Never Forget—The Lasting Shame of World War II Internment

Japanese-American families being hauled to internment camps in a U.S. Army truck..

News last week that the Trump administration will dispatch heavily armed “Tactical Units” a/k/a paramilitary troops of the Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency (ICE) to Sanctuary Cities who have proclaimed that they will not cooperate with raids on immigrant communities.  It is a dramatic escalation of Trump’s war on his domestic enemies, including Democratic strongholds in America’s major cities emboldened by his sense of invulnerability since his acquittal on impeachment charges.  Meanwhile the administration continues foot dragging or outright defiance of numerous court orders concerning the detention of asylum seekers, separation of families, and dangers conditions of confinement.  Virtual concentration camps are already a fact of American life and Trump has floated ideas for more candidates for internment ranging from Muslims, to the homeless, and his “treasonous” domestic political enemies.

A reflection on the lasting shame of World War II internment of both alien Japanese and Japanese-American citizens was never timelier.

On February 19, 1942 President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 which gave local military commanders the authority to declare military areas where exclusion zones could be established from which any or all persons could be removed.  Although the order did not specifically identify Japanese aliens and citizens, they were overwhelmingly the greatest number involved.  

A few thousand people of, German and Italian origin or lineage, mostly those actively identified with pro-Nazi German American Bund or various Fascist organizations, were affected.  But around 120,000 Japanese of all status were rounded up and placed in War Relocation Camps—virtual concentration camps—far from their homes.  

War time panic was stoked by a deep and wide spread anti-Asian culture on the West Coast.  The Chinese may have been the first targets against the "Yellow Peril" but when Japanese started arriving in family groups instead of a impoverished Coolie laborers with the recourses and education to establish successful businesses and productive farms, they were even more bitterly resented by the White middle class which was struggling to emerge from the Great Depression. 

Of these the vast majority were from the West Coast, which was in the midst of a panic about a possible Japanese invasion stoked by newspaper fantasies that local Japanese would form a fifth column and sabotage defense efforts.  The war fed anti-Asian bigotry that had long been a staple of West Coast social and political life.  Yet in Hawaii, which had actually come under attack and where Japanese were nearly a third of the total population, only 1,800 were interred.  

Families were typically given 48 hours to a maximum of two weeks to prepare for relocation and allowed to bring only what they could personally carry.  Many had to simply abandon homes, businesses, farms, and automobiles or were forced to sell them far below value.  

Internment orders taped to the window of a Japanese owned business.

Camps were scattered inland over most of the states west of the Mississippi, many in inhospitable and remote areas.  Families were allowed to remain together and were generally held in barracks-like buildings hastily erected with little or no insulation.  Although rations were adequate, schools were allowed to operate, and some degree of self-government allowed within the camps, conditions were generally harsh and many military guards hostile.  

An armed sentry stands guard outside of a row of hastily constructed quarters at a Wyoming camp.

As time went on individuals who could find work and sponsors away from the coast were allowed to leave the camps.  Many were sponsored by religious organizations and found work in hospitals, on farms, and even in war production plants.  

Despite these conditions, many young men, particularly the American-born Nisei generation, voluntarily enlisted in the Armed Forces.  Others were drafted.  Many served in the most highly decorated unit of the U.S. Army, 442 Regimental Combat Team while their families remained behind barbed wire.  

Members of the all Japanese-American 422 Regimental Combat Team at the front in Italy in 1944.  They were members of the most decorated U.S. combat unit of World War II.  Most of their families were still being held in internment camps.

In December of 1944 the Supreme Court declared the detention of loyal citizens unconstitutional, but did not overturn the whole relocation program.  

On January 2, 1945 the program was officially ended.  Internees were given $25 and tickets to homes most of them no longer had.  Some camps had to remain open to accommodate those who had no where to go.  

In 1988, after years of petitions for redress, Congress finally passed an act apologizing for the Internment and acknowledging that it was the result of “race prejudice, war hysteria and a failure of political leadership.”  The act included reparations for survivors. It was signed by President Ronald Regan, who many believe did so only because it was a slap to the memory of F.D.R.  

Despite the fact that Supreme Court decisions on the most famous test cases during the war were overturned in the 1980’s because the War Department was found to have lied about or hidden facts in the cases, the underlying law allowing “emergency” internment has never been overturned.  

In 1950 the McCarran Internal Security Act was passed over the veto of President Harry Truman which allowed the internment of “each person as to whom there is a reasonable ground to believe that such person probably will engage in, or probably will conspire with others to engage in, acts of espionage or sabotage,” by which was meant members of the Communist Party or their agents, dupes, and tools.  The Army was directed to designate holding camps and actually began construction of some.  Some were former Japanese internment camps or Prisoner of War camps.

Labor unions and civil libertarians placed advertisements like these in newspapers to protest the McCarran Act and the authorization of new internment camps.  In the midst of McCarthy era anti-Communist hysteria they were howling into the wind.  In the 21st Century so called Patriot Militia and White Nationalists charged that the Obama administration was reviving the camps to contain them.  Now American Muslims and detained immigrants consider themselves potential inmates.

Although the camps were never used, their existence was a continued threat.  After it was learned that the Nixon Administration had considered invoking the Act to intern anti-war protestors and Black militants like the Black Panthers, Congress revoked most of the internment provisions of the McCarran Act in 1971 substituting criminal trial and prison sentences for certain overt acts.

In 1993 the Supreme Court overturned many of the remaining sections of the law as an unconstitutional abridgement of free speech.

But vestiges of the act remain in force and have been cited in such  prosecutions as the Pentagon Papers case in 1972, the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) involvement the collection of intelligence by pro-Israeli lobbyists in 2005, and the Bradley (Chelsea)  Manning case.

In the days following the 9/11 attacks there were public calls for the rounding up and detention of Arab and other practicing Muslim aliens of both illegal and legal status.  Broad new powers, some barely understood by the public, were granted to the government under the so-called Patriot Act which again could lead to possible wide spread detention in “the interest of national security.”

One thing that united the radical right and the American left is a conviction that the McCarran Act camps were being readied for use against them.  An elaborate scenario involving UN Black Helicopters, a New World Order, and jackbooted Federal thugs kicking down doors to seize guns was a staple paranoia of the right which has took on new urgency with them during the administration of Barak Obama, the Muslim/Communist/Fascist/American-Hater.

The enhanced use of domestic surveillance and the coordination by Federal authorities in attacks on Occupy Movement encampments and later on Black Lives Matter demonstrators across the country and the election of Donald Trump fueled similar fears on the left.

While both paranoid scenarios seemed farfetched, the nagging truth is that they don’t now seem entirely impossible in light of new Trump era horrors.  After all, it happened before.  It could happen again.

Lea Salonga, George Takei, and Telly Leung take their bows on the opening night of Takei's acclaimed play Allegiance which raised awareness of the World War II internment camps.

Not surprisingly survivors of the war time camps like beloved actor and internet icon George Takei and their descendants have led the way in sounding the alarm as the nation inches closer to repeating the horror.