</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Captain-Lieutenant
John Goldfinch</b>, for not paying a <b>bill</b> due his <b>master</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Goldfinch ignored the jeers and in fact had <b>settled</b>
his <b>account</b> that very afternoon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But White scolded<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Garrick for
insulting an officer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two exchanged
heated words.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>White struck Garrick with
the <b>butt</b> of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>his <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">musket</b>. A <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">small crowd </b>gathered and began pelting the soldier with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">snow </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ice balls</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw_RYKRLg4oXry77DMarP4eTvHGNb3liN8rdpVklZa5cyAucV0S65dGogY8S1N9glCqL3LVIvgs-zkRcoaCJ74SgVCJ3O0chA2NrcQyMYzkEhiHW3X9bkCX_bdMbwT30iybvKbzOSQ8W1t9kvNtTEypww2y2FgU-ATNvPecxRHy5FW9p1uGH2Go57G6i8G/s320/Boston%20Massacre--Henry%20Knox.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="256" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw_RYKRLg4oXry77DMarP4eTvHGNb3liN8rdpVklZa5cyAucV0S65dGogY8S1N9glCqL3LVIvgs-zkRcoaCJ74SgVCJ3O0chA2NrcQyMYzkEhiHW3X9bkCX_bdMbwT30iybvKbzOSQ8W1t9kvNtTEypww2y2FgU-ATNvPecxRHy5FW9p1uGH2Go57G6i8G/w512-h640/Boston%20Massacre--Henry%20Knox.jpg" width="512" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">19 year old bookseller Henry Knox made his bow in the history books by
warning besieged Private White and later Captain Preston of the dangerous
consequences of opening fire. In five years he would be General
Washington's trusted commander of artillery and the man who hauled the
heavy artillery from overland from Ft. Ticonderoga setting the stage for
the British evacuation of Boston. Still later he would later be Washington's
Secretary of War.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">When
White leveled his musket against his taunters, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Henry Knox</b>, a corpulent 19 year old <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bookseller </b>warned him not to <b>shoot</b> because, “if he fire, he
must die.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>White <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">refrained </b>from shooting but the crowd on the street grew as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">church bells </b>rang in alarm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Someone thought of sending to nearby <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">barracks</b> for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reinforcements </b>for the now besieged White who had retreated to the steps<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>of the Custom House with the door at
his back.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Things
were about to go from bad to worse.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Four<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> regiments</b> of troops were sent to
Boston in 1768, more than were ever stationed there when its very existence was
threatened by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">possible invasion</b>
during the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">French and Indian Wars</b>,
after the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Massachusetts House of
Representatives</b> petitioned the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Crown
</b>for relief from the Townsend Duties and circulated <b>letters</b> of other
colonial legislatures asking for support in the protest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Collector
of Customs </b>for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Port of Boston</b>
officially asked for troops to protect him after some of his officers were manhandled
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">abused</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Four
regiments were dispatched as a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> show </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">force</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That was about 4,000
men plus the wives and children of many of them, officers and enlisted alike<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>servants, and the inevitable<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
hangers-on </b>to any army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The city of
Boston boasted only<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>16,000<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> residents</b> and a few thousand more
resided in nearby<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> villages</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such a large force deployed among so few
civilians, most of them hostile to their presence, led to inevitable<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> friction</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Although
two of the regiments had been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">withdrawn</b>,
soldiers of the remaining two were involved in a number of <b>incidents </b>over
that winter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition to hostility to
the policy that dispatched them, minor personal disputes like the Captain’s
late payment to a wig maker, irked the population.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So did the inevitable attention to the local
girls by the soldiers, which was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">often </b>returned
by lasses enamored of a dashing uniform.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">A serious
bone of contention was the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">employment </b>of
off duty soldiers at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rope walk</b>,
Boston’s biggest<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> industrial concern</b>
and a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">main employer </b>of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> unskilled </b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">casual labor</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The soldiers
