Miles Coverdale, maker of Bibles.
On this day in 1535 the first complete printed English translation of the Bible into was published. Because its translator Miles Coverdale had been on the lam in Europe for some years due to religious turmoil at home, the book was printed on the continent. For many years the exact printer and his location were in dispute but has fairly recently been established to be Merten de Keyser in Antwerp. The book was evidently financed by leading Low Countries Reformers.
Coverdale himself was born in Yorkshire around 1488. He was ordained a priest in Norwich, a hotbed of religious fervor. In 1514 he joined the scholarly convent of Austin friars at Cambridge where he was also allowed to pursue his studies at the University. He was a supporter of Prior Robert Barnes who was sympathetic to the Reformation on the continent. Barnes was tried for heresy in 1526 and Coverdale was active in his defense.
He left the convent to resume preaching shortly thereafter but was forced to flee the country in as pressure mounted against dissenters in the English Church. Whether he had already begun his work on a Bible translation is unknown. But once in Europe, where making the Word of God available in the languages of the people was considered essential to Reform, he was undoubtedly encouraged and financed in his efforts.
The trouble for Coverdale was that although scholarly by bent, he was far from well equipped to undertake such a massive translation. Although proficient in Latin, he was barely competent in Greek and knew only rudimentary Hebrew. That meant that he had to rely on either Latin texts or other translations into modern language instead of working from near original material. He claimed to have consulted “five soundry interpreters” in Latin, English and German as source texts.
His main sources were German texts including Luther’s Bible and the Swiss-German version Zürich Bible of Zwingli. That meant he was working from sources several times removed from original Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts.
In fact, Coverdale also drew heavily on both the Latin Vulgate, a more recent translation from the Greek made possible by the research of Erasmus and the early Humanists, and on the translation of the New Testament and a handful of Old Testament books into English by William Tyndale which had been printed in 1525.
He did not claim to have used the infamous Wycliffe’s Bible, translated into Middle English way back around 1390. That had circulated only hand to hand in manuscript and had resulted in the execution of several churchmen over a number of decades who possessed or passed it along.
But Coverdale helped himself to big chunks, barely disguised from Tyndale. Tyndale himself ran afoul of the Counter Reformation and was executed by strangulation as a heretic in 1536, the year after Coverdale’s version first appeared.
Obviously things were getting dangerous in Europe for Bible translators. On the other hand, things were becoming more congenial back home in England.
Coverdale had managed to dash back to Cambridge in 1531 to finish his bachelor’s degree at the University and had managed to make it back to Antwerp with his head still attached to his body. Then in 1534 Henry VIII, the former Defender of the Faith—Catholicism—broke with the Roman Church over certain domestic matters and established a new national Church with himself at its head.
Originally
it was expected that the new Church would simply continue Catholic practice
and usage intact. But almost from the
beginning Reformers sought to make the church over in the manner of the Lutherans
and other Protestants. When Henry
decided to break up the Monasteries
and appropriate their lands
and wealth for the Crown, he found more reason than ever to be sympathetic
to that trend.
Coverdale arrived back in England to find himself a favorite of the King in 1539. His Bible was printed for the first time in the country in folio and quarter-folio editions, carried the Royal license and was therefore the first officially approved Bible translation in English.
He was already at that time editing yet another new version of the Bible known as the Great Book. This version drew even more strongly on Tyndale than his first effort under the sponsorship of Thomas Cromwell, the king’s first minister. Henry was so enthusiastic in fact that he ordered every parish in England to procure a copy and keep chained but publicly available in every chapel so the any literate person would have direct access to the Scripture in the vernacular.
Despite the success of the newer version, Coverdale’s first version continued to be printed in new editions through 1553.
But the favor of the mercurial monarch was a hard thing to hold. In 1440 Coverdale’s friend and main sponsor
at court, Thomas Cromwell, the king’s
former first minister lost his head. Cromwell was also the leading voice for remaking
the Church of England along Protestant
lines. With the balance of power
swinging back to the Anglo-Catholic
party, Coverdale had to return to Europe for this own safety.
He lived in impoverished exile in the German states. From 1543 to 1547 he was a pastor and schoolmaster at Bergzabern in the Palatinate Electorate.
Winds of change blew fortunate for Coverdale when Henry’s son Edward VI assumed the throne. He was made personal chaplain to the boy king and then appointed Bishop of Exeter in 1653.
When Henry’s daughter Mary, who had remained a good Catholic, assumed the throne in 1657, Coverdale was ousted from his See and once again went into exile. For the next several years he bounced around Europe.
It was safe to return again 1654 but
he was unable to reclaim his Bishopric. He served a modest parish as Rector of St.
Magnus’s, near London Bridge and increasingly drawn to Puritanism. He died, however, still in the good graces of the Church of England.
The Anglican Church still has a soft spot in its heart for the old maker of Bibles. It still uses his translation of the Psalter in the Book of Common Prayer.
Want to know what Coverdale’s work sounded like? First here is the familiar VIII Psalm as he rendered it in The Coverdale Bible:
The Lord is my shepherde, I can wante nothinge. He fedeth me in a grene pasture, ād ledeth me to a fresh water. He quickeneth my soule, & bringeth me forth in the waye of rightuousnes for his names sake. Though I shulde walke now in the valley of the shadowe of death, yet I feare no euell, for thou art with me: thy staffe & thy shepehoke cōforte me. Thou preparest a table before me agaynst mine enemies: thou anoyntest my heade with oyle, & fyllest my cuppe full. Oh let thy louynge kyndnes & mercy folowe me all the dayes off my life, that I maye dwell in the house off the LORD for euer.
And here it is in the Book of Common Prayer Psalter:
The Lord is my shepherd therefore can I lack nothing. He shall feed me in a green pasture and lead me forth beside the waters of comfort. He shall convert my soul and bring me forth in the paths of righteousness, for his Name's sake. Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff comfort me. Thou shalt prepare a table before me against them that trouble me thou hast anointed my head with oil, and my cup shall be full. But thy loving-kindness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life and I will dwell in the house of the Lord forever.
Not yet the majestic cadences of the King James Version but getting there.
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