It was on this day in 1894 that the Western stepchild of Coxey’s Army was dispersed with the customary cracked heads by police and Army Troops in Washington,
D.C. That was months after Jacob S. Coxey and his top
lieutenants were arrested for walking on the grass of the Capitol Building on May 1.
Although 6,000 were camped across the Potomac in Maryland without
their leaders they began drifting off
and their camp was eventually cleaned out. Coxey, an Ohio businessman and with utopian social theories organized his march of the unemployed from his hometown of Massillon, Ohio to
demand that Congress supply relief for rampant unemployment
caused by the Panic of 1893 with a program of public works. His Commonweal
of Christ appealed to
many. The march was organized and disciplined as an army, largely led by
members of the Grand Army of the
Republic, Civil War veterans.
Despite its remarkable orderliness,
the first ever mass demonstration in the nation’s
Capitol was met with dread by officials who feared
it was rife with anarchism and revolution.
Although the initial troops under
Coxey himself were dispersed, other
“armies” inspired by it straggled
into the city from all over the country as the summer wore on. None
came further under more difficult circumstances than Kelley’s Army. “General” Charles T. Kelly raised his Industrial Army from the unemployed
from the streets of San Francisco, Oakland, San Pedro and
other points in California and along
the West Coast. It included many veteran seasonal workers and casual
laborers especially hard hit by the Panic, experienced hobos who knew their way
around railroads.
Over 1,000 men set out, organized militarily in companies planning to beat it to Washington on freight trains. They made
their way across the West as far as
the Missouri River on commandeered trains. They were fed by sympathetic farmers and towns
people along the route, many of whom were just as hard hit by
the Panic and resentful of the
Railroads who conspired to keep freight rates high crippling the agricultural economy and bleeding
cash strapped citizens with overpriced
consumer goods.
Along the way they picked up many
new recruits nearly doubling in size. Those included a young cowboy and hard rock miner,
William D. Heywood, known to his pals as Big Bill. Another, catching
up to the main body just before it crossed the Missouri into Iowa was a young former San Francisco Bay oyster pirate, sailor,
and tramp named Jack London.
By the time Kelley’s Army straggled
into Washington it had dwindled to
only about 300, most lost in the long hike on foot
from the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois. London, who had deserted near Hanibal, Missouri was not among them. They were greeted by stragglers from
other Armies, including a contingent
from far away Seattle.
After being chased from the city on
August 11, Colorado Congressman and
sympathizer Lafe Pence arranged for transportation to
return Kelly’s men as far west as his state.
Contributions to that cause came from fat cats eager to get the riffraff out of the city.
Rather
than
describe the trials and adventures of Kelly’s Army, I think I will leave that to the more skillful hands of London who within a decade was world famous as one of America’s top novelists. In 1907 he published a memoir of his younger days as a tramp,
My
Life in the Underworld. His
vivid account of his days with the Army was excerpted in the October
issue of Cosmopolitan. It is
remarkable not only for the story it
tells, but for London’s frank willingness to paint himself in a
sometimes unfavorable light.
Buckle
up—this is a great read.
The March of
Kelly's Army
The Story of an Extraordinary
Migration
By Jack London
It was once my fortune to travel a few weeks with a “push”
that numbered two thousand. This was known as “Kelly’s Army.” Across the “wild
and woolly West,” clear from California, General Kelly and his heroes had
captured trains; but they fell down when they crossed the Missouri and went up
against the effete East. The East hadn’t the slightest intention of giving free
transportation to two thousand hoboes. Kelly’s Army lay helplessly for some
time at Council Bluffs. The day I joined it, made desperate by delay, it
marched out to capture a train.
It was quite an imposing sight. General Kelly sat a
magnificent black charger, and with waving banners, to the martial music of
fife and drum, company by company, in two divisions, his two thousand counter
marched before him and followed the wagon-road to the little town of Weston,
seven miles away. Being the latest recruit, I was in the last company of the
last regiment of the Second Division, and, furthermore, in the last rank of the
rear-guard. The army went into camp at Weston beside the railroad track—beside
the tracks, rather, for two roads went through, the Chicago, Milwaukee, &
St. Paul, and the Rock Island.
