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| Daylight Savings as a war measure/ |
If
your forgot to re-set your clocks last night, you are probably already late for
church or at least late retrieving
the Sunday paper from the
stoop. It happens every year, no matter
how many announcements are made on the TV
news, radio, newspapers, and now by cute Facebook memes. And some of
the folks who did fiddle with their time pieces get it wrong—is it spring forward, fall back or the other way around?
It’s
vexing. And some think, foolish. Take to oft quoted bit of folk wisdom usually
ascribed to some Native American sage—Daylight Savings Time is like cutting a
strip off the bottom of the blanket and sewing it to the top and thinking you
have a longer blanket.
Perhaps. But maybe there is something to it. People have been doing it, or something very
like it, for a long time.
Way
back when togas were in fashion,
those wily old Romans had water clocks inscribed with two sets of
numerals—one for summer and one for winter.
And all of those years when there essentially were no clocks, peasants and farmers regulated their lives by the sun—beginning their days with its rise and ending their labors with
its setting. All pretty much the same
idea as DST.
Benjamin Franklin, an early riser
and frugal man, is sometimes credited with the idea. He wanted to save money on candles. Minister
to France in 1782 he found time to publish an essay, An Economical Project for
Diminishing the Cost of Light.
He proposed adjusting hours to rise earlier in the warm month so that
work could be illuminated through an open window, not by costly bee’s wax candles. But no one took him up on his utilitarian
proposal.
A
similar notion was floated by New
Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson more than a century later in
1895. In a paper presented to the Wellington Philosophical Society he proposed
a two-hour shift forward in October and a two-hour shift back in March. There
was some interest, but two hours probably seemed like a drastic, wrenching
change. Nobody picked up his idea.
In
1905 Englishman William Willett came
up with a gentler approach. He proposed moving
the clocks 20 minutes forward each of four Sundays
in April, and switching them back by
the same amount on four Sundays in September. This, he reasoned would allow for gradual
adjustment, much the same as naturally rising and beginning work with the
Sun. Liberal Member of Parliament
Robert Pearce, who introduced the
first Daylight Saving Bill to the House of Commons on February 12, 1908. And there it languished, year after year
despite constant lobbying and public appeals by Willett right up to his death
in 1915.
As
is so often the case, it took a war to accelerate innovation. World
War I, to be exact. Imperial German instituted Sommerzeit—Summer
Time—as a fuel conservation war measure on April 30, 1916. Britain and France soon followed. Russia did it in 1917. And when the U.S. decided to go Over There, the Wilson administration adopted it in 1918.
The
United States quickly abandoned Daylight Savings time after the war. Farmers, who had once regulated their lives
by the sun, now complained that the cows needed milking and the chickens
demanded to be fed at set, familiar hours which were disrupted by the sudden
hour changes. But then farmers tend to
be traditionalists and despise any change.
But they were a powerful political force.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed, War Time on February 9, 1949. It essentially was year-round Daylight
Savings Time. In Britain, where fuel was
at a premium, Double Summer Time was
applied which moved the clocks two hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) during the summer and one hour ahead of GMT
during the winter. America abandoned its
War Time in September of 1945.
After
the War, many states, and sometime local jurisdictions, continued to use
Daylight Savings Time in the warmer months.
Starting and ending times varied and the result was a patch work map of
Daylight and Standard Time. It was hell on railroads and airlines,
who needed consistent schedules, inconvenient for the national broadcasting networks, and a pain in
the ass a lot of folks who found their jobs and residences in different times.
A clamor
grew to straighten the whole damn mess out.
But no compromise could be found between those who wanted to return to
year-round Standard Time and those who wanted uniform Daylight Savings Time in
warmer months.
Congress finally adopted
the Uniform Time Act of 1966
providing that DST would begin on the last Sunday of April and end on the last
Sunday of October. States could, however, still opt out by passing a local law.
And
of course, some did. It led to
problems. Indiana, in thrall to it farmers stubbornly clung to Standard
Time. Most of the state was in the Eastern Zone. But a corner of the state
around Gary and Hammond in Northwest was in the Central Zone. That meant
when DST would go into effect in
neighboring Illinois, the area
became an island out of sync with both the rest of its state and with the Chicago metropolitan area with which it
was economically tied. Similar time
islands were found elsewhere.
After
the Energy Crisis brought about by
the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973,
Congress passed emergency legislation extending uniform Daylight Savings time
for 10 months in 1974. After howls of
protest that children were waiting for school busses in the dark, that was
rolled by to 8 months a year later. In ’76
DST reverted to beginning on the last Sunday in April.
But
Congress was not done tinkering. Energy
conservation benefits of DST were evident.
In 1985 it pushed the start date back to the first Sunday in April. The Energy
Policy Act of 2005 extended DST by about one month starting on the second
Sunday in March and ending on the first Sunday in November. That went into
effect in 2007.
Today
most of the US observes DST except for Hawaii
and most of Arizona, and Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, American
Samoa, and Guam.
And,
oh year folks from Gary no longer have to change their watches every time they
drive across the Illinois border.
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