Saturday, August 23, 2025

That Day They Finally Fried Sacco and Vanzetti

 

 Bartolomeo Vanzetti and Niccolo Sacco beings escorted to their trial.

Note—This is a near perennial post on the blog.  It is a critical chapter in American labor and radical history.

Left wing organizations—what was left of them—were forced to go on the defensive in the wake of the mass suppression and repression of the Red Scare following World War I.  For much of the following decade a lot of their organizational effort went into raising money and consciousness for the legal defense of scores of martyrs and for the support of the families of jailed militants.  The same pattern happened after the McCarthyite suppression of the 1950’s and in the backlash against student radicals, the anti-war movement, and militant Blacks and other minority movements in the early ’70s.

 But no case in any of these three eras attracted as much attention, indignation, and worldwide support as the case of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two immigrant Italian anarchists who were executed by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts on August 23, 1927. 

On April 15, 1920 an armed gang attacked a payroll shipment destined for the Slater-Morrill Shoe Company in Braintree, the ancestral hometown of John and John Quincy Adams.  Frederick Parmenter, a paymaster, and security guard Alessandro Berardelli were shot and killed and more than $15,000 cash—a major haul—was stolen.  The crime was part of an increasing wave of brazen robberies by armed gangs that spread across America in the years after the war. 

Police set a trap for suspects using a 1914 Oakland automobile believed to be used in the robbery as bait.  Sacco and Vanzetti accompanied two other men, both known members of their anarchist circle in attempting to reclaim the car from a garage.  The other suspects escaped.  Sacco and Vanzetti were soon arrested on a streetcar.  Each was carrying a pistol—which was both common and legal at the time.

Fearful that they were being targeted for deportation as many other members of their Italian anarchist community had been, both men originally lied to police about their political connections, which would later be used against them.  Amid sensational publicity, the two men were indicted for the crime. 

Sacco and Vanzetti both arrived in the United States from their native Italy in 1908 and settled in the Boston area, home of a large and growing immigrant community which provided hands for major local industries including textile and shoe manufacturing.  Sacco, then a 17 year old from Torremaggiore, Foggia got work as shoemaker.    Twenty year old Vanzetti from Villafalletto, Cuneo became a fish monger.  

 

Passport or immigration photos of Sacco and Vanzetti 1908. 

Both experienced the hostility and prejudice of New England Yankees to poverty stricken Italian immigrants and knew of the harsh conditions in mills and plants.  Each became a part of the loose knit anarchist community around Luigi Galleanis Cronaca Sovversiva (Subversive Chronicle), which advocated violent direct action against capitalists and the state.  Some members of the organization were known to make and use bombs as well as make other attacks.  Others supported the actions philosophically. 

Sacco and Vanzetti did not meet each other until working in support of a 1917 strike.  They became close friends and comrades.  Neither was considered a leader in the anarchist circle, although the more articulate Vanzetti sometimes was a speaker at meetings.  And neither had a criminal record, but both were known to local police for their activity as strike supporters and in demonstrations of the unemployed. 

During the suppression of radicals that began during the War, Luigi Galleani and his followers were top targets of the Bureau of Immigration for hasty deportation.  Galleani and dozens of others were sent packing.  Cronaca Sovversiva was banned from the U.S. Mail for advocating the overthrow of the government and opposing the Draft.  Sacco and Vanzetti were among a number of group members who went to Mexico during the war, allegedly to avoid the draft.  But the two claimed that they were only trying to avoid deportation to Italy and looking for a way to get to Russia to join the Revolution there.

 

                     Luigi Galleani, the Italian anarchist leader who promoted "propaganda of the deed."  Sacco and Vanzetti were associated with his circle.

At war’s end they returned to the U.S. and found their revolutionary comrades were largely driven underground and operating quietly in the Italian neighborhoods in something like secret cells. 

In preparation for the major case, Vanzetti was separately brought to trial in an earlier robbery in Bridgeport.  Virtually no evidence was presented tying him to that crime and a strong alibi supported by many witnesses, he was found guilty. Most of Vanzetti's witnesses were Italians who spoke English poorly, and their trial testimony, given largely in translation, was discounted by the American jury.  Vanzetti was given an unusually harsh sentence of 10-15 years in prison.  The success of that case encouraged prosecutors to pursue the Braintree case.  

