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| America's first successful and most wildly popular early 19th Century author, James Fenimore Cooper during his diplomatic service circa 1830. |
James
Fenimore Cooper, born on September 14, 1789, was not young America’s first novelist, but he was the first successful one. His adventure romances, especially his sea yarns and his frontier Leatherstocking Tales
won wide readership around the
world. Later, his disputative nature and savage
mockery by Mark Twain would nearly destroy his American reputation. But he remained widely read and admired in Europe cited as an inspiration
by Alexander Dumas père, Victor Hugo, and later writers
including D. H. Lawrence and Joseph Conrad.
James was the eleventh of twelve children of Judge
William Cooper and Elizabeth
Fenimore Cooper. He was descended from a long line of Quakers who had invested in land in Pennsylvania
and New Jersey. From his home in Burlington, New Jersey, the William rose to prominence as a lawyer
and reaped vast wealth in post-Revolutionary War land
speculation in Pennsylvania and upstate New York partly by buying land
warrants awarded to Revolutionary
veterans.
William was serving in Congress when young James was born in
Burlington. But he had dreams of building a great dynastic estate. When James was just a year old the family
moved to the wilds of upstate New York where
his father had large holdings on the
shores of Lake Otsego and the source of the Susquehanna River. He platted a town there which officially
became known as Cooperstown in 1807.
The family lived in a cabin by the lake at first and the boys were free to roam the forests, streams, and
the lake becoming accomplished woodsmen. The village
was also in the heart of the
territory of the Six Nations of the
Iroquois, and the boy learned much
of their lore. He also grew to admire a rugged long hunter who visited his
family regularly on his rambles
between the woods and the town where he sold
his meat and pelts.
William started construction on his grand
Otsego Hall which was completed in
1799 when James was 10 years old.
Already several of the children had died. William impressed
the survivors with his dynastic dreams, but also with a philosophy that great generosity and charity were the responsibility of the wealthy. The family converted to the Episcopalians
and young James was particularly
devout.
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| Ostego Hall, would-be seat of a family dynasty built by William Cooper in Cooperstown, New York and James Fenimore Cooper's beloved county seat. It burned to the ground in 1852, a year after the writer died there. |
At the age of 13 James entered Yale
where he was a good, but rebellious student. He was expelled
in his third year, supposedly
for blowing up another student’s door
with gun powder. An older brother had been similarly expelled
from Princeton in 1802 being the most likely culprit in the burning of Nassau Hall. Their sister Hannah wrote of her brothers, “They are very wild and show plainly
they have been bred in the woods.”
The family fortunes were already in
a steady, long decline when James
was cut loose from formal education. The
17 year old decided to make his own way
by going to sea in 1806. He signed
on as a common sailor on the merchant
ship Sterling. Sailing first
to England with a cargo of flour, Cooper witnessed the
ship being boarded by a press gang
of the Royal Navy, who made off with at least one of the crew.
Later he sailed on the Sterling to the Mediterranean. He stayed ashore for several weeks in Spain as the captain strove to obtain a cargo for the long voyage home. His experiences
there would be incorporated into later work.
After almost a year at sea and with
a fine record as a seaman, Cooper returned to the States where his father’s political connection secured him a
place in the Navy. He received
his commission as a midshipman on
January 1, 1808. He was first assigned
to the USS Vesuvius, an 82 foot bomb
ketch that carried twelve guns
and a thirteen inch mortar based in New York.
His connections and knowledge of
up-state New York next got him a plum
assignment, service under Lieutenant
Melancthon Taylor Woolsey near Oswego
on Lake Ontario, building the brig USS Oneida for service on
the lake. What he learned of naval construction and by roaming the
woods once again in his leisure time became incorporated in his later writing.
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| As a young Midshipman Cooper served aboard the frigate USS Wasp under the command of his friend Lt. James Lawrence who would go on to doomed glory in the War of 1812 credited with crying out "Don't Give Up the Ship!" before dying. |
Next, he accompanied Woolsey to Niagara Falls and then to service on a Lake Champlain gun boat until the lake froze over in 1809. Then he was assigned to the USS
Wasp under the command of Lt.
James Lawrence, who was also from Burlington and a personal friend of
Cooper’s. Before he could go on to War of 1812 glory like Lawrence and despite his love for the Navy,
the death of his father that same
year called Cooper home to inherit his
share of the estate, which was dwindling
under the management of his older
brothers.
Back at home he met and fell in love with lovely Susan Augusta de Lancey a member of a
wealthy family who had been Revolutionary War Tories. The couple was
married on January 1, 1811, exactly two years after he entered the Navy, at her family’s home in Westchester County. They returned to Cooperstown to help manage
the estate.
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| The wedding of James Fenimore Cooper and Susan Augusta de Lancey at her parent's Westchester County estate. Cooper would set his novel The Spy in the area during the Revolutionary War. |
Between 1812 and 1814 all four
Cooper’s surviving elder brothers died
in a succession of accidents and
calamities, each of them having served briefly as executor of their
father’s estate. Under their management
the family wealth had virtually vanished.