were working for less than locals and costing many of them jobs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Wives</b>
of several soldiers publicly scolded colonists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>That very afternoon one had promised that the troops would <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">wet their bayonets </b>on trouble makers.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Back
at the Customs House, White was finally relieved by<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>a corporal and six private soldiers under the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">personal command</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Captain
Thomas Preston</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">officer </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> watch</b> who declined to trust a junior lieutenant with the sensitive
assignment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As they drew close to the
Customs House where the angry crowd had grown to over a hundred, Knox again
warned the Captain of the awful consequences if his men fired.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Preston reportedly told him, “I am aware of
it.”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgntzyUebJZsOsjCVHjj_HFsgyONQesMTrhz0EcAlN-cd7fzgaYFQlfCM3O51DKGiQEYmHGm4uRMuRV4936_zO6LQrOLjr4I5cbJcOZVGuJxiFbG1pgVG3SpHthkgutF9_R-e5U7cB8c3CFks3csrTTanWOYLxplhTbzFA-aY4Cwik5sCnvQWi9hkKoFg8O/s563/Boston%20Massacre--Crispus%20Atticus..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="563" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgntzyUebJZsOsjCVHjj_HFsgyONQesMTrhz0EcAlN-cd7fzgaYFQlfCM3O51DKGiQEYmHGm4uRMuRV4936_zO6LQrOLjr4I5cbJcOZVGuJxiFbG1pgVG3SpHthkgutF9_R-e5U7cB8c3CFks3csrTTanWOYLxplhTbzFA-aY4Cwik5sCnvQWi9hkKoFg8O/w640-h432/Boston%20Massacre--Crispus%20Atticus..jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">This 19th Century engraving features the death of Crispus Attucks. It
also seems to show Captain Preston ordering a disciplined volley.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Once
at the Customs House Preston had his men <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">load
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prime </b>their muskets and form
a semi-circle in front of Private White and the door.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They faced a crowd now swollen by further
reinforcements, many of them armed with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cudgels
</b>and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">brick bats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>In the very front of the mob, just feet
away from Captain Preston who took up a position in front of his men, was a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dark skinned </b>man named <b>Crispus Attucks</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Not
much is known about Attucks, not even whether he was a <b>slave</b>, an <b>escaped</b>
slave, or a <b>freeman</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He worked as
a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> sailor</b> on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">coastal traders </b>and on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">docks</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was described as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mulato</b> but was known to have both <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">African</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Native American Wampanoag</b>
ancestry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although there were not many
Blacks in Boston, their presence was not that unusual.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They mixed casually and freely with the
lowest classes of White Bostonians—the day laborers, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">indentured servants</b>, and apprentice boys.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
Attucks and the crowd pressed forward, Preston had his men level their muskets
but ordered them to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hold their fire</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He ordered the mob to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> disperse</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They responded
with taunts of “go ahead and fire.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Preston said that the troops would not fire “except on his order” and made
the point of standing in front of his men’s guns.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">From
out of the crowd someone hit <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Private</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hugh Montgomery</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> on the arm with a
clump of ice or in other accounts he was struck by a cudgel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Montgomery fell to the ground, although he
may simply have lost his footing on the ice and lost his musket.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He grabbed the gun and scrambled to his feet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Enraged, he leveled his gun at the nearest
man, Atticus and fired yelling “Damn you, fire!” to his fellow soldiers.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Attucks
crumpled to the ground<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> mortally wounded</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was a pause of a few seconds and then a
ragged,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> un-coordinated volley</b> went
off from the troops.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The only command
Preston gave was a desperate order to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cease
fire</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Eleven
men were hit by fire indicating that some may have been injured by the same
round or that some soldiers had time to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
re-load </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and fire</span>. In
addition to Attucks rope maker <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Samuel Gray</b>
and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mariner James Caldwel</b> died on
