This Battle of the Crater souvenir post card was sold for decades around
the Virginia battle field. For all I know glossy print versions may
still be available. Like many depictions of the battle it show a
valiant Confederate charge into the Yanks trapped in the crater. It
also minimizes the number of Black troops--only two are identifiable in
this picture--despite the fact that they suffered virtual annihilation.
How history gets both the valiant Lost Cause veneer and is white
washed.
File this one in the best-laid schemes o’ mice an’ men gang aft
agley department. The plan was brilliant. Its execution nearly perfect down to the last detail. The result exactly as desired, until mere mortal
men marched into the breach.
By the summer of 1864 the grim carnage of the American Civil War had ground to a stalemate. Since Gettysburg a year earlier Confederate General Robert E.
Lee and his legendary Army of Northern Virginia
had been hard pressed by vastly superior Union forces of the Army
of the Potomac under the command of Major General George Meade directly and
personally supervised by Commanding
General Ulysses S Grant.
Once famous for his audacious and aggressive maneuvers, Lee was forced to defend the Confederate capitol of Richmond. He erected impressive earthen
work fortifications in a wide
ring around the city. The old
man was proving to be just as adept at what would be the future
in the Industrial Age—trench warfare.
Lee dug in to defend his capitol. A war of maneuver settled into siege, stalemate, and trench warfare. The breastworks of the Confederate Fort Mahone on the Petersburg line.
The key to Richmond was at the rail hub of Petersburg through which the city and the army could remain supplied with food, supplies, and munitions. Grant called it
the “backdoor to Richmond” and
proceeded to lay siege to the city and its fortifications.
The armies faced each other along a 20
mile front from the old Cold Harbor battlefield near Richmond to areas south of
Petersburg. An attempt to take the town
by assault ended in failure on
June 15. Since then, the two armies
pounded each other with artillery,
peppered the opposing lines with deadly fire from sharp
shooters and snipers, and
delicately probed each other’s lines with reconnaissance
patrols. Both commanding generals
were frustrated.
Lt. Col. Henry Pleasants of the 48th Pennsylvania Infantry had an idea and commanded the perfect troops to make it happen.
It took a mining engineer to come
up with a solution to Grant’s problem—Lt. Col.
Henry Pleasants, commanding the 48th
Pennsylvania Infantry of Maj.
Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside’s IX Corps. His
proposal was simple on paper—dig a long mineshaft from the Union siege trenches then
under Confederate outer defenses until below the major fortification at the center of the Rebel lines, Elliott’s Salient. Sappers would then plant and set off a huge explosive mine which would blow the fort away and open a breach through
which Union forces could pour, smashing the Confederate I Corps
and rolling up Petersburg before Lee
could muster his forces from elsewhere along the lines.
Burnside was a once promising commander nursing a badly bruised reputation. His indecision as Army of the Potomac commander at Fredericksburg in December of 1862 threw away the best chance for a quick end to the war and led to one of the bloodiest defeats the Army was ever handed. Busted
back to a Corps commander,
his lack of aggressiveness at Spotsylvania Court House earlier that
year aggravated Grant. Burnside
was determined to prove that he was imaginative and aggressive. He quickly gave the go-ahead to Pleasant’s plan. Up
the chain of command Meade
and Grant also signed off on it but were not very
convinced it would work. Neither lent much logistical support to the effort.
A successful and proven Division commander, Major General Ambrose
Burnside had been elevated to quickly to command of the Army of the
Potomac after Lincoln finally got fed up with George McClellan. His
indecision at Fredericksburg led to one of the Army's worst defeats.
Demoted to a Corps commander, he was blamed for over caution at
Spotsylvania Court House. Now he was an officer desperate to salvage
his reputation.
Pleasants’ own troops, tough coal miners from
the fields of western Pennsylvania,
were just the men for the job. They were maybe the only men in the Union
army who would not consider the task drudgery. In fact, for them
digging in the soft Virginia soil must have seemed like a cakewalk.
Digging began in June and proceeded
quickly. The men had to scrounge lumber to shore up the tunnel and for
the ingenious ventilation system
which sucked fresh air from the narrow mine entrance all the way to the face of the digging via a wooden duct. Fetid
air at the end was heated by a constantly burning pit fire and vented out drawing the fresh air to fill the vacuum. This system avoided the use of multiple air vents which could have been observed.