Cooper was left with large debts and financial responsibility for his brothers’ wives and children. He managed, barely, to save Otsego Hall and some property in the immediate vicinity of the
village, but large holdings elsewhere had to be sold, often at distressed prices as the War devastated the American economy.
Meanwhile Cooper and his wife had
their own growing family to attend
to. Eventually there would be seven children, five of whom lived to
adulthood. Daughter Susan Fenimore Cooper became a writer
of note herself, an early suffragist, and the frequent editor of her father’s work. Other descendents also became writers.
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| The author's daughter was a writer of note in her own right and an aid and editor to her father. |
In 1820 Cooper was living mostly in
New York City pursuing business
interests and continuing to pay his family’s debts. One evening he was reading a popular novel when he threw it down in disgust declaring that he could write better. His
wife dared him to do so.
He accepted the challenge and dashed
off his first novel, Precaution,
a domestic story of manners in the
style of Jane Austin. It was published
anonymously both the U.S. and England.
It was a failure on this side of
the ocean, but a critical and popular success in England where it was
assumed to be the work of another
gentlewoman. His British publisher stirred up a storm of publicity when he
announced the true author was an American gentleman.
Cooper found that he enjoyed writing. Moreover he needed the income writing could provide.
He had real success with his
second book, The Spy (1821) set in his wife’s Westchester County during the
Revolution. It was a historical romance with elements of high adventure. The public
appetite for it spurred similar efforts.
In 1823 Cooper introduced his most enduring hero, Natty Bumpo a/k/a Leatherstocking,
Hawkeye, the Trapper, Pathfinder, Deerslayer
in The Pioneers, set in the country around Lake Otsego just as it
was in Cooper’s boyhood in the 1790’s.
In it he established themes
to which he would return again and again—the clash of civilization with the wild,
the dual natures of Indians as either noble savages or sadistic
murderers, dynastic family
expectations, and duties.
Bumpo was molded on the real long
hunter of Cooper’s youth, but he would also incorporate tales drawn from the real life Daniel Boone in
later installments in the series
that became known as The Letherstocking Tales, which
were, by the way, my father’s favorite
books growing up in Missouri a century later.
Cooper used his knowledge of the sea
in adventure novels like, The Pilot about John Paul Jones and his raids
on English ports during the Revolution; Red Rover, a tale of piracy; and The Water-Witch about smuggling in New York waters in the
early 18th Century. Another early novel,
Lionel Lincoln was set during the English occupation of Boston and the Battle of Bunker Hill.
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| The Last of the Mohichans was the crown jewel of the Leatherstocking Tales and an enduring favorite in the U.S. and Europe. This 1919 edition illustrated by M.C.Wyeth was one of the most popular of the many editions printed. The story has also been filmed many times--at least 7 American feature films, 3 German versions, and several TV movies and miniseries. It's the James Fenimore Cooper gift that keeps on giving. |
Cooper had his greatest success in the book still regarded as his masterpiece, The
Last of the Mohicans set during the French and Indian Wars.
A Natty Bumpo, known as Hawkeye,
teams with Native American friends the noble
Chingachgook and his son Uncas to save two English captive women from the clutches of the French and their barbaric Huron allies. He is accompanied by an English officer, the fiancé
of one of the women, who despises him. The story is a rip roaring adventure from beginning to end, salted with descriptions of unimaginable brutality. Yet Coopers somewhat turgid style make the book a tough
slog for modern readers, who none-the-less revel in the several movie
and television adaptations.
Cooper followed up with The
Prairie, published in 1827, chronicled 83 year old Natty Bumpo’s final
year as The Trapper—offering aid and assistance to a family seeking
land in the newly opened prairies of
the Louisiana Purchase in 1804.
In 1826—the same year Mohicans was published—Cooper’s excellent political connections with Monroe administration for his service
to the Republicans in New York politics, paid off with an appointment as U.S. Consul at Lyons, France.
The duties of such a
diplomatic plum were not onerous. Cooper had plenty of time to tour the
continent with his family, gathering inspiration for future work.
He continued to write and to supervise his English and European
publications where he was even more
popular than at home. His two sea
novels were written and published during this period. He also made friends with the elderly Marquise de Lafayette, who he had first
met as a member of the Welcoming
Committee in New York for the old hero’s 1824 American tour.
But Cooper also became embroiled in bitter controversy, the fall-out of which would consume his attention for some years. In 1832 he responded to a bitter attack on the United States
published in the Revue Britannique with a series
of articles in the Parisian journal
Le
National in which he attacked European anti-republicanism. But what
should have been a patriotic rebuke,
was tempered with some of his own harsh criticism of American excesses,
particularly a kind of avaricious acquisitiveness
that over powered the loftier aims
of the Revolution. The controversy was intense and when excerpts were printed back home, Cooper
found himself under attack by the Whig press.
