My father never
wanted a Purple Heart and dodged attempts to pin one on him. W.M.
Murfin served as an Army Medical
Corps officer in the Pacific during
World War II. That service included three amphibious landings under fire and front-line service with forward battalion aid stations. While never seriously wounded he was injured three times including being cut up crawling over barbed
wire and scrapes and abrasions rescuing seriously wounded
soldiers under fire. On one day of such
rescues when his unit was cut off by the Japanese
on Leyte in the Philippines he dragged several men to
safety under machine gun fire. That earned him the Bronze Star. He was glad to receive
that medal and after the War kept it in its presentation case along with another award he treasured—his Eagle Scout medal.
First Lieutenant W.M. Murfin, U.S. Army Medical Corps on Leyte in the Philippines in 1943.
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But he dodged
the Purple Heart despite repeated attempts to give him one. He knew what they represented and what they
were worth—as a Medical Corps officer he had handed out scores of them to the maimed men his unit treated. He felt that his own minor bleeding did not match the suffering of those in his
care. He also felt, sometimes at least,
that the medal was a trinket that
was inadequate recompense for the pain and suffering.
The Purple Heart is said to be the oldest U.S, combat decoration which it is, sort of,
but then again isn’t. Let me explain.
During the Revolutionary
War the Continental Army did not
have formal awards for bravery. This was
due partly to concern for republican virtue—a
rejection of the titles and decorations of European royalty and
their military, and partly because
no one knew exactly who could or should authorize
such awards, Congress, the Commanding General, or even the states.
Besides, everyone was concerned by more pressing matters.
But in 1782 with the war slowly winding down after the defeat of Cornwallis’ army at Yorktown
and as peace negotiations dragged on
in Paris George Washington was faced
with a restless—and mostly unpaid—army in his camp at Newberg, New York
The only formal
recognition of bravery or distinguished service was a mention in official reports on engagements. Most frequently officers were cited, non-commissioned
officers and private soldiers only
rarely. Some time the citations were read aloud to units in assembly but even that was often
overlooked.
Just once, in 1780, Congress authorized the striking of a special medal designated at the Fidelity Medallion to honor three soldiers who were conspicuous in
the capture of Major John André, the man who received Benedict Arnold’s traitorous offer to deliver West Point to the British.
But the three men, Privates John
Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart were New York militiamen not troops of the Continental Line. The Fidelity Medallion was never awarded
again and is thus considered a commemorative
award rather than a regular military decoration.
George Washington's Revolutionary War cloth Badge of Military Merritt.
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General Washington designed a cloth purple heart shaped patch that could be sewn on a uniform. On August 7, 1782 he signed an order
authorizing the award of a Badge of
Military Merritt to specifically
award the “common soldier” and was meant to recognize those who gave “loyal
military service.” Washington personally cited three men—sergeants William Brown, Elijah Churchill, and Daniel Bissel who served as a spy. All three were from Connecticut. Other commanders were authorized to make the award as well, but it is unclear if any did,
or how many may have been granted before the Continental Army officially disbanded. Any records of such awards
would have been kept in an Orderly Book which
has never been found.
After the war the Badge of Military Merritt was
never again awarded, although the honor was not officially abolished. It
simply was forgotten. None-the-less, the boosters of the modern Purple Heart medal claim that it directly
traces its origins to Washington’s 1782 order.
The claim is tenuous at best, but those who lobbied for the creation of
the current medal identified it with the Badge and its design was based on the
purple heart shape with a cameo of
Washington added to bolster the
connection.
Through the War
of 1812, the Mexican War, and
several Indian campaigns, the Army
had no decoration for bravery. With the coming
of the Civil War there was a clamor for
an award for heroism. No one seemed to have thought to revive the
Badge of Merritt. At the outset of the
war Commanding General Winfield Scott
opposed the creation of a medal as an un-republican symbol of aristocracy and privilege. After Scott
retired late in 1861 Navy Secretary
Gideon Wells requested authorization of a medal from Congress. By 1862 separate legislation authorized a Medal of Honor for each service.
With no other awards available the Medal of Honor
was soon handed out nearly wholesale. In
the Civil War alone 1,523 were awarded and before World War I another 767 were
handed out for conflicts big, small, and obscure including the Indian Wars, Spanish-American Wars, Philippine Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion, and
the occupation of Veracruz.