 

Anarcho-syndicalist leader and IWW organizer Carlos Tresca organized the legal defense support for Sacco and Vanzetti for the IWW's General Defense Committee (GDC).  With his long time partner Elizabeth Gurley Flynn he also organized the International Legal Defense (ILD) which had ties to Marxism and Communist Parties. 

It became apparent that a fair trial would be next to impossible with prosecutors signaling that they were going to try the men more on their anarchism than on the evidence.  Enter Carlo Tresca, the best known Italian anarchist in America.  Tresca was an anarcho-syndicalist whose views were both more sophisticated than the Galleani circle and whose strategies relied on mass labor action rather than violent propaganda of the deed.  But he sympathized with his fellow Italians and, as he came to know them, admired them personally. 

Tresca was a leading organizer for Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in the landmark Lawrence Strike of 1912 and had organized the defense of indicted Wobblies Arturo Giavanitti and Joe Ettor which had famously led to their acquittals for inciting a riot in which a young Italian mill worker was shot and killed by police.  Drawing on that experience, Tresca and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, another Lawrence Strike leader and his sometimes lover, set out to organize mass support for the two men via newspaper articles, tracts and pamphlets, street corner oration, and mass demonstrations.  He also brought in the successful IWW lawyer from the Lawrence cases, Fred H. Moore.  To finance these operations, he mobilized the IWW’s General Defense Committee which raised funds from workers nationwide by the sale of inexpensive emergency defense stamps for membership cards.  The Committee was already well established and very busy with the follow up to the mass trials of IWW leaders by the Federal government and ongoing persecution by states. In addition, Flynn mobilized the International Labor Defense (ILD)

 

Even the conservative American Federation of Labor (AFL) rallied to the defense.   

Soon mass demonstrations were erupting not only in the U.S. but around the world.  And donations in support of Sacco and Vanzetti poured in.  Non-anarchist radical organizations, including the Socialist Party (SP) and the infant Communist Party (CP), while attempting to distance themselves from the men’s primitive anarchism joined in the defense as the case looked more and more like a railroad job. 

Moore decided it was no longer possible to defend Sacco and Vanzetti solely against the criminal charges of murder and robbery. Instead, he would have them frankly acknowledge their anarchism in court and try to establish that their arrest and prosecution stemmed from their radical activities.  He exposed the prosecution’s hidden motive—the desire to abet the Federal authorities in suppression of the Italian anarchist movement. 

After a six weeks long trial, presided over by a judge who referred to the defendants as anarchist bastards and during which the themes of patriotism and radicalism were often sharply contrasted by the prosecution and the defense, the jury found Sacco and Vanzetti guilty of robbery and murder on July 14, 1921.  But that was just the beginning. 

A long stream of competing investigations lay ahead as well as a blue ribbon panel made up of the toniest Boston Brahmins and endless court appeals.  After the men were condemned to death on what increasingly looked like shaky testimony and doctored physical evidence, the international protest grew.  The writer Anitole France, a veteran of the Dryfus Affair defense and fresh from winning the prestigious Nobel Prize penned an Appeal to the American People on behalf of Sacco and Vanzetti. 

In preparation for motions for a new trial Moore uncovered more damning evidence that the prosecution was a frame up.  Three key prosecution witnesses stated that they had been coerced into identifying Sacco at the scene of the crime, but when confronted they denied any coercion. One of them, nurse Lola Andrews told authorities that she was forced to sign an affidavit stating she had wrongfully identified Sacco and Vanzetti. She signed a counter-affidavit the following day. Another, Lewis Pelser, described how he had submitted to alleged prosecutorial coercion while drunk and signed a counter-affidavit shortly thereafter.  These conflicting accounts should have cast doubt on the testimony. 

