Puritans Found a Shining City on a Hill

Three hills on the Shuqmut Peninsula in a bay--Beacon Hill center--an illustration circa 1850.

Today, by serendipitous coincidence of the calendar, I tell the story of the founding and early years of the capital of the Puritan culture from which she sprang—Boston.

They used to call it, without a trace of irony, the Hub of the Universe.  But it was still a wilderness when the City of Boston was established on September 18, 1630.

The dissenting Separatists we call Pilgrims had founded their struggling colony at Plymouth just ten years earlier.  Since then a thin scattering of settlements had been established along the harsh shores. 

One of those settlements was Charlestown, located on a small peninsula between the Charles and Mystic Rivers on the northern shores of a narrow passage leading to a fine natural harbor.  Thomas and Jane Walford were the first English settlers of Mishawaum in 1625.  The area became part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which was given a charter in 1628. 

Walford, who prospered trading furs with native tribes, welcomed newcomers dispatched by Massachusetts Bay Governor John Endicott led by William, Richard, and Ralph Sprague.  Together they laid out and established Charlestown.  For his troubles the loyal Anglican Walford would be banished from the colony within three years by ruling Puritans.

To the south the Shawmut Peninsula, connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus, became the home of a lone settler, William Blackstone (sometimes rendered Blaxton.)  He was a dissenting Anglican priest who had traveled to the New World in 1623 as part of the abortive Robert Gorges expedition.  When that group returned to England in 1625, Blackstone established a farm at the base of what would become Beacon Hill which was watered by a fine sweet water spring.  His house stood on what is today Boston Common.  In 1628 the Puritan settlers in Charlestown bought some of his land for possible future settlement.

Governor John Winthrop was the key figure in establishing Boston as the capital of a little theocratic colony and also conducted some land hustles and estate milking that lined his own pocket.  The Puritans were good a combining lofty religiosity with the gleaming eye for the main chance.

The same year the Puritan settlements gathered together and signed the Cambridge Agreement establishing Massachusetts Bay as a self-governing colony answerable only to the King under a new Royal Charter.  John Winthrop became Royal Governor.  In practice the colony would become a virtual theocracy dominated by Puritan clergy. 

The Puritans, unlike the Pilgrim separatists, theoretically only wanted to reform or “purify” the official Anglican Church stripping it of all vestiges of Catholic ritual mystery following the tenants of John Calvin.  Although seeking religious freedom for themselves, they were determined to keep their settlements free of any other religious practice. 

Winthrop described the dream of building a New Jerusalem, the City on the Hill based on moral rectitude that would become a beacon of hope to the world.  Thus for good and ill the seeds of American exceptionalism were laid.

Sent back to England to recruit more settlers, Winthrop returned in the summer of 1630 with the first of several ships, known as the Winthrop Fleet carrying more than 700 Puritan settlers—Anne Bradstreet among them—along with plenty of livestock, farm and household equipment.  They first landed at Salem, but the struggling village there did not have adequate food supplies.  The Bay Colony Capital of Charlestown, where tides pushed brackish saltwater far up the two rivers, was also critically short of water.

Blackstone offered to share his spring water on the Shawmut Peninsula.  Two small settlements were founded, Trimountaine and Shawmut. Winthrop quickly decided to make this the center of the new colony.  On September 9 Triountaine officially changed its name to Boston, followed by Shawmut on September 16.  The following day Winthrop announced the founding of the City of Boston encompassing both settlements and most of the peninsula.

For his courtesy, Blackstone was “generously” given 50 acres of his own land and was told he was a member of the quickly established First Church of Boston.  But the original settler soon ran afoul of Puritan law because of suspicion that as an ordained Anglican he was plotting to establish an orthodox church.  A court ordered his house burnt. 

In 1635 Blackstone sold his land back to the colony and moved 35 miles south to a bluff overlooking the Pawtuck River, which eventually would be renamed for him.  That made him the first English settler in what became Rhode Island predating Roger Williams by a year.  Despite different theologies he shared Williams’s vision of religious tolerance and the two men cooperated.  Blackstone went on to become New England’s pioneering Anglican clergyman.