the cobblestones.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seventeen year <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">old ivory turner apprentice</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Samuel Maverick</b> standing near the rear
of the crowd was struck by a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ricocheting
fragment </b>and died a few hours later. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Patrick
Carr</b>, an<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Irish immigrant</b> died of
his wounds two weeks later.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">crowd retreated to</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> near-by streets</b> but continued to grow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Preston called out the entire regiment for
protection and withdrew his squad to the barracks. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTweIC66Z13AaiozeXINgBhg1oujCkiTJBeTTeG0L2zLi0wYR7mmzJoETmQlmHsGzMxObNCw8S6yw4P-0T9eupoyTGPHwjTnmmE9GAnkZdybJUeAHtVoc-AJD0BjbwKqmNElBjpGXi_cYP03ygpiapXIvDZ6fuYyvdfsmBcpKkr-JHQeJGAIryQ_rK1uWQ/s1324/Boston%20Massacre--Thomas%20Hutchinson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1324" data-original-width="1096" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTweIC66Z13AaiozeXINgBhg1oujCkiTJBeTTeG0L2zLi0wYR7mmzJoETmQlmHsGzMxObNCw8S6yw4P-0T9eupoyTGPHwjTnmmE9GAnkZdybJUeAHtVoc-AJD0BjbwKqmNElBjpGXi_cYP03ygpiapXIvDZ6fuYyvdfsmBcpKkr-JHQeJGAIryQ_rK1uWQ/w530-h640/Boston%20Massacre--Thomas%20Hutchinson.jpg" width="530" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Massachusetts born Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson tried to calm the angry mob that surrounded the State House.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">An
angry mob descended on the near-by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">State
House</b> which was ringed with troops for protection<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Massachusetts</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">-</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">born</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson </b>tried
to calm the crowd by addressing them from the relative safety of a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> balcony</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He promised a thorough and prompt<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> investigation</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After a few hours the crowd drifted away.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Local malcontents</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">, becoming known
loosely as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Patriots,</b> were quick to
use the slaughter to raise a hue and cry against the Townsend Duties and to the
onerous virtual military occupation of their city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two virtually identical <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">engravings</b> purporting to accurately portray the shooting were rushed
to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> publication</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most famous, engraved by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Paul Revere</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">master silver </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
coppersmith</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">iron foundry man</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bell caster</b>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and master of all trades, after a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">drawing</b> by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Henry Pelham</b> was published in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Boston Gazette </i></b>and then re-issued
in sometimes<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> hand colored prints</b>
which made Revere and the printer a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">good
deal of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">money</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieIFv1D2p-z0IlFrUMQ0vnLhyEsxtDoN350teD1JbUnAR1P32JbjwWFYRLp35FFMwLWyeo1FafGiF1mAvA_tiZDcG_N5HvChR_GUxIq6PQA8LRTPHKedEpUqwvfNpp5dAbiQFDpoEf44eraSfnSH2RMW8y8q1psNMjExU7HHC7GnskfPXPN2GEUgnB_Jw2/s2830/Boston%20Massacre%20Revere.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2830" data-original-width="2407" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieIFv1D2p-z0IlFrUMQ0vnLhyEsxtDoN350teD1JbUnAR1P32JbjwWFYRLp35FFMwLWyeo1FafGiF1mAvA_tiZDcG_N5HvChR_GUxIq6PQA8LRTPHKedEpUqwvfNpp5dAbiQFDpoEf44eraSfnSH2RMW8y8q1psNMjExU7HHC7GnskfPXPN2GEUgnB_Jw2/w544-h640/Boston%20Massacre%20Revere.jpg" width="544" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">A hand tinted copy of Paul Revere's famous broadside of the affair on
King's Street. The image was actually cribbed from an early version by
Henry Pelham that appeared in the <i><b>Boston Gazzette.</b></i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">With
public opinion inflamed, the two regiments in the city were withdrawn to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Castle William</b> on an <b>island</b> in
the <b>harbor</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Had they not been, “they
would probably be destroyed by the people—should it be called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rebellion</b>, should it incur the loss of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> our charter</b>, or be the consequence
what it would,” according to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Secretary
of State Andrew Oliver</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By May <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">General Thomas Gage</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span>in command of all troops in the
colonies, decided that the presence of the 29th Regiment was counterproductive
to good order, and had the regiment removed from Massachusetts entirely.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Meanwhile,
at the end of March Captain Preston, the men in his rescue squad, Pvt. White
and four civilian employees of the Customs House, who some had charged fired
out the windows of the building were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">indicted
</b>for<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> murder</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">manslaughter</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gov.