Our intention was to take the first train out, but the
railroad officials “coppered” our play and won. There was no first train. They
tied up the two lines and stopped running trains. In the meantime, while we lay
by the dead tracks, the good people of Omaha and Council Bluffs were bestirring
themselves. Preparations were making to form a mob, capture a train in Council
Bluffs, run it down to us, and make us a present of it. The railroad officials
coppered that play, too. They didn't wait for the mob. Early in the morning of
the second day, and engine, with a single private car attached, arrived at the
station and side-tracked. At this sign the life had renewed on the dead roads,
the whole army lined up beside the track.
But never did life renew so monstrously as it did on those
two roads. From the west came the whistle of a locomotive. It was coming in our
direction, bound east. We were bound east. A stir of preparation ran down our
ranks. The whistle tooted fast and furiously, and the train thundered past at
top speed. The hobo didn’t live that could have boarded it. Another locomotive
whistled, and another train came through at top speed, and another, and
another, train after train, train after train, till toward the last the trains
were composed of passenger-coaches, box-cars, flat cars, dead engines,
cabooses, mail-cars, wrecking-appliances, and all the riffraff of worn-out and
abandoned rolling-stock that collects in the yards of great railways. When the
yards at Council bluffs had been completely cleaned, the private car and engine
went east, and the roads died for keeps.
That day went by, and the next, and nothing moved, and in
the meantime, pelted by sleet and rain, Kelly’s two thousand hoboes lay beside
the tracks. But that night the good people of Council Bluffs went the railroad
officials one better. A mob formed in Council Bluffs, crossed the river to
Omaha, and there joined with another mob in a raid on the Union Pacific yards.
First they captured an engine, next they made up a train, and then the united
mobs piled aboard, crossed the Missouri, and ran down the Rock Island right of
way to turn the train over to us. The railroad officials tried to copper this
play, but fell down, to the mortal terror of the section-boss and one member of
the section-gang at Weston. This pair, under secret telegraphic orders, tried
to wreck our train-load of sympathizers by tearing up the track. It happened that
we were suspicious and had our patrols out. Caught red-handed at
train-wrecking, and surrounded by two thousand infuriated hoboes, that
section-gang boss and assistant prepared to meet death. I don't remember what
saved them, unless it was the arrival of the train.
It was our turn to fall down, and we did, hard. In their
haste, the two mobs had neglected to make up a sufficiently long train. There
wasn’t room for two thousand hoboes to ride. So the mobs and the hoboes had a
talkfest, fraternized, sang songs, and parted, the mobs going back to Omaha on
their captured train, the hoboes pulling out next morning on a
one-hundred-and-forty-mile march to Des Moines. It was not until Kelly's Army
crossed the Missouri that it began to walk, and after that it never rode again.
It cost the railroads slathers of money, but they were acting on principle, and
they won.
Underwood, Avoca, Walnut, Atlantic, Anita, Adair, Casey,
Stuart, Dexter, Earlham, Desoto, Vanmeter, Booneville, Commerce, Valley
Junction—how the names of the towns come back to me as I con the map and trace
our route through the fat Iowa country! And the hospitable Iowa farmer folk!
They turned out with their wagons and carried our baggage and gave us hot
lunches at noon by the wayside; mayors of comfortable little towns made
speeches of welcome and hastened us on our way; deputations of little girls and
maidens came out to meet us, and the good citizens turned out by hundreds,
locked arms, and marched with us down their main streets. It was circus day
when we came to town, and every day was circus day for us, for there were many
towns.
In the evenings our camps were invaded by whole populations.
Every company had its camp-fire, and around each fire something was doing. The
cooks in my company, Company L, were song-and-dance artists and contributed
most of our entertainment. In another part of the encampment the glee-club
would be singing—one of its star voices was the “dentist,” drawn from Company
L, and we were mighty proud of him. Also, he pulled teeth for the whole army,
and, since the extractions usually occurred at meal-time, our digestions were
stimulated by a variety of incident. The dentist had no anesthetics, but two or
three of us were always ready to volunteer to hold down the patient. In addition
to the diversions of the companies and the glee-club, church services were
usually held, local preachers officiating, and always there was a great making
of political speeches. A lot of talent can be dug out of two thousand hoboes. I
remember we had a picked baseball nine, and on Sundays we made a practice of
putting it all over the local nines. Sometimes we did it twice on Sundays.
