King Henry VIII's court painter Hans Holbein the Younger illustrated this cover page for the folio edition of the Coverdale Bible printed in England in 1639. |
On this day in
1535 the first complete printed translation of the Bible into English was published. Because its translator Miles Coverdale had been on the lam in Europe for some years due to religious
turmoil at home, the book was printed on the continent. For many years the exact printer and his
location were in dispute, but has fairly recently been established to be Merten de Keyser in Antwerp.
The book was evidently financed by leading Low Countries Reformers.
Coverdale
himself was born in Yorkshire around
1488. He was ordained a priest in Norwich, a hotbed of religious
fervor. In 1514 he joined the scholarly convent of Austin friars at Cambridge
where he was also allowed to pursue his studies at the University. He was a
supporter of Prior Robert Barnes who
was sympathetic to the Reformation on the Continent. Barnes was tried for heresy in 1526 and Coverdale
was active in his defense.
He left the
convent to resume preaching shortly thereafter, but was forced to flee the
country in as pressure mounted against dissenter in the English Church. Whether he had already begun his work on a Bible translation is unknown. But once in Europe, where making the Word of
God available in the languages of the people was considered essential to
Reform, he was undoubtedly encouraged and financed in his efforts.
The trouble for Coverdale
was that although scholarly by bent, he was far from well equipped to undertake
such a massive translation. Although
proficient in Latin, he was barely
competent in Greek and knew only rudimentary
Hebrew.
That meant that he had to rely on either Latin texts or other
translations into modern language instead of working from near original
material. He claimed to have consulted “five soundry interpreters” in
Latin, English and German as source texts.
His main sources
were German texts including Luther’s Bible and the Swiss-German version Zürich
Bible of Zwingli. That meant he was working from sources
several times removed from original Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts.
In fact
Coverdale also drew heavily on both the Latin Vulgate, a more recent
translation from the Greek made possible by the research of Erasmus and the early Humanists, and on the translation of
the New
Testament and a handful of Old Testament books into English by William
Tyndale which had been printed in
1525.
He did not claim to have used the infamous Wycliffe's Bible, translated into Middle English way
back around 1390. That had circulated
only hand to hand in manuscript and had resulted in the execution several
churchmen over a number of decades who possessed or passed it along.
But Coverdale helped himself to big chunks, barely disguised from
Tyndale. Tyndale himself ran afoul of
the Counter Reformation and was executed by strangulation as heretic in
1536, the year after Coverdale’s version first appeared.
Obviously things were getting dangerous in Europe for Bible translators. On the other hand, things were becoming more
congenial back home in England.
Coverdale had managed to dash back to Cambridge in 1531 to finish his bachelor’s
degree at the University and had managed to make it back to Antwerp with
his head still attached to his body. Then
in 1534 Henry VIII, the former Defender of the Faith—Catholicism—broke
with the Roman Church over certain domestic matters and established a
new national Church with himself at its head.
Originally it was expected that the new Church would simply continue
Catholic practice and usage intact. But
almost from the beginning Reformers sought to make the church over in the
manner of the Lutherans and other Protestants. When Henry decided to break up the Monasteries
and appropriate their lands and wealth for the Crown, he found more
reason than ever to be sympathetic of that trend.
Coverdale arrived
back in England to find himself a favorite of the King in 1539. His Bible
was printed for the first time in the country in folio and quarter-folio editions,
carried
the royal license and was therefore the first officially approved Bible
translation in English.
He was already
at that time editing on yet another new version of the Bible known as the Great Book. This version drew even
more strongly on Tyndale than his first
effort under the sponsorship of Thomas
Cromwell, the king’s first minister. Henry was so enthusiastic in fact that
he ordered every parish in England to procure a copy and keep chained but
publicly available in every chapel so the any literate person would have direct
access to the Scripture in the vernacular.
Despite the
success of the newer version, Coverdale’s first version continued to be printed
in new editions through 1553.
But favor of the
mercurial monarch was a hard thing to hold.
In 1440 Coverdale’s friend and main sponsor at court, Thomas Cromwell, the king’s former first
minister who lost his head that year. Cromwell was also the leading voice for
remaking the Church of England along
protestant lines. With the balance of
power swinging back to the Anglo-Catholic
party, Coverdale had to return to Europe for this own safety.
He lived in
impoverished exile in the German states.
From 1543 to 1547 he was a pastor and schoolmaster at Bergzabern in the Palatinate Electorate.
Winds of change
blew fortunate for Coverdale when Henry’s son Edward VI assumed the throne.
He was made personal chaplain to the boy king and then appointed Bishop of Exeter in 1653.
When Henry’s
daughter Mary, who had remained a
good Catholic, assumed the throne in
1657, Coverdale was ousted from his See and
once again went into exile. For the next
several years he bounced around Europe.
It was safe to
return again 1654 but unable to reclaim his Bishopric. He served a
modest parish as Rector of St. Magnus’s,
near London Bridge increasingly
drawn to Puritanism. He died, however, still in the good
graces of the Church of England.
The Church still
has a soft spot in its heart for the old maker of Bibles. It still uses his translation of the Psalter in the Book of Common Prayer.
Want to know what
Coverdale’s work sounded like? First
hear is the familiar VIII Psalm as he rendered it in The Coverdale Bible:
The Lord is my shepherde, I can wante nothinge. He fedeth me
in a grene pasture, ād ledeth me to a fresh water. He quickeneth my soule,
& bringeth me forth in the waye of rightuousnes for his names sake. Though I shulde walke now in the valley of the shadowe of
death, yet I feare no euell, for thou art with me: thy staffe & thy
shepehoke cōforte me. Thou preparest a table before me agaynst mine enemies:
thou anoyntest my heade with oyle, & fyllest my cuppe full. Oh let thy
louynge kyndnes & mercy folowe me all the dayes off my life, that I maye
dwell in the house off the LORD for euer.
And here it is in the Book of Common Prayer Psalter:
The Lord is my shepherd therefore can I lack nothing. He shall
feed me in a green pasture and lead me forth beside the waters of comfort. He
shall convert my soul and bring me forth in the paths of righteousness, for his
Name's sake. Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I
will fear no evil for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff comfort me. Thou
shalt prepare a table before me against them that trouble me thou hast anointed
my head with oil, and my cup shall be full. But thy loving-kindness and mercy
shall follow me all the days of my life and I will dwell in the house of the
Lord forever.
Not
yet the majestic cadences of the King James Version but getting
there.
My Foote/Deming ancestors were from just NW of Colchester in East Anglia ~ Wethersfield & Royston were also in contact with Dissenters and other "heretics" on the European mainland... and Norwich is on that northeastern coast of England. My folks eventually left for Holland, and finally came to what became the Colony of Connecticut in 1634, traveling up to a cove (near modern Wethersfield) where the river is still tidal. Nathaniel was born in 1599, died in 1646. Elizabeth (a Huguenot family) lived on to a "great age", and was widowed again. Never was taught to read or write, but was a fine manager of her lot.
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