Hutchinson managed by hook or by crook to delay the start of the trial for nearly
a year to let inflamed passions died down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Patriots took that time to organize the publication of an account of the
event,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Short Narrative of the Horrid
Massacre</i></b>, which although <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">banned </b>from
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">circulation </b>in the city, inflamed
passions across the Colonies, and even earned sympathy when it was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reprinted </b>in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">London</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi_99IDpvXSQxR6_Y_u2dGPn8VVbouhiXkEZhN6vecD5t5LVc2GcG9bQdkaAc6yVXNtRcRrLwHkHKnVdLjJ8RgkI8bnFv89Fz2edz4skFY6R2wklqq2keSP79hIjzBh6VreltaQjp59xKw-IMHX5Fk23kcXN-y0oKcIV6BQeAbmcDQKNDmr2GxORa9-UmF/s319/Boston%20Massacre--John%20Adams.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="236" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi_99IDpvXSQxR6_Y_u2dGPn8VVbouhiXkEZhN6vecD5t5LVc2GcG9bQdkaAc6yVXNtRcRrLwHkHKnVdLjJ8RgkI8bnFv89Fz2edz4skFY6R2wklqq2keSP79hIjzBh6VreltaQjp59xKw-IMHX5Fk23kcXN-y0oKcIV6BQeAbmcDQKNDmr2GxORa9-UmF/w473-h640/Boston%20Massacre--John%20Adams.jpg" width="473" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Patriot lawyer successfully took up the defense of Captain Preston, the
accused soldiers, and civilian employees of the Customs House.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Despite
the delay, it looked like it would be very difficult for Captain Preston and
the soldiers to get a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> fair trial</b> in
Massachusetts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All of the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">leading</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> local lawyers</b> had refused to take their cases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">John
Adams</b>, a leading Patriot, a man with boundless<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> political ambition</b>, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first
cousin</b> to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rabble-rouser-in-chief</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Samuel Adams</b>, agreed to take on the
case, despite howls of protest from his <b>political allies</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
was a great choice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Assisted by his
cousin <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Josiah Quincy</b>, another
Patriot, and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Loyalist Robert Auchmuty</b>
he quickly obtained a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">not guilty verdict</b>
in the first trial.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Captain Preston was shown
by the testimony of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> multiple witnesses</b>
to have never ordered the troops to fire and to have tried to get them under
control.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That was in October.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
November the cases of the enlisted soldiers proved dicer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They had, after all, fired lethal rounds
without orders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adam’s pled straight up<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> self-defense</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He told the jury that the men were under attack
by the mob, “a motley rabble of saucy boys, negroes, and molattoes, Irish
teagues and outlandish jack tars.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Appealing
to the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> class prejudice</b> of the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> land-owning pool </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eligible jurors</b>, Adams won acquittal on murder charges for all of
the defendants, and only two were convicted of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">manslaughter</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Privates
Montgomery and Kilroy still faced the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
death penalty</b> at the sentencing on December 14, they “prayed the benefit of
clergy”, a remnant of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Medieval law</b>
in which the essentially claimed exemption from punishment on the grounds that
they were “clergy” who could <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">read</b> a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bible verse</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The two were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">branded </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">on the</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> thumb</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">released</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By
the time the civilians were up for trial in December, enthusiasm for continuing
the case against them, which was weak and based on the testimony of one servant<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>easily proven to be false, was waning.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Whatever
the outcome of the trials, the events of March 5 helped set the stage for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">American Revolution.</b></span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">By the way, the term <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boston Massacre </b>was not applied to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bloody ruckus</b> until long after the fact.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like another iconic event,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the so-called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Boston Tea Party</b> it got its name during the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">brief national enthusiasm</b> generated by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">50th<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>anniversaries </b>of
