Stunned family and community members gather at the wreckage of Bath School. |
Note—The press
took note that for the first time in years there were no school shooting
attacks in April due to the Coronavirus shutdown—a rare good side effect of the
world-wide pandemic closures like clear skies and cleaner water. On the other hand, right-wing “patriots,”
White nationalists, neo-Nazis and Klansmen, and gun-toting Trumpists have been
emboldened to besiege state capitals, threaten governors and law makers, and
intimidate nurses and first responders who get in their way. Meet Donald Trump’s scruffy new Brown Shirts. A glimpse at a horror of the distant past is
evocative of the current moment.
The most surprising things about the
Bath School Disaster, a bomb attack on a Michigan elementary school on May 18, 1927 in which 45 people,
mostly students, died and more than 50 were injured is
not that it happened at all. It is that
it seems so modern, so predictable, as if it was an item on last night’s news; that the perpetrator’s
biography and motives are so
similar to members of right wing fringe and
hate groups of today; and that it
has been virtually forgotten despite
being the worst mass killing at a
school in U.S. history.
Andrew Kehoe and his wife Nellie in their Michigan farm house. |
The facts are these. On the morning of the attack 55 year old Andrew Kehoe awoke on his farm near the village of Bath, Michigan. He had planned and prepared for the day’s events down to the last detail for weeks, if not months. He may already have killed his wife who had been critically
ill and had returned from a sanitarium
stay for treatment of tuberculosis two
days earlier. He moved her body in a wheel barrow to a chicken coop. He went to the
barn and tied the legs of his two horses
together so they could not be rescued. Then using incendiary devices of his own design
set off by a detonator set fire
to the house and all of the outbuildings.
He had already placed hundreds of
pounds of explosives—two bombs made of dynamite and pyrotol, a World War I surplus incendiary then
used by farmers to remove tree stumps
and clear ditches—one in the basement under each wing of Bath Consolidated
School. The bombs were wired to timed detonators set to go off shortly
after the time Kehoe finished setting the arson of his home.
The Fire Department and neighbors were rushing to the scene of the farm
at 8:45 when they heard a huge explosion. Fifteen minutes after the start of classes the bomb under the
north end of the school went off turning that half of the building into an
instant smoking ruin. The bomb detonator under the south wing failed to go off and was later
discovered by rescuers.
Kehoe calmly drove to the
school. He had packed his truck with more explosives and crammed metal debris of all types behind the bench seat to act as shrapnel. He was armed with a lever action Winchester rifle. He arrived at the school about 30 minutes
after the explosion. He pulled up to the
scene and waved over School
Superintendent Emory E. Huyck, with whom Kehoe had often clashed. Some witnesses thought they could see a struggle between the two at the window
of the truck. Moments later Kehoe fired
his rifle into the explosives in the cab setting off a second explosion. The blast killed him, Huyck, Postmaster Glenn Smith, a retired
farmer, and hapless G. Cleo Clayton
who a second grader who had
miraculously survived the first blast.
It was one on of the first recorded uses of a second bomb to attack those who we would today call first responders.
The mangled wreckage of Kehoe;s truck after the second explosion. |
The scene at the school was heartbreaking and chaotic. Surviving first
grade teacher Bernice Sterling
told the Associated Press:
It
seemed as though the floor went up several feet…After the first shock I thought
for a moment I was blind. When it came the air seemed to be full of children
and flying desks and books. Children were tossed high in the air; some were
catapulted out of the building.
Monty Ellsworth,
a neighbor of the Kehoes, recalled:
There
was a pile of children of about five or six under the roof and some of them had
arms sticking out, some had legs, and some just their heads sticking out. They
were unrecognizable because they were covered with dust, plaster, and blood.
There were not enough of us to move the roof.
He volunteered to drive back to his farm to get heavy rope to help
pull the roof off. It was on the way
that he encountered Kehoe going the opposite direction in his truck. Kehoe grinned and waved at him.
Hundreds of men from the surrounding
farms and village soon swarmed the debris
in a desperate search for
survivors. Mothers ran to the scene and fell screaming as the mangled bodies of their children were
retrieved or sat in a bewildered, catatonic
shock. They were joined by scores of
fire fighters from Lansing and other communities. Local contractors
arrived with heavy equipment.
When more than a dozen Michigan State Police arrived, they
ordered rescue efforts suspended until a search for more explosives could be
conducted. That’s when the second bomb
in the south basement was found. Its alarm clock detonator, also set for
8:45, had apparently become dislodged
by the shock of the first explosion saving scores of lives.
Dr. J. A. Crum
and his wife, a nurse, had both
served in World War I. They set up a primitive sort of triage center on the floor of their
pharmacy. Ambulances, trucks, and auto rushed critically injured survivors to
Sparrow Hospital and St. Lawrence Hospital in Lansing.
Headlines from the newspaper in near-by Lansing, Michigan. |
Thirty-eight elementary students and
six adults including two young women teachers were killed in the two blasts at
the school. Fifty-eight were injured,
most seriously. The incalculable trauma to surviving children, their families, and
rescuers would linger for decades.