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| The front piece from the English edition of The Heidenmauer or The Benetictines, one of a trio of novels set in Europe on political themes. Almost completely forgotten in this country they remain not only popular but influential in Europe where Cooper's litterary reputation remains high. |
Meanwhile Cooper expanded on his raillery against privilege and
power in three new novels. The
Bravo
set in the Republic of Venice where the shadowy rule of an oligarchy
subtlety—and not so subtly—thwarted
the will and needs of the people. The Heidenmauer set during the
turmoil of the Reformation in the Rhineland Germany laid out the conflicts between the old Church, the new, the aristocracy and the rising new bourgeoisie with all parties
coming off as corrupt and unsympathetic in the story of a town caught in the conflict between its
feudal baron and a wealthy monastery. The Headsman, set among
the Alps and in Geneva, Switzerland explored similar themes. Although all sold well in Europe, they were failures in the
United States where readers were frankly
uninterested in European politics.
Victor Hugo would find them inspirational.
When his diplomatic posting ended
with the election of Andrew Jackson,
Cooper and his family returned to New York.
He was stunned by both the failure of his European trilogy and by the
vicious response the books in the
press. Wrapped in self-righteous rage, he penned A Letter to My Countrymen, an
account of the controversies and an indictment of many aspects of American
society. Naturally the uproar in the
press, particularly the Whig press, only intensified and included many sharp personal attacks on Cooper and
his family.
Cooper announced that he was retiring from writing novels. He spent much of the next four years filing law suit after law suit charging
his critics with slander. Although he won every suit his contentious behavior drew scorn among
the public.
For several years he only published
a series of travel books, recounting
his European travels. This was a highly popular genre in America at the
time and helped win back reader loyalty.
In 1834 Cooper decided to reopen Otsego Hall, which had fallen into disrepair in his long
absence. At first he spent his winters
in New York City and summered in
Cooperstown, but after 1839 he made it his primary
residence once again.
During those years Cooper worked
hard researching—including conducting extensive interviews with surviving figures—his long dreamed of History of the Navy of the United
States of America which he finally published in 1839. It won praise, but also attacks from some officers who felt they had been slighted. Details
of some battles, including those on Lake
Erie were challenged. But modern
naval historians now regard it
as the most authoritive early history
of the Navy.
Other naval non-fiction
followed. He came to the defense of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, one of the leading critics of his
naval history. Mackenzie was court-martialed after he hanged three young sailors, including
the son of the Secretary of War, for mutiny
aboard the USS Somers. It was this sensational case that inspired Herman Melville’s Billy Budd. Lives of Distinguished American Naval
Officers was published in 1846, and Old Ironsides, about then
USS Constitution was issued posthumously.
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| James Fenimore Cooper in maturity. |
14 years after The Prairie, Cooper finally returned to novels with a new
installment in the Leatherstocking Tales.
The Pathfinder followed Natty
Bumpo’s further exploits in the
French and Indian Wars along the shores of Lake
Ontario. It is the only one of the
novels where the hunter, called La
Longue Carabine in this book, falls
in love with a sweet younger woman, who in the end he nobly releases to the arms of a younger man. It was followed by a prequel going all the way back to the hero’s coming of age in The Deerslayer.
In his
final years, Cooper remained prolific
turning out fiction and non-fiction alike.
Too numerous to mention all, his output included Autobiography of a Pocket-Handkerchief, a social satire set in
France and New York, told by an expensive
handkerchief; the three volumes of the
multi-generational The Littlepage Manuscripts accounting
a family spanning well established and
genteel Westchester County to the frontier
settlements in the Adirondacks; The
Crater; or, Vulcan’s Peak a novel set in the South Pacific with utopian themes
and supernatural elements; and The
Ways of the Hour considered America’s first murder mystery novel with courtroom
scenes and touching on women’s
rights.
On
September 14, 1851, just a day short of his 62nd birthday, Cooper died of dropsy at Otsego Hall. He was buried in the church yard Christ Episcopal Church, which he had
loyally served as a vestryman since
1836 and generously endowed. His wife Susan was laid at his side only a
few months later.
In New
York City a large memorial program
was held the next February co-chaired by Washington
Irving, William Cullen Bryant,
and, surprisingly, an old Federalist
and Whig, Daniel Webster.
As noted
above, despite his early popularity, Cooper’s literary reputation was pretty
much destroyed in this country by Mark Twain in his 1895 essay Fenimore
Cooper’s Literary Offenses perhaps fitting for the writer who Balzac
hailed as “the American [Sir Walter]
Scott—another writer famously scorned by Twain. Most modern
American critics have echoed Twain’s harsh assessments. With the possible exception of The Last of the Mohicans, which is frequently assigned in college American Literature survey classes, he
is seldom read here.
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| The Cooper statue in Cooperstown. Tourists are more interested in the Baseball Hall of Fame. |
He is memorialized in his home town with a statue and his name on an art museum. Once
elegant Otsego Hall has long vanished. Cooperstown is now better known as the faux
birthplace of baseball and home of the Hall of Fame than it is as the home of once most famous writer in America.
On the
other hand the French are still wild for
him. Go figure.