The miners dug by hand and removed the soil in wooden soap and ammunition boxes drawn by rope along a crude wooden plank rail. On July 17
the shaft reached under Elliott’s Salient at a depth of about fifty feet. A perpendicular
gallery about 75 feet long extended in both directions.
All of this had been accomplished un-detected by the enemy. Confederate intelligence reported rumors of the mine to Lee about two
weeks after construction began. He didn’t believe it. Finally, after receiving new report, he began desultory anti-mine efforts which failed to find or detect the
shaft.
Confederate General John Pegram in charge
of the artillery in the sector took the rumors more seriously, however, and on his own authority as a precaution had trenches and gun emplacements built to the rear of the Salient
as a secondary line of defense.
Meade and Grant finally decided to go all in on the
plan. The gallery underneath the
Confederate position was filled with
8,000 pounds of gunpowder in 320 kegs. The main
chamber was extended to 20 feet
below the fort and was packed
shut with 11 feet of earth in the side galleries and 32 feet of packed earth in the main gallery to
prevent the explosion blasting out
the mouth of the mine.
The miners' handiwork--the Union tunnel with the point of detonation of tons of explosive under the Confederate strong point.
On July 27 Grant sent Major Generals Winfield Scott Hancock and
Phil Sheridan on a combined infantry/cavalry attack along
the James River southwest of
Richmond and miles from the Petersburg front.
In what became known as the First
Battle of Deep Bottom or New Market
Road the forces were repelled in two sharp days of skirmishing around Fussell’s
Mill and Bailey’s Creek. Although Grant held out some hope that Hancock’s infantry could punch a hole in the defenses to allow Sheridan’s cavalry
to pour into Richmond or failing that ride around the city severing rail connections,
he was not entirely disappointed when the attacks were repulsed. They succeeded in causing Lee to send
troops from Petersburg to re-enforce the line along the James.
Grant turned his personal attention to the well-developed plans for the
Petersburg mine attack.
Weeks earlier at an officer’s call Burnside had acceded to the plea of
former New York City dance master Brigadier General Edward Ferrero to use his division of United States Colored
Troops (USCT) as the leading
assault unit. Burnside, who originally
had other plans, agreed. The division
was fresh, well equipped, and most importantly at full strength, 4,200 men—a rarity when veteran units were often whittled away to half their original size or less through combat loss, disease, and desertion. The division was given a rarity for the Civil War—two full weeks of specialized training and instructions for this mission. After the mine went off, they were to move ahead in the confusion of the enemy and secure
the crest of the crater on either side to allow the rest of the Corps to pass along the rim or through the crater itself.
When Meade reviewed the plans, he fretted that the unit which Burnside considered fresh
was simply green and
therefore unreliable in combat, especially in a critical role. He also worried that if the Colored Troops failed, they would discourage commanders from accepting and fighting alongside others. Although Colored Troops had proved themselves in other theaters, they were new to the elite Army of the Potomac.
Grant agreed and ordered Burnside to revise the order of battle less than 24 hours before the attack.
At another officer’s call Burnside
conducted a lottery among his three white divisions to select the lead. Brigadier
General James F. Ledlie of the 1st Division won the draw. The Colored Division would join the two
others in the second wave of the
attack.
Ledlie returned to his unit but never issued the special instructions
for taking the flanking rim first. The men were told only that they would have
the honor of leading a full frontal assault.
Brevet Brigadier General Edward Ferrero, a famed New York dancing master
in civilian life and a veteran of several campaigns, commanded the
division of U.S. Colored Troops at Petersburg. He and his men
were tapped to lead the assault after the mine blew up and underwent two
weeks of special training. At the last minute they were replaced in
the order of battle by a white division for political reasons.
Meanwhile Col. Pleasants was deep
underground personally supervising the final placement of the explosives and making sure the
earthen plugs in the tunnel were strong.
The mine was supposed to be detonated at 3:30 in the morning of
June 30. But the Army provided inferior
fuses. Two attempts to
light it failed. Finally, two volunteers crawled into the mine, found where the fuse had
burned out had broken, and spliced a fresh fuse on the end. It
was after dawn when the mine finally blew up at 4:30, with enough light for Confederate pickets to recognize that there were large Union forces inside their lines.
The explosion itself went off flawlessly. And impressively. The fortifications of Elliott’s Salient were blown sky high killing most of the garrison. Despite a little warning, the Confederate line was thrown into the anticipated confusion and panic.