So who was this Andrew Kehoe who was
capable of master minding a
terrorist attack that would be the envy
of any modern menace?
Kehoe was born in Tecumseh, Michigan on February 1,
1872. After his mother died when he was
quite young, his father remarried. Kehoe
clashed repeatedly with his stepmother. When he was 14 years old the woman splashed fuel oil on herself as she attempted to
re-fill an oil stove, igniting her clothes. Or so the boy told
authorities. He said he tried to save
her by throwing a bucket of water on the flames, which only spread them. She died in agony days later.
But the boy was exceptionally bright and a tinkerer, perhaps inspired by tales of Thomas Edison and other inventors. He went on to study electrical engineering at Michigan
State University in Lansing. While a
student there he met and apparently fell in love with Ellen “Nellie” Price a lovely young woman from a wealthy family. Either the family disapproved of Kehoe, or he
felt he had to establish himself before marriage. At any rate, he went west seeking opportunities and Ellen apparently pledged to wait for
him.
Kehoe worked as an electrician for several years in St. Louis. While there he suffered a severe head injury in a fall which may—or may
not have—had an effect on his personality
and behavior.
At the late age of 40, he returned
to Michigan in 1912 and married Nellie.
They lived a nomadic existence for
the first several years, moving from town to town around the state as Kehoe
tried to find whatever it was he was looking for. The couple had no children.
In 1919 the couple bought a 185-acre
farm outside the village of Bath from Nellie’s aunt for $12,000. Kehoe paid
$6,000 in cash and took out a $6,000 mortgage. Once on the land he insisted on unusual
“modern” farming techniques and
spent much of his time tinkering with farm
equipment to make his vision of a completely
mechanized operation a reality. Not
all of his efforts were successful. An
attempt to hitch multiple mowers to
his tractor left swaths uncut and
was difficult to maneuver. He would
sometimes just abandon his hay fields in frustration. The farm did not prosper.
Kehoe also exhibited a vicious temper, noted by all of his
neighbors. He shot a dog for wandering
onto his property, and beat a horse
to death. He engaged in several feuds and was noted for not being able
to abide with being disagreed with or deferred to.
The Bath Consolidated School District building, the modern pride of the rural community, before the bombing. |
In 1922 voters in the rural township
voted to close the various one room schools scattered around the
farm land and build a modern
consolidated school with multiple
classrooms and students separated by
grade level. It was an educational reform that was picking up
steam across the Midwest. Evidently progressive Bath was among the early
communities to adopt the system.
Kehoe bitterly opposed the referendum. His ire was further raised when a new property tax was levied to support the
construction of the school and the operation of the consolidated district. The
school opened in 1923 and was the pride of the community.
Kehoe made himself the voice of all of those disgruntled by the tax. In 1924, thanks to the low voter turn-out in such elections, Kehoe was elected Treasurer of the School Board. He was
notoriously difficult for other
board members, all supporters of the new system. He railed against every expenditure no matter how small or essential. He regularly demanded that tax rates be
slashed. And he clashed with the
Superintendent who he repeatedly accused of fiscal mismanagement and fraud. Several times he engaged in shouting matches at Board meeting and stalked out when, inevitably, he did
not get his way.
His self-proclaimed frugality extended to other matters. Both he and his wife were Catholics and she was quite devout.
But he refused to pay the parish
assessment and out of embarrassment
his wife, in declining health, stopped attending services. He also regularly disputed bills from local merchants
and suppliers.
In 1926 he was briefly appointed Bath Township Clerk, a position that carried with it a modest salary. Later that year he ran for election to the job but was soundly defeated. The rejection may
have been the final straw.
His financial situation was by this time desperate. What money he had
went mostly to Nellies repeated hospitalizations. The bank began foreclosure proceedings.
Neighbors noted that he stopped working his farm entirely and was even
more aggressive than usual. At least one
thought that he might be contemplating
suicide.
Instead Kehoe was meticulously
spending what little money he had left on explosives and other equipment to
carry out his plan, which was well under way by March of 1927. Still a Board member he had keys to the school and easy access to set his bombs in furtive night visits.
If this portrait of a delusional, paranoid, and resentful tax and government
hater sounds familiar, it’s because Kehoe has so many modern clones—personal bombs on the fringes of the militia movement, and the so-called Patriot movement ready to go off at any
minute. In fact if many of them ever
heard of Kehoe, he would be their hero.
But there is a kind of amnesia about the event. The very name Bath School Disaster seems to deny what it was—a bombing and a terrorist attack. Perhaps because it was too painful, the
bombing is seldom mentioned in
Michigan and absent from school curricula. It is recalled by a couple of historical markers. And in 2014 a private foundation finally got around to buying markers for the
last two of the unmarked graves of
victims whose families were too poor to
erect them.
The sign Kehoe left on his fence to greet responders to the fires and explosions at his farm. |
Kehoe left no suicide note. But he did
hang a hand stenciled sign on his fence that greeted the firefighters who
responded to the explosions and blazes at this farm. It said, “Criminals are made, not born.”
Criminals are made, not born. . . the ultimate denial of responsibility.
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