important Revolutionary and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pre</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">-</b>revolutionary events.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And like the Tea Party it was soon <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">imbued </b>with a lot of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">romantic myth</b> and nonsense.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><p> </p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5148048131502110089.post-86603393508371163602024-03-04T02:00:00.002-06:002024-03-04T02:00:00.155-06:00Reformer Frances Perkins Stepped to Real Power as Secretary of Labor<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3Wl5_YQ5RLC96ApoMyHVy8BY4LUKhDnSkMTD5oFYyOdSBXvHR96KfQFNXG6tNFlLaOKcG-MvNj-EdCabsRiyLqSJoctX3VK_o_zDvGzQEI3E8UVgQMUmssWvxX8LOZYXcU_49CjxfaR575IQc6uPGs9tKXE3AiEBXmVKbr0it0v2WBAR-Y6oud68V-mQo/s1200/Frances%20Perkins--color.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="900" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3Wl5_YQ5RLC96ApoMyHVy8BY4LUKhDnSkMTD5oFYyOdSBXvHR96KfQFNXG6tNFlLaOKcG-MvNj-EdCabsRiyLqSJoctX3VK_o_zDvGzQEI3E8UVgQMUmssWvxX8LOZYXcU_49CjxfaR575IQc6uPGs9tKXE3AiEBXmVKbr0it0v2WBAR-Y6oud68V-mQo/w480-h640/Frances%20Perkins--color.jpg" width="480" /></a></div><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Frances Perkins--Madam Secretary.</span></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">On
March 4, 1932 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Franklin D. Roosevelt</b>,
the day of his first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inauguration</b>,
nominated <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Frances Perkins </b>as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Secretary of Labor</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was the first <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">woman</b> elevated to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cabinet
rank</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If anyone was expecting a
docile <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">figurehead</b>, they were in for
a big surprise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not only was she a key
player in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New Deal</b> and an indispensable
<b>backer</b> of a wide range of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">labor
reforms</b>, she held down the job for twelve years through FDR’s first three
terms despite efforts to <b>unseat</b> her. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Born
into a respectable <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Republican</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congregationalist New England family</b> in
1880, she was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">radicalized</b> by
exposure to the yawning <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">class divide</b>
while attending <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mt</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Holyoke College</b> where she read <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jacob
Riis</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s expose</b> of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slum conditions</b>
and attended lectures by leading <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reformers</b>
and labor advocates, especially <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Florence
Kelley</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">National Consumer</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
League</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Graduating in 1902 she tried
her hand at <b>teaching science</b> in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">urban
schools</b> while volunteering at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">settlement
houses</b>. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnD-e6mRNt5wqaaVQ2Tk8k1AhTXkyXNcXnptFLGeOPjueSLAQjqwex86ct2eLN1oxKIBauKydwZK_yxmLrCYHjCYWQoDJeebqTigA2oAH1cUdEAIhyI-IxJSz_y89595F82CCSS9JvnvcLY-LgPMghO4oXuVX13FK1Z6ObdROTw9UfNRxXjaLHckyxQYUr/s252/Frances%20Perkins--Mt.%20Holyoke%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="252" data-original-width="179" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnD-e6mRNt5wqaaVQ2Tk8k1AhTXkyXNcXnptFLGeOPjueSLAQjqwex86ct2eLN1oxKIBauKydwZK_yxmLrCYHjCYWQoDJeebqTigA2oAH1cUdEAIhyI-IxJSz_y89595F82CCSS9JvnvcLY-LgPMghO4oXuVX13FK1Z6ObdROTw9UfNRxXjaLHckyxQYUr/w455-h640/Frances%20Perkins--Mt.%20Holyoke%20(2).jpg" width="455" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Perkins as a student at Mt. Holyoke.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">But
by 1909 she was ready to give up teaching for a career in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social services</b> and <b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">advocacy</span></b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She moved to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New York City</b> to pursue a <b>master</b>’<b>s degree</b> in <b>economics</b>
and <b>sociology</b> from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Columbia
University</b> then joined her mentor Florence Kelley by serving as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Secretary for the New York State Consumer</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