Ledlie’s men at first seemed as stunned by the spectacle as the enemy. They paused to take in the scene and had to be prodded forward by their officers and sergeants. Ledlie himself was nowhere to be found. He was well to the rear,
completely out of line of sight of the battle in a bombproof bunker with Ferrero of the Colored Division. Passing
a bottle between them the two officers were getting quietly drunk.
The untrained and leaderless men of the 1st Division charged into the
crater instead of taking the rim as planned. They were trapped. The
Turkey shoot commenced.
When the 1st Division reached the
crater instead of securing the rim, they charged directly into the pit. At
the bottom they stopped to gape at the destruction. The delays allowed time for Brig. Gen. William Mahone to cobble together a Confederate force to
rush to plug the breech. Rebs quickly occupied the vacant rim and commenced a turkey shoot of the defenseless men in the crater. Troops madly tried to scramble up the
sides, but found the dirt gave way under them. They were trapped.
But they were not to be alone. Burnside, refusing to be charged once again with indecision and lack of
aggression, ordered the Colored Division forward to reinforce the trapped 1st. Denied the rim, they followed into the crater.
Their appearance enraged the Confederates who intensified fire, including round after round of intense
artillery fire.
Burnside
ordered the Colored Division forward to reinforce the 1st. They also
pushed into the Crater and were trapped. They were singled out by
enraged Confederates and were nearly annihilated. No prisoners were
taken from them. The wounded were shot or bayoneted. Only a handful
escaped, mostly men who did not enter the crater.
The turkey shoot continued for more than two hours. At one point some supporting troops did manage
to flank the crater and advance inside the Confederate line taking trenches in brutal hand-to-hand combat. But there were not enough of them and they could not be reinforced. After holding out for a short while they were
cleaned out of the trenches by a counterattack.
As the battle wound down, Confederate troops summarily executed Black soldiers trying to surrender. Fearing retaliation by the Rebels,
some White Union troops bayonetted the Blacks as well. The
Colored Division was virtually wiped out as an effective unit.
In all Union forces suffered 3,798
casualties including 504 killed, 1,881 wounded, and 1,413 missing or
captured. The Confederates lost
1,491—361 killed, 727 wounded, and 403 missing or captured.
The Crater after the battle.
Probably the best chance of the year at an early end to the war was thrown away. Grant reported
to Army Chief of Staff Henry W.
Halleck, “It was the saddest affair I have witnessed in this war…Such an opportunity for carrying
fortifications I have never seen and do not expect again to have.”
The finger pointing and blaming began immediately. A Court of Inquiry pinned the rap on Burnside, who was relieved
of command and never entrusted
with another. His reputation was ruined beyond repair. All of his division commanders were censured, especially Ledlie and Ferrero.
One of the few to come out of the
affair with an enhanced reputation
was Pleasants, whose troops were not
engaged in the actual fighting that day.
He was rewarded for his plan and execution with a brevet to Brigadier General.
At war’s end in 1865 the Congressional Joint Committee on the
Conduct of the War opened an inquiry into the debacle. Pleasants testified that if Burnside had been allowed to retain his original order of Battle, that the operation
would have been a success. Grant concurred. He wrote to the Commission:
General Burnside wanted to put his colored division in
front, and I believe if he had done so it would have been a success. Still I
agreed with General Meade as to his objections to that plan. General Meade said
that if we put the colored troops in front (we had only one division) and it
should prove a failure, it would then be said and very properly, that we were
shoving these people ahead to get killed because we did not care anything about
them. But that could not be said if we put white troops in front.
In the end, the commission agreed, laying the blame at Meade’s feet and
exonerating Burnside. Little good did
that do for the general’s already destroyed reputation.
On the Confederate side Mahone was hailed a hero and became one of Lee’s most trusted division commanders in the last year of the war.
Far from the battle site where they
were slaughtered the 28th Regiment U.S. Colored Troops are commemorated
by a marker in Indianapolis, the city where the regiment was raised.
The Siege of Petersburg ground on for months more
into a new year. Union successes elsewhere, especially William Tecumseh Sherman’s
operations in the Deep South, were sealing the fate of the Confederacy.
After Grant’s bloody Wilderness Campaign offensive, Lee was finally forced out of his trenches. Richmond fell. Lee surrendered. The South
was defeated.
But had the operation at the Crater
gone as planned, maybe a million lives
might have been saved.