When Winthrop sailed from England with his fleet, he was accompanied by one very rich man, a long time friend, Isaac Johnson.  Johnson was the son of the 5th Earl of Lincoln and was worth an astonishing £75,000.  Johnson died on the voyage and his widow soon after landing.  Winthrop entered the estate into probate and kept it there for 30 years with shrewd legal maneuvering, getting rich from fees as the executor. 

When Johnson’s brother arrived in Boston in 1635 to claim the estate, Winthrop saw that he was denied.  None the less the brother stayed in Boston to press his claim.  Winthrop had his wife arrested on a charge of adultery and sentenced to death.  She literally had a rope around her neck before the governor relented. The brother got the message and quit his claim allowing Winthrop to continue to milk the estate.

I tell that story to illustrate that although wrapping itself up in moral righteousness, there was also an open and frank drive to accumulate wealth that became incorporated in Puritan philosophy.  The many settlers were also, like Winthrop and the Johnsons, drawn on the whole from a much higher stratum of society than other colonists.  They were highly literate and included several professionals—clergy, lawyers, and physicians.  

The stocks and pillory are inseparable from our image of early Boston, as in this depiction of the Town Square in the 1640's, for good reason.  Probably no place on earth regulated by law so much of every detail of everyday life and enforced it by vigorous prosecution before a theocratic court.  It was ridiculously easy to run a fowl of the law and outside of the elite an astounding percentage of Bostonians were put on display over the course of their lives.  

They quickly established a court system and relied on it to both settle disputes and to impose tight control over the daily life of the people.  Few places on earth found every detail of daily life so prescribed by law as Massachusetts Bay, from set prices on almost everything to appointed hours for meals, sleep, and prayer.  Any of hundreds of violations could land the malefactor in court and subject to fine—or the stocks.  The simplest disputes among neighbors quickly turned into law suits and counter law suits.

The Puritan emphasis on reading the Bible and literacy demanded education.  Boston Latin became the first school in the colonies in 1635 and Harvard College was established to churn out more ministers and lawyers the following year.

While most colonial settlements were essentially agricultural villages or fishing ports, Boston soon was using the advantages of its fine deep water harbor sheltered from the fierce storms of the Atlantic to become a trading hub.   Within a generation its ships were trading with the world and the growing city was relying on a network of villages across Boston Neck to provide food stuffs.

When King Philip's War with native tribes erupted in 1665, Boston’s easily defensible position became the fall back for the whole region as tribes scoured the countryside.

Of course as a bustling port, the population soon grew to include many non-Puritans.  By the dawn of the 18th Century the city was becoming more cosmopolitan and less of a day to day theocracy. 

Still, the values of Puritanism made Boston easily the most prosperous city in the growing British Empire with the highest rates of literacy and per-capita income and the largest city in the Colonies by the 1760’s.  And it made it ripe for rebellion when time honored privileges of self-governance where challenged by the Crown. 

By the early 19th Century Puritanism would shed Calvinism and emerge like a butterfly from a cocoon transformed into something quite different—a whole new form of liberal Christianity called Unitarianism.  And in the first half of that new century literate Boston would cradle an astonishing literary and philosophic renaissance that would help transform a nation. But those, of course, other stories.

 

Daniel Defoe—Pelted by Posies in the Pillory

      Daniel Defoe

Daniel Defoe is best remembered as one of the inventors of the English novel.  Robinson Crusoe was once a must read adventure for any boy back in the quaint days when boys read books instead of slaying zombies or hunting Pokémonon on electronic devices and smart phones.

But the English writer had a long career before turning to fiction, dabbling in religious dissent, politics, court intrigues, and what occasionally passed as sedition.

He was born in St Giles-without-Cripplegate parish in London about 1660.  The exact date is unknown because parish records were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.  That exciting event had the upside of ending the Great Plague of the year before by killing or chasing away the rats that caused it.  Defoe survived both calamities, as he would the attack of the Dutch fleet on Chatham in 1667.  His mother died when he was about ten, so his childhood was marked with unusual drama.

As an adult Defoe would recall one of the disasters that marked his childhood.

He was groomed by his father as a Dissenter destined for the Presbyterian Ministry.  Despite his interest in religion and his support for the plight of his persecuted co-religionists, Defoe opted for a career as a merchant dealing hosiery, general woolen goods, and wine.  He was moderately successful, but often attracted attention for the labors of his pen.