Last year, while on a lecturing trip, I rode into Des Moines
in a Pullman—I don’t mean a “side-door Pullman,” but the real thing. On the
outskirts of the city I saw the old stove-works, and my heart leaped. It was
there, at the stove-works, a dozen years before, that the army lay down and
swore a mighty oath that its feet were sore and that it would walk no more. We
took possession of the stove-works and told Des Moines that we had come to
stay—that we’d walked in, but we’d be blessed if we’d walk out. Des Moines was
hospitable, but this was too much of a good thing. Do a little mental
arithmetic, gentle reader. Two thousand hoboes, eating three square meals a
day, forty-two thousand meals a week, or one hundred and sixty-eight thousand
meals for the shortest month in the calendar. We had no money. It was up to Des
Moines.
Des Moines was desperate. We lay in camp, made political speeches,
held sacred concerts, pulled teeth, played baseball and seven-up, and ate our
six thousand meals a day, and Des Moines paid for them. Des Moines pleaded with
the railroads, but they were obdurate; they had said we shouldn’t ride, and
that settled it. To permit us to ride would be to establish a precedent, and
there weren’t going to be any precedents. And still we went on eating. That was
the terrifying factor in the situation. We were bound for Washington, and Des
Moines would have had to float municipal bonds to pay all our railroad fares,
even at special rates; and if we remained much longer she'd have to float bones
anyway to feed us.
Then some local genius solved the problem. We wouldn’t walk.
Very good; we should ride. From Des Moines to Keokuk on the Mississippi flowed
the Des Moines River. This particular stretch of river was three hundred miles
long. We could ride on it, said the local genius; and, once equipped with
floating-stock, we could ride on down the Mississippi to the Ohio, and thence
up the Ohio, winding up with a short portage over the mountains to Washington.
Des Moines took up a collection. Public-spirited citizens contributed several
thousand dollars. Lumber, rope, nails, and cotton for calking were bought in
large quantities, and on the banks for the Des Moines was inaugurated a
tremendous era of ship-building. Now the Des Moines is a picayune stream,
unduly dignified by the appellation of “river.” In our spacious Western land it
would be called a “creek.” The oldest inhabitants shook their heads and said we
couldn’t make it, that there wasn’t enough water to float us. Des Moines didn’t
care, so long as it got rid of us, and we were such well-fed optimists that we
didn’t care either.
On Wednesday, May 9, 1894, we got underway and started on
our colossal picnic. Des Moines had got off pretty easily, and she certainly
owes a statue in bronze to the local genius who got her out of her difficulty.
True, Des Moines had to pay for our boats; we had eaten sixty-six thousand
meals at the stove-works; and we took twelve thousand additional meals along
with us in our commissary—as a precaution against famine in the wilds; but then
think what it would have meant if we had remained at Des Moines eleven months
instead of eleven days. Also, when we departed, we promised Des Moines we’d
come back if the river failed to float us.
It was all very well having twelve thousand meals in the
commissary, and no doubt the commissary “ducks” enjoyed them; for the
commissary promptly got lost, and my boat, for one, never saw it again. The
company formation was hopelessly broken up during the river trip. In any camp
of men there will always be found a certain percentage of shirks, of helpless,
of just ordinary, and of hustlers. There were ten men in my boat, and they were
the cream of Company L. Every man was a hustler. For two reasons I was included
in the ten. First, I was as good a hustler as ever “threw his feet,” and, next,
I was “Sailor Jack.” I understood boats and boating. The ten of us forgot the
remaining forty men of Company L, and by the time we had missed one meal we
promptly forgot the commissary. We were independent. We went down the river “on
our own,” hustling our “chew-in’s,” beating every boat in the fleet, and, alas!
that I must say it, sometimes taking possession of the stores the farmer folk
had collected for the army.