By 1916 the Army became convinced that the Medal of
Honor had become devalued by capricious awards. After a report of a special Medal of Honor Review Board the Army rescinded 911 of the awards in
1917. During World War I far fewer were
awarded, but new medals were authorized for bravery below the level of “conspicuous
gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty.” A number of new decorations were created for heroism in combat below the Medal of
Honor including the Distinguished
Service and Navy Crosses, Silver
Star, and Bronze Star. But the Badge of Merritt was not among them.
However nearly ten years after the war ended Army brass had second thoughts about
being relatively stingy with medals during the Great War. Army Chief of Staff
General Charles Pelot Summerall proposed reviving the long defunct Badge of
Merritt in 1928 but it died in Congress.
His successor General Douglas MacArthur
with the support of private lobbying
groups confidentially reopened work on a new design, involving the Washington
Commission of Fine Arts and Elizabeth
Will an Army heraldic specialist
in the Office of the Quartermaster
General. By Executive Order of President
Herbert Hoover in one of his final acts the award was revived on the 200th Anniversary of George Washington’s
birth, amid considerable hoopla by War
Department General Order No. 3, dated February 22, 1932.
The criteria
for the new Purple Heart medal was broad—and
retroactive. Servicemen from April 5, 1917, the day before
the U.S. entered the war were eligible upon
their request if they had the Meritorious
Service Citation Certificate, Army
Wound Ribbon, or were authorized
to wear Wound Chevrons on their
uniforms. The Service Citation was a
given for “meritorious performance of duty” which could include combat but also
other exceptional service. Civilians
serving with the military—Red Cross
and YMCA volunteers for example were
also eligible.
The first non-retroactive
Purple Heart was awarded to General MacArthur not for wounds, but for his meritorious
service during the defense of the Philippines.
In World War II many G.I.s were given their Purple Hearts by the staff of military hospitals. This soldier seems happy to get his--perhaps because he received a "ticket home" wound.
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Until early in World War II the same criteria were
used for new awards. By executive order in December 1942 the
practice of awarding the Purple Heart for meritorious service was discontinued
and the award limited to wounds suffered in combat. Eligibility was extended to all armed
services.
During World War II, 1,506,000 Purple Heart medals
were manufactured, many in
anticipation of the estimated casualties resulting from the planned Allied invasion of Japan. By the end of
the war, even accounting for medals lost, stolen or wasted, nearly 500,000
remained. More than 70 years later that cache
of medals is still being used. In 2000
more than 120,000 were in stock—plenty for new conflicts from Desert Storm to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. As in previous wars there were plenty on hand
with combat units for immediate
award to the wounded.
Since World War II there have been several
adjustments to eligibility including allowing for posthumous awards; excluding previously eligible civilians;
including those wounded in terrorist
attacks, or while serving as part of a peacekeeping
force, and to former prisoners of war wounded after April 25, 1962.
An accurate total of Purple Hearts awarded is
impossible since a great many were presented without ceremony or documentation
in war zones when the wounded were treated for their injuries. In 2009 National Geographic estimated the
following totals of Purple Hearts awarded by conflict.
World War I—320,518
World War II—1,076,245
Korean War—118,650
Vietnam War—351,794
Persian Gulf War—607
Afghanistan War—7,027 (as of June 5, 2010)
Iraq War—35,321 (as of June 5, 2010)
Additional decorations have been awarded in numerous
other operations among them the bombing
of a Marine barracks in Lebanon
in 1983; the invasions of Granada and Panama; peace keeping activities in Mogadishu, Somalia in
1993; the NATO campaign against
Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War in 1999, and the Benghazi attack in
Libya in 2012.
The Military Order of the Purple Heart has helped place scores of monuments like this one on the Square in Woodstock, Illinois
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The Military
Order of the Purple Heart (MOPH) was chartered by Congress in 1932 and is
restricted to veterans who have received
the medal. It currently has approximately
45,300 members. The Order annually promotes Purple Heart Day on August 7, helps place Purple Heart monuments in many locations including Woodstock, Illinois, and assists returning lost medals to the
recipients or their families.
All honor to those who have received the Purple
Heart. But as Dad knew, it’s the medal
no one wants to earn.
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