Samuel Colt Patented a Superior Killing Machine

                            Samuel Colt as a very successful businessman and manufacturer in 1855 from a photo by Mathew Brady,  A long struggle finally paid off. 

With all of other harum-scarum and drama of Donald Trump’s rampage on the Constitution gun violence seems to have faded in the public consciousness.  Not that murder by firearms has gone away—there is still a steady drip, drip, drip of incidents leaving a handful of dead and injured.  Many of those were domestic violence cases and murder/suicides.  Most sources tracking gun death incidents exclude “shootings associated with organized crime, gangs, or drug wars.”  

Others add murders committed in armed robberies or car jackings.  Those kinds of incidents occur heavily disproportionately in ghettos and barrios, and other minority communities where gang violence is assumed to be inevitable.  Conservatives expect nothing less of urban savages and blame the victims along with the perpetrators.  There have not been since the latter days of the Biden administration the kind of  random attacks by deranged individuals  on large numbers of innocent and usually mostly white victims.  Out of sight, out of mind. 

Perhaps a look backward at the man, the invention, and the revolutionary industrial process that made the muzzle loading, single shot muskets and pistols that the Founders understood when they offered that amendment for a well-regulated militia.  

Colt's breakthrough 1835 patent for his revolver.  Many more patents would follow.

On February 25, 1835 Samuel Colt, a twenty-two year old Connecticut Yankee tinkerer was granted a patent for a revolving gun.  The patent was actually Colt’s second.  At the age of just 18 he had applied for a patent on an earlier, cruder version.  But this time, young Colt was ready to go into business producing the Patterson Pistol at a plant in Patterson, New Jersey.

The son of a farmer turned textile manufacturer, Colt was apprenticed to a farmer at age 11 and began studying the inventions of Robert Fulton and others.  He decided then and there that he, too, would become an inventor.  Overhearing a conversation between soldiers wishing for arms that could fire multiple times, he determined to make the creation of just such a weapon his own personal mission. 

At age 16 his father sent him to sea.  On his first voyage he observed that the ship’s wheel could spin freely but be stopped by a clutch which could be applied to a spoke.  He understood the same principle could be applied to revolving barrels of a gun.  He began to carve a model out of wood on his way home.

With an insufficient loan from his father, Colt had two pistols constructed by incompetent craftsmen.  One blew up on testing.  The other failed to fire at all. After taking to the road demonstrating laughing gas (nitrous oxide) to raise money to have prototypes made by a skilled gunsmith, he applied for his first patent in 1832.

In 1835 Colt traveled to England and Europe to try drumming up customers from the armies of various countries.  He observed an earlier revolving barreled weapon, a flintlock pistol and incorporated elements of that design into his gun, for which the British reluctantly issued their own patent.

Back home Colt submitted his new design to the Patent Office.  Armed with the paper, he established the Patent Arms Manufacturing Company to begin production.  While not the first revolver, his was the first to apply the improvement of the percussion cap to a multiple-shot weapon.

Another innovation was in the manufacturing process itself.  Previously each gun was substantially built in all of its components by hand by a single craftsman.  Colt determined to have uniform parts manufactured by machine that could be assembled by semi-skilled factory operatives instead of gunsmiths.  This was the first use of interchangeable parts, which in itself became revolutionary.  Using this method, the cost per pistol plummeted.

Despite these advantages, Colt had a hard time selling his new gun.  There was not enough of a market in sales to individuals to sustain production.  Although he got an endorsement from President Andrew Jackson, Congress only passed a resolution asking the War Department to allow him to demonstrate the weapon.  Without an appropriation, however, the Army could not order any.  The South Carolina Militia expressed interest, but Federal law forbad state militias that were not also in Federal service from acquiring the guns.  Lack of sales and a financial Panic almost doomed the fledgling company.

Colt's 1837 .36 caliber, five shot Patterson Holster Pistol was similar to those ordered by the Army for use in the Florida Seminole Wars. Note the guardless trigger that only dropped down when the hammer was cocked and which perplexed some troopers. 

The Seminole War finally spurred the Army to make a sizable order of both pistols and a revolving barrel musket.  The both weapons were popular in the field with soldiers, but the multiple moving parts tended to jam.  Some soldiers could not get used to a “hidden hammer” feature of the pistols and kept disassembling the gun to figure out how it worked.  Then the Army reneged on full payments for the weapons.  By 1843 Colt had to close his factory.