Later it came to light that someone had switched the barrel of Sacco’s gun with that of another Colt automatic used for comparison, rendering that key physical evidence suspect.  Much later it was shown that the gun was outside of police custody for some time, disassembled and reassembled several times and that the shell casings and one bullet allegedly tying the gun to the robbery may themselves have been planted or switched. 

More eyewitnesses were found bolstering both men’s alibis—Vanzetti that he was selling Christmas eels and Sacco said that he was in Boston at the Italian Consulate renewing documents.  The presiding judge at both Vanzetti’s first trial and the combined Braintree case, Webster Thayer, consistently barred new evidence and denied all motions for a new trial on October 1, 1924.  His conduct during the hearings was so heavy handed that Boston Globe reporter Frank Sibley, who had covered the trial, wrote a protest to the Massachusetts Attorney General condemning Thayer’s blatant bias. 

Shortly after rejecting a new trial Thayer told a fellow attorney and Dartmouth alumnus, “Did you see what I did with those anarchistic bastards the other day? I guess that will hold them for a while ... Let them go to the Supreme Court now and see what they can get out of them.” 

 

 This demonstration in Paris was typical of those organized across the globe.

Public opinion was beginning to swing to Sacco and Vanzetti’s side, not because of sympathy for their politics, but because it became increasingly evident that they were being railroaded.

In 1924 Moore was replaced as chief defense council by William Thompson, a respected Boston lawyer with impeccable Brahmin connections.  The courtroom strategy swung back to legal technicalities. On May 12, 1926 the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruling not on the evidence but on Thayer’s conduct of the trial, ruled that it found no error. 

As Thompson turned to filing new appeals, support for the men continued to grow in radical, socialist, and now in respectable liberal circles. Felix Frankfurter, then a law professor at Harvard did more than any individual to rally respectable opinion behind the two men. 

Meanwhile the defense began to investigate a statement given in November 1925 by Celestino Medeiros, an ex-convict awaiting trial for murder, confessing to the Braintree robbery and absolving both Sacco and Vanzetti.  In May of 1926 Judge Thayer again took a hearing for a new trial based on the Medeiros confession, the striking resemblance between Sacco and known strong-arm gunman and gang leader Joe Morelli, an associate of Medeiros, and on Thompson’s frontal attack on Federal lawmen for withholding crucial evidence in the case.  Predictably, Thayer denied a new trial.    

The next day in a Pulitzer Prize winning editorial the Boston Herald called for a new trial.  No other major papers followed suit.  Frankfurter published his own forceful argument for a new trial in an influential article in the Atlantic Monthly.  

The Supreme Judicial Court held another hearing based on the Morelli testimony in January 1927 and ruled the following April against the appeal, upholding Thayer once again but, “not denying the truth of the new evidence.”  In other words, Sacco and Vanzetti might be innocent but it made no difference because the judge acted legally. 

Outrage was national and international as nothing now prevented the death sentence from being carried out. 

Biding their time away in prison, Saco and Vanzetti became used to their new celebrity.  They even began to regard their imprisonment as the work that they must do to further their revolutionary cause.  They impressed almost everyone who came in contact with them, ideological friend and foe alike, with their personal gentility and thoughtfulness. 

American and international intellectuals rallied to the cause.   John Dos Passos, Dorothy Parker, and Edna St. Vincent Millay were all arrested in Boston protesting the sentence.  Albert Einstein, George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells all joined in petitioning the governor for a new trial.  Demonstrations across the world stepped up, and there were some scattered reports of anarchist violence, particularly in Italy and among the large Italian immigrant population of Argentina. 

On April 9 Judge Thayer pronounced the death sentence on both men.  Bowing to public pressure for clemency Governor Alvan T. Fuller appointed a three member “blue ribbonAdvisory Committee to study the case consisting of Harvard President Abbott Lawrence Lowell, President Samuel Wesley Stratton of MIT, and Probate Judge Robert Grant.  Blue bloods Lowell and Grant were social acquaintances of Thayer and on record as opposing radicals and being disdainful of immigrants.  Grant had written several novels with ethnic slurs.  The only non Brahmin, Stratton, kept his mouth shut and head down as the council reported that it could find nothing wrong with Thayer’s conduct of the case, although they could not dispute the truth of the new evidence.  In other words, the defendants might not actually be guilty, but the verdict should stand because Thayer had not erred in his rulings. 