For a good part of the three hundred miles we were from half
a day to a day or so in advance of the army. We had managed to get hold of
several American flags. When we approached a small town, or when we saw a group
of farmers gathered on the bank, we ran up our flags, called ourselves the
“advanced boat,” and demanded to know what provisions had been collected for
the army. We represented the army, of course, and the provisions were turned
over to us. But there wasn't anything small about us. We never took more than
we could get away with. But we did take the cream of everything. For instance,
if some philanthropic farmer had donated several dollars' worth of tobacco, we
took it. So, also, we took butter and sugar, coffee, and canned goods; but when
the stores consisted of sacks of beans and flour, or two or three slaughtered
steers, we resolutely refrained and went our way, leaving orders to turn such
provisions over to the commissary-boats whose business was to follow behind us.
My, but the ten of us did live on the fat of the land! For a
long time General Kelly vainly tried to head us off. He sent two rowers, in a
light, round-bottomed boat, to overtake us and put a stop to our piratical
careers. They overtook us all right, but they were two and we were ten. They
were empowered by General Kelly to make us prisoners, and they told us so. When
we expressed disinclination to become prisoners, they hurried ahead to the next
town to invoke the aid of the authorities. We went ashore immediately and
cooked an early supper; and under the cloak of darkness we ran by the town and
its authorities.
I kept a diary on part of the trip, and as I read it over
now I note one persistently recurring phrase, namely, “Living fine.” We did live fine. We even disdained to use
coffee boiled in water. We made our coffee out of milk, calling the wonderful
beverage, if I remember rightly, “pale Vienna.”
While we were ahead, skimming the cream, and while the
commissary was lost far behind, the main army, coming along in the middle,
starved. This was hard on the army, I’ll allow; but then, the ten of us were
individualists. We had initiative and enterprise. We ardently believed that the
grub was to the man who got there first, the pale Vienna to the strong. On one
stretch the army went forty-eight hours without grub; and then it arrived at a
small village of some three hundred inhabitants, the name of which I do not
remember, though I think it was Red Rock. This town, following the practice of
all towns through which the army passed, had appointed a committee of safety.
Counting five to a family, Red Rock consisted of sixty households. Her
committee of safety was scared stiff by the eruption of two thousand hungry
hobos who lined their boats two and three deep along the river bank. General
Kelly was a fair man. He had no intention of working hardship on the village.
He did not expect sixty households to furnish two thousand meals. Besides, the
army had its treasure-chest.
But the committee of safety lost its head. “No encouragement
to the invader,” was its program, and when General Kelly wanted to buy food,
the committee refused to sell. It had nothing to sell; General Kelly's money
was “no good” in that burg. And then General Kelly went into action. The bugles
blew. The army left the boats and on top of the bank formed in battle array.
The committee was there to see. General Kelly’s speech was brief.
“Boys,” he said, “when did you eat last?”
“Day before yesterday,”
they shouted. “Are you hungry?”
A mighty affirmation from two thousand throats shook the
atmosphere. Then General Kelly turned to the committee of safety. “You see, gentlemen, the situation,” said he.
“My men have eaten nothing in forty-eight hours. If I turn them loose upon your
town, I’ll not be responsible for what happens. They are desperate. I offered
to buy food for them, but you refused to sell. I now withdraw my offer.
Instead, I shall demand. I give you five minutes to decide. Either kill me six
steers and give me four thousand rations, or I turn the men loose. Five
minutes, gentlemen.”
The terrified committee of safety looked at the two thousand
hungry hobos and collapsed. It didn’t wait the five minutes. It wasn’t going to
take any chances. The killing of the steers and the collecting of the rations
began forthwith, and the army dined.
And still the ten graceless individualists soared along
ahead and gathered in everything in sight. But General Kelly fixed us. He sent
horsemen down each bank, warning farmers and townspeople against us. They did
their work thoroughly all right. The erstwhile hospitable farmers gave us a
cold reception. Also, they summoned the constables when we tied up to the bank,
and loosed the dogs. I know. Two of the latter caught me with a barbed-wire
fence between me and the river. I was carrying two buckets of milk for the pale
Vienna. I didn't damage the fence any; but we drank plebeian coffee boiled in
vulgar water, and I had to throw my feet for another pair of trousers. I
wonder, gentle reader, if you every essayed hastily to climb a barbed-wire
fence with a bucket of milk in each hand. Ever since that day I have had a
prejudice against barbed wire, and I have gathered statistics on the subject.