He turned to another project, underwater mines, and the water-proof cable necessary to set them off.  The cable was just what Samuel F. Morse needed to encourage stringing of lines for his new telegraph.  Not only would the cable allow connections under rivers and streams, but it would be essential for the planned Atlantic Cable.  

Colt concentrated on his cable business until he was contacted by Captain Samuel Walker of the Texas Rangers.  Walker had been impressed by the Seminole War pistols.  Now he wanted to order a thousand heavier and improved versions for use in the Mexican War and against the Comanche and other Texas tribes.  Walker helped Colt create a workable prototype.  Colt contracted a machine shop operated by Eli Whitney Blake to produce the guns.  When Walker ordered 1000 more, Colt took his $10 per gun profits, incorporated the Colt’s Patent Fire-Arms Manufacturing Company and established a factory near his hometown of Hartford, Connecticut.

 

Texas Ranger Captain Samuel Walker and the Colt .45 revolver he ordered.  The guns were so successful they launched Colt's second company 

The use by the Rangers of the guns, the rapid expansion of Western settlement, the California Gold Rush, and conflicts with Native Americans all contributed to brisk sales and the need to constantly expand his manufacturing facilities. 

 

Smaller weapons like this 1845 Pocket Revolver--the Saturday Night Specials of their day, lead to a spike in urban crime and violence and encouraged the formation of armed police forces. 
 
Colt added more guns to his line, including lighter, smaller caliber weapons that could be concealed in a pocket.  The introduction of those guns led to a wave of new violent crime in the cities—and for more demand for guns as “protection” by law abiding citizens and fledgling police forces.   

Colt was soon a very rich man.  He ran his empire as a benevolent father.  He reduced the work day to 10 hours for his employees with a full hour for lunch.  He built washing stations in his plants for his workers and a community recreation facility with a reading room.  He became the richest man in Connecticut, and one of the richest in the country.

The Civil War proved another boom for the company.  Colt raised his own regiment which was to be armed with his new Colt Revolving Rifle.  But for whatever reason, the Regiment was never called into service and Colt was discharged from the service by the end of 1861. 

Within a few months, Sam Colt died at the age of 58 in 1861.  He left an estate of a then staggering $15 million, all earned in little more than a decade.  His company survived as Colt’s Manufacturing Company, a privately held company and small arms supplier to the Defense Department.

Ironically, gun worshiping National Rifle Association (NRA) members nearly destroyed the private domestic market for Colt guns when in 1994 then CEO Ron Stewart announced that he backed gun registration and requirements for fire arms training.  Not only was there an effective boycott of new purchases, but gun owners were encouraged to dump their Colt weapons on the used market at prices well below what the company could sell new arms.  Although Stewart was removed, the damage was done, and Colt has never regained favor among the gun crazed.

Colt has lost its last major defense contract for the M4 Carbine shown here with a banana clip.  It also lost a fight to trade-mark the military designation  M4 and competitors like Bushmasteer have cashed in with knock offs for the civilian market. The carbine is is a shorter barreled version of a civilian AR-15, the weapon of choice in many mass shootings.  The press rarely differentiates between the two versions and labels both AR-15.  Both have been used in mass shootings.
 
They may have even caused political interference with the company’s military contracts.  For a while it had only one important defense contract, to produce M4 Carbines, but the company lost the contract in 2013. That forced the parent company, Colt Defense LLC to file Chapter 11 Bankruptcy in 2015.  A year later a Federal Judge approved a restructuring plan, but its future or ability to prevent it being swallowed by larger publicly held corporations was cast in doubt.

After restructuring, a reinvigorated Colt introduced several new versions of its the Model 1911 Army .45 Automatic pistols, including stainless-steel competition and target models and in 2017, Colt returned to the production of double-action revolvers with the .38 Colt Cobra, followed in 2019 by an improved version of the 1999 .357 Magnum King Cobra.  Other models for the civilian and collectors’ markets followed.

In 2021, Colt was purchased by the Czech Česká zbrojovka Group (CZG), which would rename itself Colt CZ Group in 2022.  Lubomír Kovařík, the chairman of the CZG, said that the acquisition would allow for co-operative research and development between the two companies, and specified that Colt products would continue to be manufactured in the United States.
 