The Governor did not issue any commutation orders.  Tension mounted as the execution date entered.  The home of one juror was bombed.  Twenty thousand people jammed into Boston Common for a massive protest rally on August 15.  

 

The IWW and the General Defense Committee led the campaign to save Sacco and Vazzetti. 

The day of execution, Sacco went first.  He quietly sat in the chair then shouted “Viva l’anarchia!” and “Farewell, mia madre.”  The gentle Vanzetti shook hands with the staff and thanked them for courteous treatment.  He read a statement proclaiming his innocence and then, at the suggestion of his lawyer William Thompson said, “I wish to forgive some people for what they are now doing to me.” 

News of the executions set off sometimes violent demonstrations in Amsterdam, Berlin, Johannesburg, Geneva, London, Paris, and Tokyo.  Strikes erupted across Latin America.  In Boston more than 10,000 viewed the men’s bodies in open caskets before a massive funeral parade.  Police blocked the proposed route past the State House and there was some fighting with police.  After a brief ceremony at Forest Hill Cemetery the remains were cremated.  The Boston Globe said it was, “one of the most tremendous funerals of all time.”  Later Motion Picture Production Code sensor Will Hayes ordered all newsreel companies to destroy their footage of the funeral. 

The Letters of Sacco and Vanzetti were published in 1928 to worldwide acclaim.  Columnist Walter Lippmann wrote “If Sacco and Vanzetti were professional bandits, then historians and biographers who attempt to deduce character from personal documents might as well shut up shop. By every test that I know of for judging character, these are the letters of innocent men.”  And that summed up the prevailing opinion for the next forty years. 

The case entered American culture.  Dos Passos, Upton Sinclair, and James T. Farrell drew upon the case in their novels.  Maxwell Andersons play Winterset was based on the case.  Musicians around the world wrote songs.  A compilation of American protest songs by Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger was released by Folkways in 1960.  Joan Baez recorded Heres to You using words from Vanzetti’s letters.  Marc Blitzstein was working on an opera when he died in 1960 which was completed posthumously by a collaborator and performed at the Metropolitan Opera.  Anton Coppola premiered his opera Sacco and Vanzetti in 2001.  There was an Italian film by Giuliano Montaldo in 1971.  

 

Woody Guthrie wrote and performed a whole album of songs about Sacco and Vaznetti.  

On the 50th anniversary of the execution in 1977 Governor Michael Dukakis declared Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti Memorial Day and said that they had been unfairly tried and convicted and that “any disgrace should be forever removed from their names.”  In retaliation, Republicans attempted to have the governor censured by the legislature. 

The anniversary resulted in new interest in the case, and the emergence of revisionist opinion that one or both of the men were actually guilty of the Braintree robbery.  In 1961 Max Eastman, who had been active on the Sacco and Vanzetti Defense Committee claimed that in the late 1940’s Carlo Tresca had told him, “Sacco was guilty, but Vanzetti was innocent.”  Because Eastman had taken a sharp turn to the right and the article in which he made the claim was published in the conservative National Review, the claim was discounted by many. 

But other aging anarchists later reported hearing similar rumors.  This was countered by yet another confession, this time by gangster Frank Butsy Morelli, Joe’s brother. “We whacked them out, we killed those guys in the robbery…These two greaseballs Sacco and Vanzetti took it on the chin.”  Others revisited the gun evidence.  Some concluded that Sacco’s gun was definitely used in the crime while others argued that problems with switching the barrels, the repeated disassembly and assembly of the gun without proper supervision and the ample opportunity to plant or switch the bullet and cartridges should discount reliance on the gun to connect Sacco to the crime.  

 

The Sacco and Vanzetti memorial plaque in Boston.
 

Prevailing opinion seems to be that it was unlikely either man was actually at the robbery but that it may have been pulled off by anarchist comrades in conjunction with local toughs to finance the Galleani group’s bombing campaign.  There is also a feeling that the men may have been connected in at least supporting that campaign. 