Unable to make an honest living so long as General Kelly
kept his horsemen ahead of us, we returned to the army and raised a revolution.
It was a small affair, but it devastated Company L of the Second Division. The
captain of Company L refused to recognize us; said we were deserters, traitors,
scalawags; and when he drew rations for Company L from the commissary he
wouldn't give us any. That captain didn't appreciate us, or he wouldn't have
refused us grub. Promptly we intrigued with the first lieutenant. He joined us
with the nine men in his boat, and in return we elected him captain of Company
M. The captain of Company L raised a roar. Down upon us came General Kelly,
Colonel Speed, and Colonel Baker. The twenty of us stood firm, and our
revolution was ratified.
But we never bothered with the commissary. Our hustlers drew
better rations from the farmers. Our new captain, however, doubted us. He never
knew when he’d see the ten of us again, once we got under way in the morning,
so he called in a blacksmith to clinch his captaincy. In the stern of our boat,
one on each side, were driven two heavy eye-bolts of iron. Correspondingly, on
the bow of his boat, were fastened two huge iron hooks. The boats were brought
together, end on, the hooks dropped into the eye-bolts, and there we were, hard
and fast. We couldn't lose that captain. But we were irrepressible. Out of our
very manacles we wrought an invincible device that enabled us to outdistance
every other boat in the fleet.
Like all great inventions, this one of ours was accidental.
We discovered it the first time we ran on a snag in a bit of a rapid. The
head-boat hung up and anchored, and the tail-boat swung around in the current,
pivoting the head-boat on the snag. I was at the stern of the tail-boat,
steering. In vain we tried to shove off. Then I ordered the men from the
head-boat into the tail-boat. Immediately the head-boat floated clear, and its
men returned into it. After that snags, reefs, shoals, and bars had no terrors
for us. The instant the head-boat struck, the men in it leaped into the
tail-boat. Of course the head-boat floated over the obstruction and the
tai-boat then struck. Like automatons the twenty men now in the tail-boat
leaped into the head-boat, and the tail-boat floated off.
The boats used by the army were all alike—made by the mile
and sawed off. They were flatboats, and their lines were rectangles. Each boat
was six feet wide, ten feet long, and a foot and a half deep. Thus, when our
two boats were hooked together, I was at the stern steering a craft twenty feet
long, containing twenty husky hobos who “spelled” each other at the oars and
paddles, and loaded with blankets, cooking-outfit, and our own private
commissary.
Still we caused General Kelly trouble. He had called in his
horsemen, and substituted three police boats that traveled in the van and
allowed no boats to pass them. The craft containing Company M crowded the
police boats hard. We could have passed them easily, but it was against the
rules. So we kept at a respectable distance astern and waited. Ahead, we knew
was virgin farming country, unbegged and generous; but we waited. White water
was all we needed, and when we rounded a bend and a rapid showed up we knew
what would happen. Smash! Policed boat number one goes on a boulder and hangs up.
Bang! Police boat number two follows suit. Whop! Police boat number three
encounters the common fate of all. Of course our boat does the same thing; but,
one, two, the men are out of the head-boat and into the tail-boat; one, two,
they are out of the tail-boat and into the head-boat; and one, two, the men who
belong in the tail-boat are back in it, and we are dashing on. “Stop!” shriek
the police boats. “How can we?” we wail plaintively as we surge past, caught in
that remorseless current that sweeps us on out of sight and into the hospitable
country that replenishes our private commissary with the cream of its
contributions. Again we drink pale Vienna and realized that the grub is to the
man who gets there.
Poor General Kelly! He devised another scheme. The whole
fleet started ahead of us. Company M of the Second Division started in its
proper place in the line, which was last. And it took us only one day to get
ahead of that particular scheme. Twenty-five miles of bad water lay before
us—all rapids, shoals, bars, and boulders. It was over that stretch of water
that the oldest inhabitants of Des Moines had shaken their heads. Nearly two
hundred boats entered the bad water ahead of us, and they piled up in the most
astounding manner. We went through that stranded fleet like hemlock through the
fire. There was no avoiding the boulders, bars, and snags except by getting out
on the bank. We didn’t avoid them. We went right over them, one, two, one, two,
head-boat, tail-boat, tail-boat, head-boat, all hands back and forward and back
again. We camped alone that night, and loafed in camp all the next day while
the army patched and repaired its wrecked boats and straggled up to us.