 

Winfield Scott’s Plan to Put a Fatal Squeeze on the Rebels

 

A Civil War era illustration of Winfield Scott's  Anaconda Plan to win the war against the Confederacy.

On May 3, 1861 aged Lt. General Winfield Scott, Commanding General of the United States Army, presented President Abraham Lincoln and his Cabinet, with his Anaconda Plan to conduct the war against secessionist rebel states.    The plan was widely derided by the press and public, which believed that a quick, decisive battle with the main Confederate army in Virginia would win the War of Rebellion.  Scott knew better.  He anticipated a long and bloody conflict.  

Lincoln may have wished for a short, glorious war, but the former Black Hawk War militia Captain had read everything on military strategy and tactics that he could lay his hands on in the Library of Congress and sensed that his Commanding General may be right. Although he did not accept Scott’s proposal in every detail, questioned his timeline, and felt he had to order a major attack on Richmond to keep public support, from that point on despite the public ridicule and outcry the President conducted the war broadly on Scott’s plan.

The plan called for:   

1. Blockade ports in the Atlantic and Gulf to reduce foreign supplies and cotton and tobacco exports from Confederate ports.

2. Blockade the Mississippi River to reduce grain and meat shipments from the western to eastern Confederacy and foreign supplies through neutral Mexico. 

3. Control the Tennessee River Valley and a march through Georgia to prevent cooperation among the eastern Confederate states. 

4. Demonstrations against Confederate capital to keep the main Rebel Army pinned down and on the defensive with a campaign by Army troops with Navy support along the James River. 

And that is pretty much exactly how the war was won by the Union.  

Commanding General of the Army Winfield Scott presents his plan to Abraham Lincoln and his Cabinet. 

The Navy successfully blockaded most Confederate ports and captured key ports like Pensacola, Mobile, and New Orleans.  Western troops, experiencing much greater success than the ponderous Army of the Potomac in the East, secured the length of the Mississippi with the capture of Vicksburg on July 4, 1863 (coincidently the also the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg) splitting the Confederacy in two.  Another Yankee Army drove down the Tennessee River protecting the loyal border state of Kentucky, splitting divided Tennessee, and setting up Sherman’s campaign through the railroad and industrial heart of the South in northern Alabama and Georgia, including the capture of Atlanta, which cut off the lower South.  

Campaigns in Virginia and along the James, under incompetent leadership were long, bloody, and inconclusive until the end, but without the logistical support of the rest of the nation, Lee’s legendary Army of Northern Virginia was doomed.  Just about the way Scott had foreseen.  

In 1861 Scott was winding down a 47 year Army career serving 14 presidents from Jefferson to Lincoln.   He served in the War of 1812, the Seminole Wars, Black Hawk War, and Mexican War.  He had been Commanding General of the Army for twenty years, longer than anyone before or since and was the first officer since George Washington to carry the rank of Lt. General.  No other officer in American history served with such distinction at every rank—militia enlisted man, artillery captain, infantry regimental commander, leader of a victorious army in the field, and Commanding General.  He has been called the greatest American soldier ever.

General Scott in full regalia at the beginning of the Civil War.

Yet he also cut something of a ridiculous figure.  His once powerful 6 foot 3 inch frame had ballooned to over 300 pounds.  Notoriously vain, he swathed that mass in outrageously gaudy uniforms with gigantic epaulets, extravagant gold braid and decoration, every medal he was ever awarded, topped off with a great Napoleonic era plumed hat.  Ailing from both gout and narcolepsy—uncontrollably lapsing into sleep—he knew that he would not be able to take command of his troops in the field. 

Instead, he offered field command to fellow Virginian Col. Robert E. Lee, universally regarded as the ablest officer in the service.  Unfortunately, unlike Scott, who unhesitatingly placed his loyalty to his nation over that of his native state, Lee chose Virginia and the Confederacy.  

Scott had to entrust the command of the rapidly swelling Volunteer army to the untried hands of Brigadier Gen. Irvin McDowell.  Scott despaired of both McDowell and the ill trained, short term enlisted Volunteers.  During his whole career he had advocated a highly trained professional army with militias and volunteers called to service thoroughly trained before introduction to combat.  