Regardless of guilt or innocence, the trial was replete with class and ethnic prejudice and deeply flawed.  In the end Sacco and Vanzetti were just two more victims of America’s long war on dissent.

 

Friday, August 22, 2025

Dorothy Parker—Fabulous Wag, Wit, Social Justice Warrior and Poet

 

                                                    Dorothy Parker--a stylish young post-World War I writer in a pensive pose.  

Dorothy Parker is one of those writers now more famous for who she was than what she wrote.  She will forever be etched in the public mind as the queen of the Algonquin Roundtable, that shifting group of Manhattan wits and sophisticates who daily gathered at an Algonquin Hotel table to exchange barbs and bon mots.  Through the Roaring Twenties and into the early years of the Depression the pithy sayings of these gin fueled repasts were breathlessly repeated in gossip columns read as avidly in Peoria as on Park Avenue. 

Despite her own very real accomplishments, Parker recognized this and even reveled in it.  “Every day,” she said, “I get up, brush my teeth, and sharpen my tongue.”

But Parker was a widely respected magazine journalist, critic, and above all a poet.  Her volumes of humorous verse were beloved best sellers.

Parker was born on August 22, 1893 on the Jersey Shore where her middle class Manhattan parents kept a summer cabin.  Her birth name was Rothschild—her father was of German Jewish descent (not related to the banking family) and her mother was of Scottish ancestry.  Her mother, Eliza died while staying at the same cabin just before her 5th birthday setting off a troubled and unhappy childhood.

Young Dot, as she was called, hated her father’s new wife and referred to her contemptuously as the “the housekeeper.”  She claimed her father physically abused her.  She was openly glad when her stepmother died in 1903.  Despite a Jewish father and a Protestant birth mother, she was sent to the Convent of the Blessed Sacrament School probably in hopes that the stern nuns would reign in her wild rebelliousness.  It didn’t work.  She was expelled when she was 14 for calling the Immaculate Conception “spontaneous combustion.”

After that she was shipped off for an indifferent education at a New Jersey finishing school mostly to keep her out of her father’s hair.  She graduated at age 18 in 1911.  Two years later her father died leaving most of his estate to a sister.  Dorothy went to work playing piano at a dancing school to earn a living.  In her spare time, she was writing verse.

She quickly established a career as a writer after selling her first poem to Vanity Fair in 1914.  Soon after she was hired as a staff writer at a sister publication, Vogue then moved back to a similar job at Vanity Fair two years later.

In 1917 she met and married stockbroker Edwin Pond Parker II.  They were soon separated by his service in World War I.  Not that she minded much.  Ambivalent about her Jewish identity, especially because she hated her father, she later joked that she got married to acquire a WASP name.  After Parker’s return from the war, the marriage was stormy and eventually ended in divorce in 1926.

Parker’s career really took off when she took over theater reviews at Vanity Fair from the vacationing P.G. Woodhouse.  Her criticism was arch, acerbic, witty, and penetrating.  Readers loved it.  Skewered playwrights, producers, directors, and actors felt differently.  

 

Some Round Table members: Art Samuals, Charles MacArthur, Groucho Marx, Dorothy Parker and Alexander Wollcott. 

Parker and fellow staff members Robert Benchley and Robert E. Sherwood began to take a daily largely liquid lunch at the Algonquin Hotel.  They were soon joined by others and by 1919 folks were talking about the Roundtable.  Other early participants included Alexander Wolcott, newspaperman/playwright Charles MacArthur, Harpo Marx, sportswriter Haywood Broun and playwrights George F. Kaufmann and Marc Connolly.  Franklin Pierce Adams not only began posting quips from the table in his popular column The Conning Tower but printed whole poems by Parker and other members helping to make their public reputations.

Sometimes all the publicity the wits received backfired.  Theater producers outraged over several quotes by Parker ridiculing their shows threatened to remove advertising from her employer.  Vanity Fair fired her. Benchley and Sherwood walked out in solidarity.  By then they were all hot commodities and could place poems, reviews and stories in all of the top magazines.