League</b> where she successfully led <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lobbing
efforts</b> to get the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Legislature</b>
to limit the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">work week</b> for women and
children to 54 hours.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She also took up
active support of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Suffrage movement</b>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
1911 she <b>personally witnessed</b> women leaping to their <b>deaths </b>from
the upper floors of the building at the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Triangle
Shirtwaist Fire</b>, an event that would steel her determination to guarantee <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">safe working conditions</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where she had previously relied on
legislation alone, she increasingly saw the need for workers to organize in
their own defense and supported the work of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ladies Garment Workers</b> leader <b>Rose</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Schneiderman</b> and others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She
even joined the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Socialist Party</b>,
though she advocated <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gradual reform</b>
rather than <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">revolutionary action</b>. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXu-eaEqFhSBysG1Bngc-wrTI4H9i8lcPFqgzLLAaPt1vUuQqNfnQFtWoksOvUT6mGVQ3kEVNns_VDwyI0840Z4NMAwESbKQMSpI__M_Zn7KuY8ignMW_5vWftNi3RX4CINTHF2akP5TBvs66VoQ5lEvRGnFn5wZ_gcDDHHvpHrYNn-02-yQqmFo0nhebv/s887/Frances%20Perkins--young%20reformer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="887" data-original-width="600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXu-eaEqFhSBysG1Bngc-wrTI4H9i8lcPFqgzLLAaPt1vUuQqNfnQFtWoksOvUT6mGVQ3kEVNns_VDwyI0840Z4NMAwESbKQMSpI__M_Zn7KuY8ignMW_5vWftNi3RX4CINTHF2akP5TBvs66VoQ5lEvRGnFn5wZ_gcDDHHvpHrYNn-02-yQqmFo0nhebv/w432-h640/Frances%20Perkins--young%20reformer.jpg" width="432" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span>The young reformer and New York civil servant.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
1912 she supported <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Woodrow Wilson</b>
over <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eugene V</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Debs</b> believing that
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Democrat </b>would more <b>effectively
advance</b> labor’s cause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was
wrong, but in the long run was one of the people most responsible for seeing
that the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">planks</b> of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1912 Socialist platform</b> were finally <b>enacted</b>
under another Democrat.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">She
briefly <b>retired</b> from public life to marry <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">economist Paul Wilson</b> and to give <b>birth</b> to a <b>daughter</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But Wilson suffered a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">breakdown</b> and Perkins returned to work as the family <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">breadwinner</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
1919 she joined the administration of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">New
York Governor Al Smith</b> as the first woman on the state <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Industrial Commission</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By
1926 she was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chair</b> of the
Commission.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1929 Governor Roosevelt
appointed her to head the state <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Labor
Department</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She pushed through
another round of reduction of hours for women and children to 48, stepped up <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">factory safety inspection</b>, and lobbied
for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">minimum wage</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unemployment insurance laws</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Roosevelt
took her with him to Washington.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As
Labor Secretary she helped craft and get the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Wagner Act</b> through <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Congress</b>,
which finally <b>guaranteed</b> workers the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">right to organize</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">labor
unions</b> on the job and engage in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">collective
bargaining</b>. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggmvqf_ybS3tFlCu3JgS663UoIk7d6zcLBKII0aaS7axHih0Y1NuIRKnbMEGSb1M5AUYox0VAElpsDLsgmxdOCWRvwSale7ISk1rWO9F35P2Ri218eBWQ8TNTEwyVwXJK__GAYxQfvzcVqyTzaLON5Czjf_cELiRo8JXY9IlGQEnFjqf9b_sGGjG10x_6o/s1280/Frances%20Perkins--Social%20Security.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1004" data-original-width="1280" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggmvqf_ybS3tFlCu3JgS663UoIk7d6zcLBKII0aaS7axHih0Y1NuIRKnbMEGSb1M5AUYox0VAElpsDLsgmxdOCWRvwSale7ISk1rWO9F35P2Ri218eBWQ8TNTEwyVwXJK__GAYxQfvzcVqyTzaLON5Czjf_cELiRo8JXY9IlGQEnFjqf9b_sGGjG10x_6o/w640-h502/Frances%20Perkins--Social%20Security.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Perkins, one of the chief architects, witnessed FDR sign the Social Security Act into law.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fair Labor Standards Act</b> embodied her