Instead of ending his career abruptly, young artillery Captain Winfield Scott's clash with the Army's Commanding General James Wilkinson in 1808 enhanced his reputation when Wilkinson was exposed as a Spanish agent and treasonous plotter.

In 1808, as a young Virginia lawyer and a corporal in the militia cavalry, he secured an appointment as a Captain of Artillery in the tiny Regular Army.  He made his mark early by crossing his superior, Commanding General James Wilkinson, a corrupt scoundrel and innervate plotter.  Wilkinson had him court-martialed for insubordination and suspended for a year.  After Wilkinson was exposed as Spanish secret agent—just one of his many intrigues that included plotting with Aaron Burr to set up an independent inland republic—Scott was able to resume his duties with his reputation enhanced.  

In the War of 1812, he made his mark as a commander and a hero.  Captured in the Battle of Queenston Heights in 1812 when the New York Militia refused to cross into Canada in support of his Regulars, Scott was paroled and went to Washington to appeal to raise regiments of regular troops. 

The following year as a full colonel he planned and led the amphibious assault on Ft. George which required a coordinated crossing of the Niagara River and a landing from Lake Ontario, which was considered the most brilliant American maneuver of the war.  

In 1814 as a brevet Brigadier General Scott commanded the American First Brigade in the Niagara campaign.  He had been training and drilling his regulars to a fine edge for months.  But unable to secure regulation blue cloth for their uniforms, outfitted them sharply in gray with tall shako caps.  When the British saw them marching in disciplined ranks into battle, a horrified officer exclaimed, “That’s not the Terrytown militia.  Those are by God Regulars!”  

American Regular Army troops trained by Col. Winfield Scott proved that they were the match  of British veterans at the battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane in the American attempt to invade Canada during the War of 1812, but Scott was grievously wounded in action.

Those regulars soundly whipped veteran British troops at in the Battle of Chippewa and then held the battlefield at fiercely fought Lundy’s Lane, where Scott and overall American commander Major General Jacob Brown were both severely injured.  

Although the invasion of Canada was stalled, Scott was hailed as a hero for showing that American troops could beat British professionals in a stand-up battle.  The battles were commemorated at the U. S. Military Academy at West Point, where the Corps of Cadets still wears grey uniforms and shakos.  And the Confederate Army, dominated by West Pointers would, ironically adopt a gray uniform.  

In the years after the war, Scott would turn to the routine occupation of a Regular Army Officers—Indian wars.  Scott was assigned command of 1000 Regulars and Volunteers from the east to relieve expiring volunteers units in the Black Hawk War of 1832.  Unfortunately, the men brought the cholera with them, not only rendering them unfit for service, but unleashing a deadly epidemic in the West.  Although Scott never got to the battlefield, he arrived on the scene to play a critical role in negotiating Black Hawk’s surrender and drafting a peace treaty.  

Three years later he was commanding a large column fruitlessly chasing hostiles in the Florida swamps during the Second Seminole War.  

No sooner was that bit of business concluded than President Andrew Jackson called on Scott to be the Federal brawn behind the Force Act, meant to compel South Carolina to honor the Tariff of Abominations in the face of Nullification threats.  Sent with reinforcements to the garrison at Ft. Sumner at Charleston, South Carolina, Scott had to juggle the bellicose desire of the President to “Hang the traitors,” and Joel R. Poinsette’s delicate task of rallying South Carolina Unionists while a new tariff acceptable to the state was moved through Congress.  

He got high marks for both his strong military resolution and for local diplomacy.  When the city caught fire, he dispatched troops from the garrison to help quell the blaze—and improved relations with the locals. 

With the crisis passed Jackson’s successor President Martin Van Buren turned to Scott to enforce the Cherokee Removal from the Eastern states.  Scott disapproved of the policy but did a soldier’s duty.  He considered it the low point of his career.  He was able to negotiate the voluntary removal of a large number under the leadership of Chief John Ross and managed to round up other bands with a minimum of bloodshed.  He tried, as far as possible, to make conditions on the march tolerable, ordering rides, assistance, and extra rations for children, the elderly, and infirm.  Where his reliable Regulars were in charge, things went relatively smoothly.