In 1925 Harold Ross founded the New Yorker and brought Parker and Benchley on board as part of his Editorial Board.  Parker really came into her own.  Her poems became a favorite feature and she contributed sharp, well drawn short stories as well.  Her caustic book reviews as the Constant Reader were very popular.

In 1926 her first volume of poems, drawn from her contributions to the New Yorker, other popular magazines and the Conning Tower sold an amazing 47,000 copies and had generally glowing reviews.  She followed with two more collections, Sunset Gun in 1928 and Death and Taxes in 1931.

Despite her success, which included collaborating on plays with Kaufmann and Elmer Rice, Parker’s personal life was a shambles.  Not only was she drinking heavily, but she was subject to bouts of black depression and suicidal thoughts, which she sometimes hinted at in her poems.  Her marriage was on the rocks and she was engaged in a series of sad, sometimes disastrous love affairs.  Affairs with MacArthur, who would go on to marry actress Helen Hayes, Benchley, and Wolcott resulted in pregnancies and abortions.  After the first she made the first of several suicide attempts.

Her love life and disappointments became the fodder of her most famous short story, Big Blonde, published in The Bookman magazine.  It won the prestigious O. Henry Award for Best Short Story of 1929.  She went on to publish several story collections over the next decade.

Parker’s life changed dramatically in 1927 as she became interested in the campaign to save anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti from execution on dubious murder/bank robbery charges in Massachusetts.  Previously largely apolitical, she traveled to Boston to protest and was arrested and fined $5 for picketing.  The experience set off a commitment to leftist causes, social justice, and civil rights that only grew and lasted the rest of her life.

 

Caricaturist Al Hirschfeld's take on a later Round Table gathering.  

By the early 1930’s the old gang at the Algonquin and newer members like Tallulah Bankhead and Edna Ferber were drifting apart.  The group dynamics of members sleeping with each other or occasional other’s spouses must have contributed.  But so did the increasing demands of successful careers and political tensions between the more conservative members and the increasingly radicalized Parker.

One day in 1932 Ferber showed up for lunch and found the regular table occupied by, “a party from Kansas.”  It was all over.

At about that time Parker began a relationship with a fellow New Yorker contributor and sometimes actor Allan Campbell.  Like her, he was of Jewish and Scottish heritage.  He was also ten years younger and an active bi-sexual.  The two were married in 1934 in Taos, New Mexico on the way to Hollywood and the lure of lucrative new careers as screenwriters.

 

Parker with her second husband Allan Campbell shortly after their 1934 marriage.  Their relationship was fraught  with ups and downs--he was bi-sexual, both committed infidelity, both drank heavily and suffered serious depression.  Despite a divorce, war-time separation, reconciliation, remarriage, and being victimized by the MaCarthy Era Black list  they remained connected personally and professionally. 

They first caught on at Paramount.  He was put under a contract for $350 which included acting in bit parts, and she got $1000 a week.  They soon, however, established themselves as a successful screen writing duo earning $2,000 to $5,000 a week free lancing a quality studios like MGM and Warner Bros.  Most of the 15 films on which they collaborated were competent, journeyman efforts.  But they earned an Academy Award nomination for the classic A Star is Born in 1937 with Janet Gaynor and Fredrick March.  When Parker’s friend and fellow left wing activist Lillian Hellman was called away from The Little Foxes to work on another project, they were called in to write additional dialogue for the Bette Davis.

The marriage broke up in divorce in 1938 but despite Parkers drinking and suicidal depressions, they continued to work together until Campbell entered the service as a military intelligence officer in World War II.  As her contribution to the war effort, she worked with Wolcott and Viking Press on a compact edition of her best stories and poems for soldiers serving overseas. After the War Viking released it for American readers as The Compact Dorothy Parker.  It has never since gone out of print. 

 

                                        Viking Press's The Portable Dorothy Parker has never gone out of print. 

After the war in 1947 Parker won another Oscar nomination for her contributions the Susan Hayward tearjerker Smash-Up, the Story of a Woman.  The tale of a woman whose life was disintegrating in alcoholism must have hit awfully close to the bone.

