The massive Bay View Iron Works was the largest industrial plant in the Milwaukee area and the target of Eight Hour Day strikers on May 5, 1886.
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The first week of May 1886 all eyes
were on the dramatic events in Chicago—the
general strike for the 8 Hour Day on May 1, the confrontation
and shooting of strikers at the McCormick
Reaper Works on the 3rd, and the attack on the Haymarket protest rally by Chicago
Police during which a bomb was
thrown. But just up Lake Michigan and over the Wisconsin
state line, the class war was
also on—and deadly.
Seven thousand building trades workers, many of them, as in Chicago, skilled Germans enthusiastically joined the
call for the national 8 Hour Day Strike called by the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions (ancestor of the American Federation of Labor.) They were joined by more than 5000 Polish laborers, mostly unskilled
recent arrivals, who organized at St.
Stanislaus Catholic Church. Some
were members of the Knights of Labor,
but most were unaffiliated. It was a
rare act of solidarity between
skilled and unskilled labor and between ethnic groups often seen at odds with
one another.
May first that year was a Saturday—a
regular work day. The strike was a
success and roaming crowds of strikers called out various shops in the course
of the day, usually succeeding in emptying them. The strikers vowed to keep up the pressure
and to march on Milwaukee’s largest employer, the Milwaukee Iron Company rolling mill in Bay View, an independent village
just south of the city’s downtown on the shores of Lake Michigan.
Hearing of the plans on Sunday Republican Governor Jeremiah M. Rusk called
out the National Guard with explicit
and highly publicized orders to “shoot to kill” any strikers who attempted to
enter the iron mill.
Wisconsin National Guard troops arrayed at the Bay View Iron Works.
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None-the-less on Monday strikers,
and estimated 14,000 strikers marched on the mill where they were met by 250
Guardsmen arrayed in battle formation
in front of the gate. There was a tense
stand-off, but strikers did not try to rush the gates. Instead they announced their intention to
stay and established a camp near-by. On
Tuesday the camp was swollen with new recruits and many families including
wives and children. In an act of
defiance the Kosciuszko Militia, an
armed and drilled unit of Poles, including veterans of European armies arrived with the avowed intention of defending the strikers.
By early Tuesday morning, May 5,
word of the events at the Haymarket in Chicago reached Milwaukee. Tensions were mounting. Their officers warned the Guardsmen that anarchists were coming to kill them.
About 1,500 strikers and their
families left the camp to march on the mill, determined to call the workers
there out on strike no matter what the cost.
The Guard formed in skirmish lines at the top of a small hill in front
of the main gates. As the crowd got to
within 200 yards of troops, an officer ordered them to come no closer. After a moment of indecision, the crowd
pressed forward anyway.
Without further warning, the Guard
opened fire. This was not the raged fire of strike breakers and police
with pistols that had resulted in
deaths at the McCormick Reaper Works or the panicked wild and indiscriminate
fire of the police at the Haymarket after the bomb. These were disciplined volleys of fire directly into the tightly packed ranks
of the strikers. After the first rank
got off their volley, just as they were drilled to do, the second rank stepped
through the line and fired a second volley.
The first round tore into the crowd
stopping it in its tracks, bodies fell.
Then a wild stampede for safety.
The second volley tore mostly into the backs of the fleeing
workers.
When the smoke cleared there were 7
bodies, including a 13 year old boy littered the ground and dozens of the
injured writhed in agony. The maimed
were eventually retrieved by their comrades.
The exact number of injured, both from gunshot and those trampled in the
flight, has never been established because few sought medical attention fearing
arrest.
The shooting did effectively end the
strike and protests. The Guard patrolled
the city and suburbs for some days, aggressively breaking up knots of workers
who might gather. Most went back to
work. Identifiable leaders found
themselves blacklisted.
But the memory of that awful day
burned itself into the memory of Milwaukee’s working class. In subsequent
years it would become a hot bed of Socialism
and one of the most heavily
unionized cities in the United
States.
This year's commemoration of the Bay View Tragedy yesterday in Milwaukee included reenactors and giant puppets.
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On the centennial of the event, a
historical marker was erected by the Bay
View Historical Society and the Wisconsin
Labor History Society near the sight of the Iron Works. A commemoration is held annually on the
Sunday closest to May 5.
But the echoes of that day are not
just historical. In early 2011 newly
elected Governor Scott Walker
announced his sweeping program to attack the bargaining rights of Wisconsin
public workers. Realizing that his plan
would provoke a strong reaction—and likely public service strikes if it was
implemented, the swaggering governor told the press that he was if public
employees dared protest or “cause disruptions” he was fully prepared to
mobilize the National Guard against them.
That brought memories of the so called Bay View Tragedy to the fore again and was in no small measure
responsible for launching the months of massive daily protests at the state
capital.
Laying a wreath at the Bay View historical marker.
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As William Faulkner once pointed out, “The past is never dead. It’s
not even past.”
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