But many bands were escorted by undisciplined volunteers who abused, harassed, and stole from their charges without mercy.  He meant to personally accompany the first body of evacuees on the march west from Athens, Georgia but was recalled to Washington for a delicate diplomatic mission upon reaching Nashville.  

Scott was sent to the Maine/Canada border to negotiate a peace in the bloodless Aroostook War which threatened to erupt into another shooting war with the British.  For his success and service, he was promoted to Major General, the highest rank active in the Army.  

Scott would repeat as a diplomat when he negotiated a solution to another border crisis with Britain, this one over St. John Island in the Pacific Northwest in 1859. 

                                Major General Winfield Scott at Vera Cruz in the Mexican War.

But first there was the Mexican War.  President James Knox Polk forced the war on Mexico by moving troops into disputed land between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers. This army, made up mostly of volunteers was under the command of Scott’s service rival Zachary Taylor scored victories in heavy fighting at Monterey and Buena Vista but was hundreds of miles north of the capital city, separated by daunting desert.  

Scott conceived of a second attack by sea landing at the port of Veracruz and driving quickly to Mexico City.  He executed the first major amphibious assault in American history when he successfully landed 12,000 Regular Army, Marines, and well trained Volunteers and all their artillery and baggage outside the fortified city.  

In coordination with the Naval Squadron under the command of Commodore Mathew Perry he laid siege to the fortified city, which was reduced by Army artillery and naval gunfire and surrendered after 12 days.  With the port now open to keep his supply line clear, Scott began his march west, roughly following the route of Cortez.  Yellow Fever struck the Americans and Scott was only able to move with 8,500 healthy troops, among them many future Civil War generals including Lee, U.S. Grant, George Meade, and Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson.  

Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna moved from the Mexico City at the head of 12,000 well armed and trained troops.  He entrenched across the road at Cerro Gordo, roughly halfway to the city.  Instead of a frontal assault, Scott sent artillery into the rugged mountains and enfiladed the Mexicans in deadly fire and flanked the dug-in Mexicans, who were routed with heavy casualties.  

Several other sharp engagements marked the march to the capital, culminating in the attack on the Mexican Military Academy at the castle of Chapultepec.  When that fell, Scott negotiated a peaceful entry to the city. 

The Duke of Wellington upon studying Scott’s campaign declared him to be “the greatest living general.”  The offensive is still studied and much of later Army combat doctrine was drawn from the experience.  

The President appointed Scott the Military Governor of Mexico City, where he drew praise for enforcing bans on looting and molestation of citizens.  He threaded the thorny issue of what to do with the captured San Patricios—Irish deserters from the U.S. Army who took up the Mexican cause.  He was appalled when a court martial sentenced 72 of them to hang.  The former lawyer scoured his law books to find excuses to vacate the sentences of as many as possible.  He objected to the death penalty in 22 of the cases and later pardoned or commuted the sentences of 15 more.  

With Scott still on administrative duty in Mexico City, his rival Taylor arrived back in the States and won the Presidency on the Whig ticket.  Scott was sure he would have been a better man for the job.  Taylor died leaving Millard Fillmore to complete his term.  

Shattered over slavery, the Whigs took 54 ballots to nominate Winfield Scott as their candidate in 1852.  He was trounced by the handsome non-entity Democrat Franklin Pierce, a subordinate Volunteer general in the Mexican War.  Despite the loss, he served the new President loyally as Commanding General of the Army.

When the Democrats in 1852 nominated handsome, dashing Franklin Pierce, one of Scott’s less distinguished subordinate Volunteer generals in Mexico, the Whig convention stalemated before finally dumping Fillmore and nominating Scott on the fifty-fourth ballot.  

The party was split on slavery, particularly the issue of enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act.  The Party platform endorsed enforcement over Scott’s objection leading to loss of support of the Whig ticket in New England, and disillusion with the candidate among pro-slavery southerners who jumped en-mass to the Democrats.  Despite his personal popularity Scott carried only four states.  It was also the last hurrah of the shattered Whigs as a national party.  

Scott, his vanity bruised, none-the-less went back to work as Commanding General.  

It is fortunate for Lincoln and the Union that he stayed as long as he did.  But after McDowell’s raw and ill trained volunteer army was routed at First Bull Run, Lincoln had to turn to the ambitious Democrat George McClellan as his field commander.  McClellan, popular with the troops and with the press, was openly insubordinate to the Commanding General and plotted to replace him.  Seeing the writing on the wall and in ill health, Scott finally retired in November.  McClellan got his job while retaining field command.  