But Parker’s days in Hollywood were numbered as the Red Scare infected the industry.  For years she had been a leader of anti-Fascist crusades and organizations.  She had even reported on the Spanish Civil War for The Masses and had helped re-locate defeated veterans of the war to safety in Mexico.  She was active on or chaired several committees—most notably the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League which grew to 4,000 members and was accused funneling large sums of money to the Communist Party.

Parker’s last Hollywood job was The Fan, an adaptation of Oscar Wildes Lady Windermeres Fan for Otto Preminger in 1949.  After that she was hauled before a Congressional Committee, pled the Fifth Amendment, and blacklisted.

In the midst of all of that, Parker re-married Campbell in 1950.  They separated, but did not divorce, in 1952 and Parker returned to New York to take up residency in the Volney Hotel.  Advanced alcoholism prevented her from returning to regular magazine work, although she submitted occasional reviews.  Mostly she made a small living as celebrity guest or panelist on such radio programs as Information Please and Author, Author.  She wrote monologues for old friends Tallulah Bankhead and Ilka Chase.

 

                                    The ravages of alcoholism were evident in this mid-1960's portrait by Richard Avadon. 

Despite her drinking, she remained as active as possible politically.  She was especially moved by the Civil Rights Movement as it unfolded on the streets of the South.

In 1960 she reconciled with Campbell and moved back to Los Angeles where the couple worked fitfully on un-realized projects.  In 1962 Campbell committed suicide.  In worse emotional shape than ever, Parker returned to the lonely life of a Volney Hotel drunk.

When she died of a heart attack on June 7, 1967 Parker left her estate, including valuable literary properties, to Martin Luther King, Jr. to support him in his work.  When he was killed days later the estate ended up in the hands of the NAACP.

 

The commemorative marker over Parker's ashes at NAACP headquarters in Baltimore.  A fan has left flowers and an airplane bottle of gin. 

With no living relative or willing friend to claim them Parker’s ashes stayed in a file cabinet in her lawyer’s office for 17 years until the NAACP claimed them.  They buried them under a marker on the grounds of their Baltimore headquarters.  The plaque reads:

Here lie the ashes of Dorothy Parker (1893–1967) humorist, writer, critic. Defender of human and civil rights. For her epitaph she suggested, “Excuse my dust”. This memorial garden is dedicated to her noble spirit which celebrated the oneness of humankind and to the bonds of everlasting friendship between black and Jewish people. Dedicated by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. October 28, 1988.

Here is just a sample of Dorothy Parker’s poetry—snide, sarcastic, and finally movingly personal.

A Pig’s Eye View of Literature

The Lives and Times of John Keats,
Percy Bysshe Shelley, and
George Gordon Noel, Lord Byron

Byron and Shelley and Keats
Were a trio of Lyrical treats.
The forehead of Shelley was cluttered with curls,
And Keats never was a descendant of earls,
And Byron walked out with a number of girls,
But it didn’t impair the poetical feats
Of Byron and Shelley,
Of Byron and Shelley,
Of Byron and Shelley and Keats.

–Dorothy Parker

 

Autobiography

Oh, both my shoes are shiny new,
And pristine is my hat;
My dress is 1922....
My life is all like that.

 

–Dorothy Parker

 

Of a Woman Dead, Young

If she had been beautiful, even,
Or wiser than women about her,
Or had moved with a certain defiance;
If she had had sons at her sides,
And she with her hands on their shoulders,
Sons, to make troubled the Gods-
But where was there wonder in her?
What had she, better or eviler,
Whose days were a pattering of peas
From the pod to the bowl in her lap?

That the pine tree is blasted by lightning,
And the bowlder split raw from the mountain,
And the river dried short in its rushing-
That I can know, and be humble.
But that They who have trodden the stars
Should turn from Their echoing highway
To trample a daisy, unnoticed
In a meadow of small, open flowers-
Where is Their triumph in that?
Where is Their pride, and Their vengeance?

 

–Dorothy Parker