In 1685 he became embroiled in the Monmouth Rebellion against the ascension of Catholic James II to the throne.  When that was crushed he was saved from the Bloody Assizes of Judge Jeffreys in which 320 people were condemned to death and around 800 sentenced to be transported to the West Indies by obtaining a pardon through some political connections.

Defoe naturally became an eager supporter of William of Orange when he invaded England in 1688 and regained the Crown for the Protestants.  He rose in prominence as one of William III most vocal public defenders, and was rewarded by a lucrative appointment as a tax collector in addition to being secretly funded out of the King’s private purse for his political pamphleteering.

He went into over dive in support of the King’s establishment of a standing army in preparation for war with France and for satirical attacks on xenophobic complaints that the King was not really English.

When William died in 1702 the Crown slipped into the hands of Queen Anne, the last of the Stuart dynasty who sided with the emerging Tories in purging William’s “foreign” policies and in supporting the Established Church by the suppression of dissenters.  That was Defoe on two counts.

Defoe in the stocks.

After he published the satirical pamphlet The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters; Or, Proposals for the Establishment of the Church in 1703 he was slapped in irons and brought before the notorious Judge Salathiel Lovell at the Old Bailey who sentenced him to a heavy punitive fine, to public humiliation in a pillory, and indeterminate imprisonment until the fine was paid.   Before he could be put on public display, Defoe managed to smuggle out of prison a poem, Hymn to the Pillory, which was circulated as a broadside and stirred up public sympathy for his plight.

On July 30 Defoe was placed in the Stocks where an amused mob was expected to pelt him with rotten vegetables, dung, and offal, admixed with the occasional stone.  Instead, legend has it, that Defoe was pelted  by flowers and that drinks to his health were numerous, and often shared with the prisoner.

Some scholars doubt the absolute truth of the legend.  Others support it.  It became widely celebrated anyway.  Defoe lived a dream of many dissenting writers and activists of all ages—a mild martyrdom followed by public adulation.

After three days in the Stocks, he was taken to Newgate Prison.  It looked like his residency there would be prolonged since he had no way to discharge the heavy fines against him.  Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford a leading Tory, however, saw Defoe’s potential usefulness.  Not only did he broker his release from prison, he helped pay some of Defoe’s substantial personal debts as well.  In exchange, the writer went into the private service of Harley, and by extension, the Queen.  He became, essentially, a secret agent and paid propagandist. 

Before taking up his pen for his new employers however, Defoe survived yet another disaster, the Great Storm of 1703 which damage to London and Bristol, and uprooted millions of trees and killed over 8,000 people.  His account, The Storm, is sometimes regarded as the mother of modern journalistic reporting encompassing eye witness accounts, scientific analysis of the event and is causes, and documentation of damage and deaths. 

Defoe really proved his value to the Tories when he came to the defense of the Act of Union which consolidated the English and Scottish crowns and essentially created a new, united nation.  Defoe published, edited, and wrote most of a new periodical, The Review, which became the unofficial mouthpiece of the government.  In 1709 he had a thick tome, The History Of The Union Of Great Britain in Edinburgh in defense of the Union to skeptical Scots.

As a well known Presbyterian, he became an emissary to the Calvinist Church of Scotland whose ministers were leery of being supplanted by the established English Church.  They, in turn, made him their  official emissary from them to the Crown government.  They never suspected that he was a paid double agent.

By now supple in response to shifting politics, when Queen Anne died and the Whigs rose to power in 1714 under George I and the new Hanoverian dynasty, Defoe seamlessly transformed his allegiances back to his former allies and continued to work clandestinely for the new government, often by posing as a Tory with outlandish opinions.

Defoe drifted away from polemics in the later years of his life.  Not only did he turn out novels like Robinson Crusoe and  the ribald classic Moll Flanders, he also published a ground-breaking travelogue that also doubled as an examination of the commerce, trade, and economy of the united realm, A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain and several nonfiction works on a wide variety of topics.

In his lifetime Defoe is thought to have authored more than 300 books and pamphlets and used a known 198 pen names.

Despite his successes he died while hiding from creditors at on April 21, 1731 at about 71 years of age.  A pretty long run for a guy with a penchant for disasters and intrigue.