In the classic but wildly inaccurate Warner Bros. Custer bio-pic They Died with their Boots On Sydney Greenstreet portrayed Winfield Scott still in command deep into the Civil War, seen here listening to an appeal from Olivia de Haviland as loyal Libby Custer.

McClellan would be just as insubordinate to the President as he was to Scott and despite assembling a massive, well trained, and well appointed Army would prove too timid.  Lincoln replaced him as Commanding General with General Henry “Old Brains” Halleck, a plodding administrator who did not get in the way of the field commanders like Grant and Sherman who could actually win battles.

Winfield Scott, Old Fuss and Feathers as he was known by his men, died at West Point in 1866.

 

Samuel Colt Patents a Superior Killing Machine

Samuel Colt as a very successful businessman and manufacturer in 1855 from a photo by Mathew Brady,  A long struggle finally paid off.

The headlines have made us all obsess about guns this week.  The tired old getting-nowhere stalemate over firearms, the Second Amendment, and the seemingly never-ending chain of senseless horror in our country.  This time the incredible bravery and moral clarity of the teen age survivors of the Parkland, Florida slaughter and a national uprising youth may finally have moved the needle.  But the entrenched purveyors of death, their mouth pieces and minions are digging in and doubling down, stirring up their obsessed base and smearing and threatening the Davids arrayed against their Goliath.

Perhaps a look backward at the man, the invention, and the revolutionary industrial process that made the muzzle loading, single shot muskets and pistols that the Founders understood when they offered that amendment for a well regulated militia. 

Colt's breakthrough 1835 patent for his revolver.  Many more patents would follow.

On February 25, 1835 Samuel Colt, a twenty-two year old Connecticut Yankee tinkerer was granted a patent for a revolving gun.  The patent was actually Colt’s second.  At the age of just 18 he had applied for a patent on an earlier, cruder version.  But this time, young Colt was ready to go into business producing the Patterson Pistol at a plant in Patterson, New Jersey.

The son of a farmer turned textile manufacturer, Colt was apprenticed to a farmer at age 11 and began studying the inventions of Robert Fulton and others.  He decided then and there that he, too, would become an inventor.  Overhearing a conversation between soldiers wishing for arms that could fire multiple times, he determined to make the creation of just such a weapon his own personal mission.

At age 16 his father sent him to sea.  On his first voyage he observed that the ship’s wheel could spin freely but be stopped by a clutch which could be applied to a spoke.  He understood the same principle could be applied to revolving barrels of a gun.  He began to carve a model out of wood on his way home. 

With an insufficient loan from his father, Colt had two pistols constructed by incompetent craftsmen.  One blew up on testing.  The other failed to fire at all. After taking to the road demonstrating laughing gas (nitrous oxide) to raise money to have prototypes made by a skilled gunsmith, he applied for his first patent in 1832.                                                                                                                                                                           

                            

In 1835 Colt traveled to England and Europe to try to to drum up customers from the armies of various countries.  He observed an earlier revolving barreled weapon, a flintlock pistol and incorporated elements of that design into his gun, for which the British reluctantly issued their own patent.

Back home Colt submitted his new design to the Patent Office.  Armed with the paper, he established the Patent Arms Manufacturing Company to begin production.  While not the first revolver, his was the first to apply the improvement of the percussion cap to a multiple-shot weapon.

Another innovation was in the manufacturing process itself.  Previously each gun was substantially built in all of its components by hand by a craftsman.  Colt determined to have uniform parts manufactured by machine that could be assembled by semi-skilled factory operatives instead of gunsmiths.  This was the first use of interchangeable parts, which in itself became revolutionary.  Using this method, the cost per pistol plummeted.

Despite these advantages, Colt had a hard time selling his new gun.  There was not enough of a market in sales to individuals to sustain production.  Although he got an endorsement from President Andrew Jackson, Congress only passed a resolution asking the War Department to allow him to demonstrate the weapon.  Without an appropriation, however, the Army could not order any.  The South Carolina Militia expressed interest, but Federal law forbad state militias that were not also in Federal service from acquiring the guns.  Lack of sales and a financial Panic almost doomed the fledgling company.

