Bill Monroe and Bluegrass—Old Roots New Sound

 

Many of Bill Monroe's early recordings with and without the Blue Grass Boys continue to be reissued in modern formats.  

A handful of musicians and performers can be said to have laid the groundwork for and popularized whole genres of American music—Scott Joplin with ragtime, Louis Armstrong with jazz, Robert Johnson with Delta blues, Jimmie Rodgers with modern country music, and perhaps Elvis Presley for rock and roll.  Only one, in the words of an admiring Ricky Skaggs “…was so influential…he’s probably the only musician that had a whole style of music named after his band.”  That was Bill Monroe.  His band was called the Blue Grass Boys.

Monroe was born a hundred and ten years ago on September 13, 1911 on a hard scrabble farm near Rosine, Kentucky.  He was the youngest of 8 children.  His mother’s sides of the family, the Vandivers, were popular local performers at barn dances.  His brothers formed a home band.  As the youngest he was given the mandolin, a background instrument to the lead fiddle and guitar.

His mother, the inspiration for the family band, died when he was ten.  His father six years later.  His older brothers drifted away, and the young man bounced from relative to relative.  Eventually he stayed with his mother’s brother Uncle Pen Vandiver and began performing with him.  Monroe credited his uncle with providing him with a base repertoire of fiddle tunes and ballads from which he would latter create his new sound.

Monroe's early influences--his uncle Pen Vandiver, right, and thump pick guitarist Arnold Shultz, left.

During this time, he also picked up elements of the blues plus ideas about a radical new guitar style—the thumb picking style—from legendary Black fiddle player and guitarist Arnold Shultz.

At the age of 18 Monroe and his brothers Birch and Charley drifted north to find work in an Indiana oil refinery.  They formed the Monroe Brothers Band and were soon playing regularly on weekends.  After Birch left the band Bill and Charley kept on as a duo.  Soon they were being featured on local radio broadcasts.  That led to touring honky-tonks from Indiana to Iowa and leaving behind the refinery.

The Monroe Brothers in 1936, Bill and Charley.

By 1936 they had achieved enough of a following to be signed to RCA’s Bluebird label—the company’s ghetto for blues, country, and other non-mainstream performers.  Their first single, a gospel number, What Would You Give In Exchange For Your Soul? Was a hit.  The boys recorded 60 sides for Bluebird over the next two years.

The brothers broke up their act in ’38.  A few months later Bill put together the first version of the Blue Grass boys in Atlanta.  The following year he won a regular spot on Nashville’s Grand Ol’ Opry where the band’s lighting fast instrumental work and tight harmonies featuring his high tenor were a sensation.  RCA singed Monroe to its main label.  A dazzling version of Jimmie Rodgers Mule Skinner Blues was among the new releases.

Bill Monroe and his Blue Grass Boys in jodhpurs and riding boots on WSM Nashville in 1941.

His signature sound was on its way, but not yet fully formed.  In 1944 Monroe added a banjo player to the lineup—David “Stringbean” Akeman.  But Akeman’s primitive rhythmic strumming style was seldom used in the break-out solos that were becoming the hallmark of the band.  The same year he incorporated and discarded an accordion borrowed from the Cajun sound.

Things came together in late ’45 when Earl Scruggs replaced Stringbean on banjo.  Scruggs’s revolutionary three finger picking style instantly made the banjo one of the lead instruments in the new sound.  Along with Lester Flatt, master of the thumb picking style of guitar and a lead singer to blend with Monroe’s high tenor on close harmonies, the new line-up included fiddler Chubby Wise, and bassist Howard Watts.  With this accomplished band of musicians, the improvisational solo breaks and instrumental duels influenced by jazz created a signature new sound from traditional material.  Some historians dub this version of the band as “THE Original Bluegrass Band.”

With the much used tour bus in the late 1940's with Lester Flat and Earl Scruggs, left.

Although Flatt and Scruggs would leave after a few years to form their own influential group, Monroe seamlessly introduced new and accomplished pickers in the new style to the rotating cast of the Blue Grass Boys.   From the late 40’s through much of the ‘50’s Monroe and his band were riding high on the country charts selling millions of records on the Columbia label including his signature song, Blue Moon of Kentucky.

A nearly fatal automobile accident in 1953 slowed him down some, but he soon resumed touring with his band.

But record sales and demand for personal appearances dropped sharply in the late ‘50’s and early ‘60’s with the emergence of rock ‘n’ roll and the cross-over sophistication of the Nashville Sound.  Although regular Opry appearances kept him in the public mind, he sometimes struggled to find enough tour dates to keep his band together.

His former band members Flatt and Scruggs were the first to discover and exploit a new market for their music in the folk music boom of the early ‘60’s.  Monroe was first reluctant to follow suit, but a new manager was soon booking him on more northern dates, including big cities and college campuses where he found an exciting new audience.  In fact, it was this folk audience that dubbed the whole style of music that he pioneered with the new name Bluegrass music.  He even began to include young northerners in his band.

By the mid ‘60’s Bluegrass festivals were popping up all over the country.  Monroe started his own, at his Bean Blossom, Indiana park and campgrounds.  Today called the Bill Monroe Festival, it is the longest continually running Bluegrass festival in the world.  The far flung new festivals gave Monroe a regular circuit even after the folk music scene subsided and Bluegrass split entirely from mainstream country music.

Over the years the Blue Grass Boys line up frequently included women as base players, vocalists, back up fiddle, and even accordion.  In 1963 at the Brown County Jamboree the band included from left to right, Bessie Lee Maildin, Monroe, Bill's daughter Melissa, Joe Stuart, Bill Keith, and Del Moury.

Monroe settled into a role as inspiration and mentor for generations of young musicians while continuing to perform.  Ricky Skaggs, for instance, first appeared with Monroe on stage at age 8.  In the ‘80’s he put out enormously successful and influential albums of duets.  One featured country music stars Emmylou Harris, Waylon Jennings, and the Oak Ridge Boys among others.  The second featured duets with other Bluegrass greats.  He topped off the decade with a 1989 live album celebrating his 50 years as an Opry star.

Monroe as the beloved elder statesman of bluegrass music--his band was called the Blue Grass boys but the genre it founded became known as one word bluegrass.

Monroe continued to record, tour and perform almost to the end.  He suffered as stroke in 1996.  Four months later, on September 6, he was dead.

His lists of honors and awards is too long to list except that he is one of a handful of musicians enshrined in the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.  His most enduring legacy, however, is in the legions of musicians her performed with or influenced.  Over 150 different players performed at one time or another with the Blue Grass Boys, many going on to long careers.  He shared the stage and influenced many others.

Any time you hear that high, lonesome vocal harmony, extraordinary and improvisational solos, and tight ensemble music that is the hallmark of Bluegrass, you are listening to the spirit of Bill Monroe.