There was no stopping our cussedness. We rigged up a mast,
piled on the canvas (blankets), and traveled short hours while the army worked
overtime to keep us in sight. Then General Kelly had recourse to diplomacy. No
boat could touch us in the straight-away. The ban of the police boats was
lifted. Colonel Speed was put aboard, and with this distinguished officer we
had the honor of arriving first at Keokuk on the Mississippi. And right here I
want to say to General Kelly and Colonel Speed that here's my hand. You were
heroes, both of you, and you were men. And I'm sorry for at least ten per cent.
of the trouble that was given you by Company M.
At Keokuk the whole fleet was lashed together in a huge
raft, and, after being wind-bound a day, a steamboat took us in tow down the
Mississippi to Quincy, Illinois, where we camped on Goose Island. Here the raft
idea was abandoned, the boats being joined together in groups of four and
decked over. Somebody told me that Quincy was the richest town of its size in
the United States. When I head this I was immediately overcome by an
irresistible impulse to throw my feet. No “blowed-in-the-glass profesh” could
possibly pas by such a promising burg. I crossed the river to Quincy in a small
dugout; but I came back in a large river-boat, down to the gunwales with the
results of my thrown feet. Of course I kept all the money I had collected,
though I paid the boat hire; also I took my pick of the underwear, socks,
cast-off clothes, shirts, “kicks,” and “sky-pieces”; and when Company M had
taken all it wanted there was still a respectable heap that was turned over to
Company L. Alas, I was young and prodigal in those days! I told a thousand
“stories” to the good people of Quincy, and every story was “good”; but since I
have come to write for the magazines I have often regretted the wealth of story
I lavished that day in Quincy, Illinois.
It was at Hannibal, Missouri, that the ten invincibles went
to pieces. It was not planned. We just naturally flew apart. The Boiler-Maker
and I deserted secretly. On the same day Scotty and Davy made a swift sneak for
the Illinois shore; also McAvoy and Fish achieved their get-away. This accounts
for six of the then; what became of the remaining four I do not know.
As a sample of life on the road, I make the following
quotations from my diary of the several days following my desertion:
Friday, May 25th. Boiler-Maker and I left the
camp on the island. We went ashore on the Illinois side in a skiff and walked
six miles on the C. B. & Q. to Fell Creek. We had gone six miles out of our
way, but we got on a hand-car and rode six miles to Hull’s, on the Wabash.
While there we met McAvoy, Fish, Scotty, and Davy, who had also pulled out from
the army.
Saturday, May 26th. At 2.11 a. m. we caught the
Cannon-ball as she slowed up at the crossing. Scotty and Davy were ditched. The
four of us were ditched at the Bluffs, forty miles farther on. In the afternoon
Fish and McAvoy caught a freight while Boiler-Maker and I were away getting
something to eat.
Sunday, May 27th. At 3.21 a.m we caught the
Cannon-ball and found Scotty and Davy on the blind. We were all ditched at
daylight at Jacksonville. The C. & A. runs through here, and we’re going to
take that. Boiler-Maker went off, but didn’t return. Guess he caught a freight.
Monday, May 28th. Boiler-Maker didn’t show up.
Scotty and Davy went off to sleep somewhere and didn’t get back in time to
catch the K. C. passenger at 3.30 a.m. I caught her and rode her till after
sunrise to Mason City. Caught a cattle train and rode all night.
Tuesday, May 29th. Arrived in Chicago at 7 a.m. .
. .
And years afterward, in China, I had the grief of learning
that the device we employed to navigate the rapids of the Des Moines—the
one-two-one-two, head-boat-tail-boat proposition—was not originated by us. The
Chinese river-boatmen had for thousands of years used a similar device to
negotiate “bad water.” It is a good trick all right, even if we don’t get the
credit. It answers Doctor Jordan’s test of truth: “Will it work? Will you trust
your life to it?”