Colt's 1837 .36 caliber, five shot Patterson Holster Pistol was similar to those ordered by the Army for use in the Florida Seminole Wars. Note the guardless trigger that only dropped down when the hammer was cocked and which perplexed some troopers.

The Seminole War finally spurred the Army to make a sizable order of both pistols and a revolving barrel musket.  The weapons were both popular in the field with soldiers, but the multiple moving parts tended to jam.  Some soldiers could not get used to a “hidden hammer” feature of the pistols and kept disassembling the gun to figure out how it worked.  Then the Army reneged on full payments for the weapons.  By 1843 Colt had to close his factory.

He turned to another project, underwater mines, and the water-proof cable necessary to set them off.  The cable was just what Samuel F. Morse needed to encourage stringing of lines for his new telegraph.  Not only would the cable allow connections under rivers and streams, but it would be essential for the planned Atlantic Cable, 

Colt concentrated on his cable business until he was contacted by Captain Samuel Walker of the Texas Rangers.  Walker had been impressed by the Seminole War pistols.  Now he wanted to order a thousand heavier and improved versions for use in the Mexican War and against the Comanche and other Texas tribes.  Walker helped Colt create a workable prototype.  Colt contracted a machine shop operated by Eli Whitney Blake to produce the guns.  When Walker ordered 1000 more, Colt took his $10 per gun profits, incorporated the Colt’s Patent Fire-Arms Manufacturing Company and established a factory near his hometown of Hartford, Connecticut.

Texas Ranger Captain Samuel Walker and the Colt .45 revolver he ordered.  The guns were so succesful they launched Colt's second company.

The use by the Rangers of the guns, the rapid expansion of western settlement, the California Gold Rush, and conflicts with Native Americans all contributed to brisk sales and the need to constantly expand his manufacturing facilities.  Colt added more guns to his line, including lighter, smaller caliber weapons that could be concealed in a pocket.  The introduction of those guns led to a wave of new violent crime in the cities—and for more demand for guns as “protection” by law abiding citizens and fledgling police forces.  

Smaller weapons like this 1845 Pocket Revolver--the Saturday Night Specials of their day, lead to a spike in urban crime and violence and encouraged the formation of armed police forces. 

Colt was soon a very rich man.  He ran his empire as a benevolent father.  He reduced the work day to 10 hours for his employees with a full hour for lunch.  He built washing stations in his plants for his workers and a community recreation facility with a reading room.  He became the richest man in Connecticut, and one of the richest in the country.

The Civil War proved another boom for the company.  Colt raised his own regiment which was to be armed with his new Colt Revolving Rifle.  But for whatever reason, the Regiment was never called into service and Colt was discharged from the service by the end of 1861.  

A humming factory--Colt's New Haven Armory.

Within a few months, Sam Colt died at the age of 58 in 1861.  He left an estate of a then staggering $15 million, all earned in little more than a decade.  His company survives today as Colt’s Manufacturing Company, a privately held company and small arms supplier to the Defense Department.

Ironically, gun worshiping National Rifle Association (NRA) members nearly destroyed the private domestic market for Colt guns when in 1994 then CEO Ron Stewart announced that he backed gun registration and requirements for fire arms training.  Not only was there an effective boycott of new purchases, but gun owners were encouraged to dump their Colt weapons on the used market at prices well below what the company could sell new arms.  Although Stewart was removed, the damage was done, and Colt has never regained favor among the gun crazed. 

  

Colt has lost its last major defense contract for the M4 Carbine shown here with a banana clip.  It also lost a fight to trade-mark the military designation  M4 and competitors like Bushmasteer have cashed in with knock offs for the civilian market. The carbine is is a shorter barreled version of a civilian AR-15, the weapon of choice in many mass shootings.  The press rarely differentiates between the two versions and labels both AR-15.  Both have been used in mass shootings.

They may have even caused political interference with the company’s military contracts.  For a while it had only one important defense contract, to produce M4 Carbines, but the company lost the contract in 2013. That forced the parent company, Colt Defense, LLC to file Chapter 11 Bankruptcy in 2015.  A year later a Federal Judge approved a restructuring plan, but its future or ability to prevent being swallowed by larger publicly held corporations is doubtful.