long <b>cherished dreams</b> for a <b>minimum wage</b> and a standard <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">40 hour work week</b> for both women and
men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She chaired the administration’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Committee on Economic Security </b>which
drafted the legislation embodied in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Social
Security Act of 1935</b>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
the labor battles for representation in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">basic industries</b> intensified through the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Depression</b>, Perkins stood relentlessly on the side of working
people to organize and resisted traditional calls to use <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Federal force</b> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">troops</b>
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suppress strikes</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She held firm against <b>intervention</b> in
the 1934 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">San Francisco General Strike</b>.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Conservatives</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">business interests</b> put her in their <b>cross
hairs</b> and in 1939 the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">House
Un-American Activities Committee </b>drew up a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bill </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> impeachment</b> against her for refusing
to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">deport Harry Bridges</b>, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Australian</b> born <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">West Coast Longshoremen</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s leader</b> who had been a key figure in
the General Strike.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The impeachment
attempt fizzled from <b>lack </b>of <b>evidence</b> and Perkins continued to
serve until 1945 when she <b>resigned</b> to head the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">U</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">S</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> delegatio</b>n to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">International Labor Organization </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ILO</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">)</span> conference in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Paris</b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLmNP6b4E9UsAShRRR5ogtAc-3oZFPjAFFR2LfPnIpxfleefTJ_6IAhJOV3u8k43-CGQJOOJCJkgNfkHmL4aSZKq0ogVXBNzPj4LHA2TTQ3yiyXiKW9mz_jTTr5bSZFuUzurqKKsWiU6JstsF5xGaZhEvonZVaGdLzgOWEsZy08mZ7bLJEvD__XHjTBTfo/s260/Frances%20Perkings--Mine%20inspection.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="194" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLmNP6b4E9UsAShRRR5ogtAc-3oZFPjAFFR2LfPnIpxfleefTJ_6IAhJOV3u8k43-CGQJOOJCJkgNfkHmL4aSZKq0ogVXBNzPj4LHA2TTQ3yiyXiKW9mz_jTTr5bSZFuUzurqKKsWiU6JstsF5xGaZhEvonZVaGdLzgOWEsZy08mZ7bLJEvD__XHjTBTfo/w478-h640/Frances%20Perkings--Mine%20inspection.jpg" width="478" /></a></div><span> </span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>The Secretary of Labor on a coal mine safety inspection.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">She <b>concluded</b>
her public service when <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President Harry
Truman</b> appointed her to the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Civil
Service Commission</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the return
of Republicans to power in 1953 she took a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">professorship</b>
at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cornel University</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">’</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s
School of Industrial and Labor Relations</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perkins
died at age 85 in her beloved New York City in 1965.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgqeptDCgff6jb0OkHcvAEYVKXj2wbteATfeJZz5QLnrpAbiBFQfygkCTyt6dz5cPXlhR3MtllwckK-I4aftaIay2GdQaFx5KQ2e5n0ez1E07m1N3xwL1gF51KoI7AaU_4bFJgdq_p9kx960CQv5OH2VJMiUCTzD5U00BwuETL3duCbnU0nKsId5hjm_X2/s482/Frances%20Perkins--Maine%20Mural.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="482" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgqeptDCgff6jb0OkHcvAEYVKXj2wbteATfeJZz5QLnrpAbiBFQfygkCTyt6dz5cPXlhR3MtllwckK-I4aftaIay2GdQaFx5KQ2e5n0ez1E07m1N3xwL1gF51KoI7AaU_4bFJgdq_p9kx960CQv5OH2VJMiUCTzD5U00BwuETL3duCbnU0nKsId5hjm_X2/w640-h468/Frances%20Perkins--Maine%20Mural.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Although revered by labor and feminists Perkins remains a reviled figure on the right. In
2011 hyper reactionary Maine Governor Paul LePage tried to have a labor
mural featuring Frances Perkins (center panel) from the State
Department of Labor because it is too pro-labor and offended some
business owners.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Labor Department Building </b>war re-named
for Perkins on April 10, 1980—the 100th anniversary of her birth with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">President Jimmy Carter </b>presiding over
the <b>ceremony</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the same day the
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Postal Service</b> issued a new <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">15-cent stamp</b> bearing her likeness.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></p><p></p>Patrick Murfinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05191688376908660270noreply@blogger.com0